DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-38935/v1
purpose: Tennis elbow is a common orthopedic disease, and there are many ways to treat it. This overview aimed to summarize the evidence of different treatments for tennis elbows, so as to provide the best guidance for clinical treatment.
Methods: Use computer to search CNKI, WanFang database, WeiPu database, CBM database, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase from the time of establishment to May 31, 2019.Te Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and latest Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR2) checklists were used to assess reporting characteristics and methodological quality, respectively.
Results: A total of 37 references were included. Methodological quality and reporting quality were unsatisfactory. Methodological quality was generally low and many key items were not reported. Some research reports are of high quality, but there is no trial registration and protocol written in advance, which may lead to some bias in the research process. The most frequent problems included non-registration of study protocol, absence of a list of excluded studies, and unclear acknowledgment of conflicts of interests. The different types of interventions included have been shown to relieve pain, improve quality of life, and restore elbow function, but there has been a lack of comparative studies.
Conclusion: The reporting and methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies were sub-optimal, which demands further improvement. Comparative studies of different types of interventions are needed to determine unclear.
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42015017071
Tennis elbow is also known as Lateral epicondylitis,is a sterile inflammation of the extensor muscle tendon of the external humeral epicondylitis and one of the most common occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system[1].Its clinical manifestations are pain of the lateral elbow.Local pain is aggravated when grasping,lifting objects or rotating wrist flexion,and radiates to the lateral forearm,affecting daily life[2].Epidemiological data showed an incidence of tennis elbow between 1 and 2%.The prevalence of tennis elbow in women between 40 and 50 years of age was 10%[3].The majority of cases are female and more female than male[4].Tennis elbow is a self-limiting disease with symptoms lasting from 6 months to 2 years[5].At present,there are many clinical methods to treat tennis elbow,including non invasion and invasion. Non-invasion treatments include a myriad of options,including rest,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,physical therapy,cortisone,blood and botulinum toxin injections,supportive forearm bracing,and local modalities. Invasion treatments include open débridement technique, arthroscopic or percutaneous procedures[6].In the past, the most commonly used injection therapy was corticosteroid injection.In recent years, the injection therapies developed include autologous blood therapy, botulinum toxin A therapy and autologous platelet-rich plasma therapy[7, 8, 9].The effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy is similar to that of traditional ultrasonic therapy for tennis elbow.ESWT can be used as an alternative to ultrasound[10].Elbow orthotics can improve elbow symptoms, reduce pain and improve patients' quality of life[11].
External humeral epicondylitis is a common clinical elbow joint disease with local pain of external humeral epicondylitis as the main symptom.Its pathological cause and pain mechanism are still unclear.Tendon repeated to load, excessive strain.Compared with muscles, tendons lack blood supplied.When muscles contract repeatedly for a long time, tendons are prone to ischemia and produce reperfusion injury such as oxygen free radicals, which leads to tendon degeneration[12]. Substance P (SP) is an excitatory neurotransmitter released by pain afferent nerve endings, and one of the products of nerve sensitization.SP can transmit pain information, produce pain and analgesic effects, and its release is closely related to local neurogenic inflammation[13].Nerve entrapment may be the cause of epicondylar pain outside the humerus.The extensor general tendon, especially the extensor radials breves, may compress the posterior ramus of the radial nerve[14].The fear of pain caused by tendon defects can also cause severe pain in external epicondylitis.Prolonged exposure to low-stress activities due to underuse or stress shielding may also lead to tendon weakness and increased vulnerability to injury[15].
Darby A.Houck et al.[16]conducted systematic review and overview on three different injection therapies, and the results showed that the short-term efficacy of corticosteroid injection was better, and the overall effect of autologous blood therapy and platelet-rich therapy were better, but the dosage and frequency of injection still affected the treatment results, and further research was needed.
Many systematicreviews have shown the evidence for what works, what does not work, what could be harmful, and wheremore research is needed. Our aim is to evaluate the available evidence from systematic reviews on theeffectiveness of interventions for tennis elbow.
Table1 AMSTAR2 key items |
|
Critical domain |
Context |
Item 2 |
Did the report of the review contain an explicit statement that the review methods were established prior to the conduct of the review and did the report justify any signifcant deviations from the protocol? |
Item 4 |
Did the review authors use a comprehensive literature search strategy? |
Item 7 |
Did the review authors provide a list of excluded studies and justify the exclusions? |
Item 9 |
Did the review authors use a satisfactory technique for assessing the risk of bias (ROB) in individual studies that were included in the review? |
Item 11 |
If meta-analysis was performed did the review authors use appropriate methods for statistical Item 11 combination of results? |
Item 13 |
Did the review authors account for ROB in individual studies when interpreting/discussing the results of the review? |
Item 15 |
If they performed quantitative synthesis did the review authors carry out an adequate investigation of publication bias (small study bias) and discuss its likely impact on the results of the review? |
2.7.Data synthesis.
All data were included in the Excel 2016 table, and the number and percentage of papers satisfied by each item were calculated.
3.1Results of the literature search.
A total of 234 articles were found in the literature retrieval.And 73 were repeated.After reading the questions and abstracts, one article was published repeatedly, 67 of which did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 47 of which were published 10 years ago.After looking at the full text, there were 6 conference papers, 2 without full text, and 1 article with incomplete data.37 SR papers were listed in this overview(Figure 1).
3.2Description of the included reviews.
The main characteristics of the included SRs were presented in table 2.Among the included studies, there were 15 in China and 22 in English, among which 2 in China were actually the same study.The one with the most complete description was chosen for evaluation.Twenty-nine of the studies included were randomized controlled trials, and 21 were assessed for bias using Cochrane's risk bias assessment tool.Seven was assessed using the Jadad scale, and three were assessed using the PEDro score.Ten literature was reviewed systematically, and 27 were meta-analyzed.Interventions, 12 articles used acupuncture, 4 using the shock wave therapy, 14 with non-surgical therapy, including platelet rich plasma, botulinum toxin injection, autologous blood injection, corticosteroid injections, etc.3 article adopting physical therapy, 4 by operation therapy.See Table 2 for full details.
3.3.Assessment of methodological quality and quality of evidence
3.3.1.Methodological quality
Table 3 shows the methodological quality assessment results of the included reviews.According to the latest AMSTAR2 evaluation criteria, since all SRs had more than one critical weakness (Items 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15), their quality was considered as critically low.
They all employed the PICO approach (population, intervention, control group, and outcome) as an organizing framework for establishing study questions.Most of the included studies adopted the elementary rule of PICO, including 5 non-random, cohort and case-control studies, and the rest were included in RCT.Only 1 article[54] provides protocol registration, and the rest do not provide protocol registration or publication before commencement of the review (AMSTAR2 Item 2).Two SRs[38, 44] described the reasons for the type of included study, while none of the others described the reasons for the type of included study(AMSTAR2 Item 3).Only one review[48] had conducted a comprehensive literature search.One review[53] only retrieves one database, which is not inclusive enough(AMSTAR2 Item 4).In two reviews [41, 44] authors had not performed study selection and data extraction in duplicate.None of the reviews provided a complete list of potential related studies and reasons for excluding each(AMSTAR2 Item 7).Thirty seven reviews partly provided characteristic information of their included studies.Three SRs[35, 41, 53] did not evaluate the risk of the included studies, while the rest of them evaluated the quality of the included literature with different scales.Three SRs[23, 32, 54] had reported funding sources for the included studies and whether there is a conflict of interest between the included studies, while the rest are not reported.Twelve reviews [22, 27-28, 29-30, 38-39, 41, 43, 45-47] applied meta-analytical methods appropriately, explaining factors for fixed or random effects model selection and methods used for heterogeneity investigation.Eleven reviews[32, 35, 37, 42, 44, 50, 52-55] were only described qualitatively without meta-analysis (AMSTAR2 Item 11).Two reviews[29, 51] described the potential impact of the quality of the included studies on the results of evidence synthesis, while the rest were not described.Nineteen reviews [19, 23, 25-26, 28, 30-31, 33, 34, 36, 38-40, 42-43, 45-52, 54] had discussed the impact of quality assessment in results interpretation of the review(AMSTAR2 Item 13).Seventeen reviews [22, 24, 27-28, 35-36, 38-39, 41, 43, 45-47, 51, 53-55] had explored possibilities of heterogeneity and discussed its influence on the results conclusions and clinical recommendations.Twelve reviews[19-20, 22-23, 25-28, 33, 39, 48-49] only investigated publication bias, but did not describe the causes of publication bias and its impact on results(AMSTAR2 Item 15).Twelve reviews[20, 23, 25-26, 28, 30-31, 37-39, 41, 52] didn't describe funding sources or conflicts of interest.
3.3.2 Reporting Quality.
The results of the assessment on the reporting of included reviews were presented in Table 4 and Figure 2.Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were applied to assess report quality of included SRs.In all the review topics, it was clearly stated that they were systematic evaluation, meta-analysis, or both.All of them adopted the abstract of structural formula, described the disease burden and clinical symptoms, and proposed clear research problems to be resolved.One review[54] reported the trial registration number, and 48.75% provided a complete retrieval method for at least one database.And 86.94% reported risk bias assessments.8.11% reported whether there were other methods for meta-analysis, 91.89% reported the literature flow chart, 70.27% summarized the main findings of the study, 75.68% discussed the limitations and risks of bias in the outcome level, and 72.97% reported the sources of funding and the role of funder in completing the systematic review.
3.4.Efficacy of the interventions
3.4.1.VAS
Twenty-five SRs included VAS as an outcome measure.Of these SRs were conducted meta-analyses.The intervention methods are:Seven SRs using acupuncture and moxibustion treatment of tennis elbow, four SRs with shock wave therapy, two piece of SRs used botulinum toxin injection treatment, one SR used autologous blood treatment, one SR with Platelet rich plasma therapy treatment with 1 piece of corticosteroid injection, 2 SRs adopted physical therapy, 1 piece of SR with Saline Injections of treatment, For the SR, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was used in 1 paper, Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy was used in 1 paper, non-surgical therapy was used in 1 paper, and surgical therapy was used in 3 plates.All the results showed that it could effectively relieve pain.
3.4.2 Effectiveness of different interventions
Eight SRs(89 RCTs, 6992 participants) included effective rate as an outcome measure.The intervention measures include fire needle, warm acupuncture, floating needle, small needle knife, massage, acupuncture, extra corporeal shock wave therapy, etc.Most of them are acupuncture and moxibustion, and the results all show that acupuncture and moxibustion can improve the effective rate of treating tennis elbow and reduce the adverse reactions.
3.4.3 Adverse Events.
Only five studies reported adverse events, The intervention measures with small needle knife, acupuncture, botulinum toxin injections, autologous blood injection, platelet rich plasma, etc., adverse reactions are fainting during acupuncture treatment, extensor weakness, pain at the injection site,and paresthesia.
Overviews is a comprehensive research method that comprehensively collects systematic reviews related to the treatment,etiology,diagnosis and prognosis of the same disease or health problem for reevaluation[56].This overview has provided a summary of the effects on pain improvement and functional relief among patients with tennis elbow treated bydifferent interventions in thirty-seven eligible SRs.This overview included RCT,cohort studies,and Case series.This overview included Twenty-five meta-analyses and twelve narrative SRs,The majority of SRs were considered as relatively high reporting quality and critically low methodological quality,by using the PRISMA and AMSTAR2 tools,respectively.
4.2.Suggestions for Better Methodological and Reporting Quality.
In this overview,all 37 SRs employed PICO approach in organizing research question and describing inclusion criteria but only one review has provided a documented protocol or register information.It is noted that obtaining an open register of a SR in advance is quite essential for conducting a SR.It can help facilitate processing transparency and avoiding post hoc decision bias in methodology[57],The register item has also been recorded in both the PRISMA and AMSTAR2 checklists,indicating its great importance.In summary,system reviewers should register in advance before performing a system review.
Most systematic reviews only included randomized controlled trials and used the cochrane risk bias tool for bias assessment,with a small number of unreported tools for bias assessment.A small number of systematic reviews included cohort studies and case series observations,but no corresponding scales were used for bias assessment,which may affect the authenticity and reliability of the results due to the low quality of the included studies.Based onAMSTAR2 users guide,The author of the system review should also report whether other types of analysis have been carried out during the meta-analysis,so as not to cause selective reporting results and affect reliability.The authors should also report on the source of funding for the included study,and if it is corporate funding,there may be an interest relationship that affects the reliability of the results.
In the systematic review,at least two databases should be searched,and one of the included studies only searched one database,which had great methodological problems.Most studies do not provide search strategies,and detailed search strategies are conducive to the repeated implementation of the study.Most reviews processed the study selection and data extraction in duplicate, to decide by discussion andintroduction of a third author while the remaining two did not mention this in the article.A few studies assessed publication bias,but did not elaborate on the causes of publication bias.PRISMA guideline is mainly responsible for reporting quality assessment.Most literature reports are of poor quality,Common items with low scores included structured summary,protocol and registration,search strategy,and funding information.It is hoped that in the future systematic reviewers can learn PRISMA and AMSTAR2 in advance when conducting systematic reviewings,which can reduce many methodological and reporting errors and improve the quality of research.
Firstly,it is the latest overview on Different interventions for the treatment of tennis elbow,which can provide new evidence reference for clinical practice.Based on the current results and conclusion of high quality SR,the overview suggested that there are many clinical measures to treat tennis elbow,including acupuncture therapy,drug injection,surgical therapy,physical therapy,etc.,all of which can relieve pain to different degrees.However,acupuncture treatment of tennis elbow has good effect,less side effects and stable long-term effect.Although drug injection has a good short-term effect,it is easy to relapse and has a long course of treatment.Physical therapy has the advantages of good curative effect,low cost and few complications.Although the effect of surgical treatment is relatively fast,it is prone to complications,which could be useful for decision-making for tennis elbow treatment in clinic.Secondly,AMSTAR2 and PRISMA,the latest methodological quality assessment tools,are combined to provide a new direction for how to evaluate and improve the quality of systematic reviews.
This overview has several potential limitations.First,The types of studies included in this review include not only RCT,but also cohort studies and case series observations,and the risk bias assessment tools used by some systematic reviewers were inappropriate.Second, there are too many types of interventions, only descriptive analysis was performed, and no comprehensivequantitative analysis was performed.Third,The quality of the research methodology included is not high and the quality of the evidence of the results is not satisfactory.Fourth,Most research and research processes were incompletely reported,the quality of reports was low,and few documents were implemented in accordance with PRISMA's reporting specifications.Finally,There are too many interventions and relatively few literatures comparing different types of interventions, so it is necessary to further study the comparison between different types of interventions.
4.5.Opportunities for Future Research
By analyzing and pointing out these insufficiencies in these published systematic reviews,We found that the most common problems were that no trial registration was conducted,no plan was written in advance,no inclusion exclusion list was provided,and no funding source for the included study was reported.Bias and publication bias may be selected during the trial,resulting in poor study quality.It is proposed that the study should be implemented in strict accordance with AMSTAR2 and PRISMA in the future.
In recent years,there have been more and more treatments for the treatment of tennis elbow,but most of them are of low quality and cannot provide valid evidence.Because there are too many research methods,there are not many related studies on the comparison between different types,and it is impossible to draw conclusions on which treatment measures are more effective,but they can alleviate pain,restore elbow joint function and improve quality of life to varying degrees.
AMSTAR-2 = Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2, RCTs = randomized controlled trials, PRISMA = Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, SR = systematic reviews, SP =Substance P,CNKI=China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WF=WangFang Database, VIP=Chinese Scientific Journal Database, CBM=Chinese Biomedical Literatures Database, NRSI=Non-randomised studies of the effects of interventions, VAS=visual analogue scale, DASH=Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand scores.
Competing interests:
There are no conflicts of insterest.
Funding:
This work was supported by Project of the National natural science foundation of China (81573835),Jiangxi outstanding young talents funding scheme, China (20171BCB23093),Jiangxi young jinggang scholars award program, China (ganjiao dengzi [2018] no. 82).
Ethical Approval and Consent to participate: This study did not warrant institutional review board approval as no human subjects were involved.Consent for publication: Yes.
Availability of supporting data: Not applicable.
Authors' contributions: All authors made significant contributions to the study design, collection and analysis of data, drafting and revising the article, and final approval of the article.
Acknowledgements: Not applicable.
Authors' information: Xue Wang, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Email: [email protected]; Jun Xiong, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of TCM, Email: [email protected]; Jun Yang, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Email: [email protected]; Ting Yuan, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Email: [email protected]
1.Krawczyk-Szulc P;Wągrowska-Koski E;Puzder A;Markowski P;Walusiak-Skorupa J.Diagnostic guidlines for occupational epicondylitis.MEDYCYNA PRACY.2015,66(3):443-450.
2.Ciccotti,M.C.,Schwartz,M.A.,and Ciccotti,M.G.Diagnosis and treatment of medial epicondylitis of the elbow.Clin Sports Med.2004,23(4):693–705.
3.Verhaar JA.Tennis elbow.Anatomical,epidemiological and therapeutic aspects.Int Orthop.1994 Oct,18(5):263-7.
4.Vicenzino B;Britt H;Pollack AJ;Hall M;Bennell KL;Hunter DJ.No abatement of steroid injections for tennis elbow in Australian General Practice:A 15-year observational study with random general practitioner sampling.PLOS ONE.2017:12(7).
5.Cook JL,Purdam CR.The challenge of managing tendinopathy in competing athletes.Br J Sports Med 2014,48(7):506–509.
6.Calfee RP;Patel A;DaSilva MF;Akelman E.Management of Lateral Epicondylitis:Current Concepts.The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.2008:Vol.16(1):19-29
7.Baily RA,Brock BH.Hydrocortisone in tennis elbow;a controlled series.Proc R Soc Med.1957;50(6):389–90.
8.Dogramaci Y,Kalaci A,Savas N,et al.Treatment of lateral epicondylitis using three different local injection modalities:a randomized prospective clinical trial.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg.2009,129:1409–14.
9.Altay T,Gunal I,Ozturk H.Local injection treatment for lateral epicondylitis.Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002(398):127–30.
10.Yalvaç B,Mesci N,Geler Külcü D,Volkan Yurdakul O.Comparison of ultrasound and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in lateral epicondylosis.Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc.2018,52(5):357-362.
11.Nowotny J,El-Zayat B,Goronzy J et al.Prospective randomized controlled trial in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis with a new dynamic wrist orthosis.Eur J Med Res.2018,23(1):43.
12.Boushel R,Langberg H,Green S,et al.Blood flow and oxygenation in peritendinous tissue and calf muscle during dynamic exercise in humans.J Physiol,2000,524(1):305-313.
13.Alfredson H,Ljung BO,Thorsen K,et al.In vivo investigation of ECRB tendons with microdialysis technique-no signs of inflammation but high amounts of glutamate in tennis elbow.Acta Orthop Scand,2000,71(5):475-479.
14.Nayak SR,Ramanathan L,Krishnamurthy A,et al.Extensor carpi radialis brevis origin,nerve supply and its role in lateral epicondylitis.Surg Radiol Anat,2010,32(3):207-211.
15.Coombes BK,Bisset L,Vicenzino B.A new integrative model of lateral epicondylalgia.Br J Sports Med,2009,43(4):252-258.
16.Darby A.Houck,Matthew J.Kraeutler et al.Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis With Autologous Blood,Platelet-Rich Plasma,or Corticosteroid Injections:A Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta-analyses.Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine.2019,7(3).
17.Tao Huan,Yang Letian,Ping An,Quan Liu Liu,Yang Xin,Zhang Yonggang,Kang Deying,Li Jing,Du Liang,Sun Xin,Chen Jin.Interpretation of quality evaluation tool AMSTAR 2 for random or non-randomized research system evaluation.Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine,2018,18(01):101-108.
18.Moher D,Liberati A,Tetzlaff J,et al.Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses:the PRISMA statement.BMJ,2009,339.
19.Hu Qiulan;Wang Liwei;Huang Lijun et al.Meta-analysis of fire acupuncture for treatment of external humeral epicondylitis.World Traditional Chinese Medicine,2018,13(12),3225-3229.
20.Hu Lan;Ling Min.A Meta-analysis of the Therapeutic Effect of Warm Acupuncture and Moxibustion for External Epicondylitis.Chinese Journal of New Medicine,2018,11(01),39-43.
21.Yu Rui;Fang Ting;Liu Fushui.Meta-analysis of the efficacy of acupuncture and closure in the treatment of external humeral epicondylitis.Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2018,45(02),251-255.
22.Zhang Xiao;Luo Xiaozhou;Wei Yanying et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of floating needle in the treatment of tennis elbow.Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2018,36(09),2172-2176.
23.Zhong Zongye;Liu Bangzhong;Liu guanghua et al.Meta analysis of the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of tennis elbow patients.China convalescence,2018,33(05),408-411.
24.Gong Dong;Liu Jun;Dong Chenhui et al.Meta-analysis of the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma and glucocorticoids in the treatment of external humeral epicondylitis.Journal of Chinese Society of Engineering Research,2018,22(35),5735-5740.
25.Lin Qiang;Yan Shutao's method for the quality evaluation and meta-analysis of the literature of external humeral epicondylitis.TCM Herald,2017,23(21),116-122.
26.Lin Qiang.Quality evaluation and meta-analysis of literature on the treatment of humeral epicondylitis.Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
27.Ma Yanhui;Zhou chi.Meta-analysis of the effect of modified acupuncture on external humeral epicondylitis.Chinese folk medicine,2017,26(18),40-43.
28.Chen Yan.Systematic evaluation of acupuncture for treatment of external humeral epicondylitis.Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
29.Wang Shuai;Liu Shuitao;Yang Jun et al.Meta-analysis of extracorporeal shock wave in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis of the tibia.Chinese Journal of Frontier Medicine (Electronic Edition),2015,7(11),21-25.
30.Hao Zhengan;Feng Yongliang;Li Ping.Meta-analysis of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of external humeral epicondylitis.The Journal of Practical Medicine,2015,31(20),3405-3408.
31.Hao Zhengan.Meta-analysis of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of humeral epicondylitis.Shanxi Medical University.
32.Sims,S.E.G.;Miller,K.;Elfar,J.C.etc.Non-surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis:a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.HAND,2014,9(4).
33.Han Yanhong,Yang Weiyi,Liu Jun,Pan Jianke,Xie Hui,Guo Da.A Meta-analysis of small needle knife combined with partial closure for the treatment of external humeral epicondylitis.Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.2017,19(11).78-81.
34.Lin,Y.C.;Wu,W.T.;Hsu,Y.C.etc.Comparative effectiveness of botulinum toxin versus non-surgical treatments for treating lateral epicondylitis:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Rehabil,2018,32(2),131-145.
35.Pierce,T.P.;Issa,K.;Gilbert,B.T.etc.A Systematic Review of Tennis Elbow Surgery:Open Versus Arthroscopic Versus Percutaneous Release of the Common Extensor Origin.Arthroscopy,2017,33(6),1260-1268.
36.Mi,B.;Liu,G.;Zhou,W.etc.Platelet rich plasma versus steroid on lateral epicondylitis:meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Phys Sportsmed,2017,45(2),97-104.
37.Mattie,R.;Wong,J.;McCormick,Z.etc.Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy for the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis:A Systematic Review of the Literature.PM R,2017,9(6),603-611.
38.Sirico,F.;Ricca,F.;DI Meglio,F.etc.Local corticosteroid versus autologous blood injections in lateral epicondylitis:meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.ur J Phys Rehabil Med,2017,53(3),483-491.
39.Qian,X.;Lin,Q.;Wei,K.etc.Efficacy and Safety of Autologous Blood Products Compared With Corticosteroid Injections in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis:A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.PM R,2016,8(8),780-791.
40.Chou,L.C.;Liou,T.H.;Kuan,Y.C.etc.Autologous blood injection for treatment of lateral epicondylosis:A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phys Ther Sport,2016,18,68-73.
41.Sayegh,E.T.;Strauch,R.J.Does nonsurgical treatment improve longitudinal outcomes of lateral epicondylitis over no treatment?A meta-analysis.Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(3),1093-1107.
42.de Vos,R.J.;Windt,J.;Weir,A.Strong evidence against platelet-rich plasma injections for chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy:a systematic review.Br J Sports Med,2014,48(12),952-956.
43.Kalichman,L.;Bannuru,R.R.;Severin,M.etc.Injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis:systematic review and meta-analysis.Semin Arthritis Rheum,2011,40(6),532-538.
44.Chang,W.D.;Wu,J.H.;Yang,W.J.etc.Therapeutic effects of low-level laser on lateral epicondylitis from differential interventions of Chinese-Western medicine:systematic review.Photomed Laser Surg,2010,28(3),327-336.
45.Gao,B.;Dwivedi,S.;DeFroda,S.etc.The Therapeutic Benefits of Saline Solution Injection for Lateral Epicondylitis:A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Saline Injections With Nonsurgical Injection Therapies.Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery,2019,35(6),1847-1859
46.Xiong,Y.;Xue,H.;Zhou,W.etc.Shock-wave therapy versus corticosteroid injection on lateral epicondylitis:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Physician and Sportsmedicine,2019.
47.Weber,C.;Thai,V.;Neuheuser,K.etc.Efficacy of physical therapy for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis:A meta-analysis.BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,2015,16(1).
48.Tang,H.;Fan,H.;Chen,J.etc.Acupuncture for lateral epicondylitis:A systematic review.Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2015.
49.Chang,W.D.;Lai,P.T.;Tsou,Y.A.Analgesic effect of manual acupuncture and laser acupuncture for lateral epicondylalgia:A systematic review and meta-analysis.American Journal of Chinese Medicine,2014,42(6),1301-1314.
50.Cullinane,F.L.;Boocock,M.G.;Trevelyan,F.C.Is eccentric exercise an effective treatment for lateral epicondylitis?A systematic review.Clinical rehabilitation,2014,28(1),3-19.
51.Olaussen,M.;Holmedal,O.;Lindbaek,etc.Treating lateral epicondylitis with corticosteroid injections or non-electrotherapeutical physiotherapy:A systematic review.BMJ Open,2013,3(10).
52.Raman,J.;MacDermid,J.C.;Grewal,R.Effectiveness of different methods ofresistance exercises in lateral epicondylosis--a systematic review.J Hand Ther,2012,25(1),5-25,26.
53.Riff,A.J.;Saltzman,B.M.;Cvetanovich,etc.Open vs Percutaneous vs Arthroscopic Surgical Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis:An Updated Systematic Review.Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ),2018,47(6).
54.Burn,M.B.;Mitchell,R.J.;Liberman,S.R.etc.Open,Arthroscopic,and Percutaneous Surgical Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis:A Systematic Review.Hand (New York,N.Y.),2017.
55.Moradi,A.;Pasdar,P.;Mehrad-Majd,H.etc.Clinical Outcomes of Open versus Arthroscopic Surgery for Lateral Epicondylitis,Evidence from a Systematic Review.Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery,2019,7(2),91-104.
56.Becker LA,Oxman AD.Chapter22:Overviews of reviews.In:Higgins JPT,GreenS,eds.Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.Version5.0.2 (updatedSeptember 2009).The Cochrane Collaboration,2009.Available from:www.cochrane-handbook.org.
57.L.Stewart,D.Moher,and P.Shekelle,"Why prospective registration of systematic reviews makes sense," Systematic Reviews,vol.1,no.1,2.
Table 2 Basic characteristics of the included study |
||||||||
Author |
Year |
Literature evaluation tool |
Research Type |
Sample size |
Interventions |
Control measures |
Type of included study |
Outcome indicators |
Hu Qiulan[19] |
2018 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
6(516) |
Fire needles,fire needles and other treatments |
Other acupuncture or other treatments |
RCT |
Cure rate,total efficiency,VAS |
Hu Lan[20] |
2018 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
13(639) |
warming needle moxibustion |
Conventional acupuncture |
RCT |
VAS、total efficiency |
Yu Rui[21] |
2018 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
10(934) |
Akupotomye therapy |
Local closed |
RCT/CT |
Cure rate,total efficiency,VAS |
Zhang Xiao[22] |
2018 |
GRADE profiler |
meta-analysis |
17(1251) |
Floating needles or floating needles in combination with other therapies |
Use other treatments than floating needles |
RCT |
total efficiency |
Zhong ZongYe[23] |
2018 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
10(928) |
shock wave |
Placebo or other treatment |
RCT |
VAS、Grip strength |
Gong Dong [24] |
2018 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
10(661) |
Platelet rich plasma |
glucocorticoid |
RCT |
Pain score,upper limb function score and complications |
Lin Qiang[25-26] |
2017 |
ROB Tool/Jadad |
meta-analysis |
7(413) |
massage |
Drugs,acupuncture and moxibustion,cupping,physical therapy,closure and other non-surgical therapy and the above comprehensive treatment |
RCT |
efficiency、VAS |
Ma YanHui[27] |
2017 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
21(1570) |
Improvement of acupuncture |
Conventional acupuncture |
RCT |
total efficiency、VAS |
Chen Yan[28] |
2016 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
13(980) |
Needle knife therapy |
Other treatments |
RCT |
Total response rate,VAS,elbow function,lateral elbow tenderness,adverse reactions,recurrence rate |
Wang Shuai[29] |
2016 |
Jadad |
meta-analysis |
5(389) |
Extracorporeal shock wave |
placebo |
RCT |
Total effective rate、VAS |
Hao ZhengAn[30-31] |
2016 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
11(708) |
ESWT+ other treatments |
Other treatments |
RCT |
VAS、Upper limb function rating scale (UEFI),RM score,adverse reactions |
Sims,S.E.G.[32] |
2014 |
NP |
systematic review |
58(NP) |
Non-surgical treatment |
NP |
RCT |
VAS、grip strength、DSHA |
Han YanHong[33] |
2017 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
10(1280) |
Small needle knife with partial closure |
Small needle knife or partial closure |
RCT |
Total efficiency、 recurrence rate |
Lin,Y.C.[34] |
2018 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
6(321) |
botulinum toxin injection |
placebo injections (normal saline) or other regimens |
RCT |
VAS、grip strength |
Pierce,T.P.[35] |
2017 |
NP |
systematic review |
30(1604) |
Open Versus Arthroscopic Versus Percutaneous Release of the Common Extensor Origin |
NP |
NRSI |
VAS、DASH |
Mi,B.[36] |
2017 |
Jadad/ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
8(511) |
Platelet rich plasma |
steroid |
RCT |
pain relief、functional restoration、Adverse events |
Mattie,R.[37] |
2017 |
ROB Tool |
systematic review |
6(NP) |
Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy |
any other treatment or no treatment |
RCT/CT. |
Pain(VAS) |
Sirico,F.[38] |
2017 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
4(218) |
Local corticosteroid injects |
autologous blood injections |
RCT |
VAS |
Qian,X.[39] |
2016 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
10(509) |
Autologous Blood Products |
Corticosteroid Injections |
RCT or prospective cohort study |
pain relief、functional restoration、DASH scores、Grip strength、adverse events |
Chou,L.C.[40] |
2016 |
Jadad |
meta-analysis |
9(489) |
Autologous blood injection |
Other types of therapy |
RCT |
pain-related measurements |
Sayegh,E.T.[41] |
2015 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
22(2280) |
Nonsurgical Treatment |
observation only or placebo |
RCT |
DASH、overall improvement、grip strength. |
de Vos,R.J[42] |
2014 |
PEDro |
systematic review |
6(NP) |
platelet-rich plasma injections |
NP |
RCT |
VAS、DASH、PETEE |
Kalichman,L.[43] |
2011 |
ROB Tool |
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
10(273) |
botulinum toxin injections |
Placebo |
RCT |
VAS、adver events |
Chang,W.D.[44] |
2010 |
PEDro |
systematic review |
10(No) |
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) |
non-laser or placebo laser |
RCT |
VAS、Grasp or finger grip force、Muscle test、Range of motion (ROM) of the wrist joint、Pain pressure threshold (PPT)、Questionnaire and treatment effects |
Gao,B.[45] |
2019 |
ROB Tool |
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
10(283) |
Saline Injections |
platelet-rich plasma,autologous conditioned plasma,corticosteroid,and botulinum toxin injections |
RCT |
VAS、DASH |
Xiong,Y.[46] |
2019 |
ROB Tool/Jadad |
meta-analysis |
4(237) |
Shock-wave therapy |
corticosteroid injection |
RCT |
VAS、grip strength |
Weber,C.[47] |
2015 |
SIGN Checklist |
systematic review and meta-analysis |
16(NP) |
physical therapy |
usual control group or sham-control group |
RCT |
Pain reduction and pain relief |
Tang,H.[48] |
2015 |
ROB Tool |
meta-analysis |
4(309) |
acupuncture,electroacupuncture,warm acupuncture,needle acupuncture,and manual acupuncture. |
sham acupuncture,placebo control,no treatment/waiting list control,or active treatment |
RCT |
elbow functional status.myodynamia and adverse events. |
Chang,W.D.[49] |
2014 |
PEDro |
meta-analysis |
9(527) |
manual acupuncture or laser acupuncture treatment |
sham procedure or treatment using a placebo laser and needle acupuncture. |
RCT |
VAS、muscle strength |
Cullinane,F.L.[50] |
2014 |
Modified Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group score |
systematic review |
12(616) |
eccentric exercise or in conjunction with other treatments |
Nondrug therapy |
RCT |
Pain relief、grip strength、VAS、DASH |
Olaussen,M.[51] |
2013 |
PEDro |
meta-analysis |
11(1161) |
corticosteroid injections or non-electrotherapeutical physiotherapy |
no treatment |
RCT |
DASH、grip strength |
Raman,J.[52] |
2012 |
the critical appraisal form developed by Dr.Joy C Macdermid (Appendix A) |
systematic review |
12(NP) |
Different Methods of Resistance Exercises |
NP |
RCT、NRSI、cohort study |
improving pain and function |
Riff,A.J.[53] |
2018 |
NP |
systematic review |
35(1640) |
Open vs Percutaneous vs Arthroscopic Surgical |
NP |
Case series/cohort studies |
VAS、DASH、Grip Strength、pain relief |
Burn,M.B.[54] |
2017 |
Jadad /CONSORT/ Cochrane Bone,Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Quality Assessment Tool |
systematic review |
6(179) |
Open,Arthroscopic,and Percutaneous Surgical |
NP |
RCT、prospective cohort |
DASH,VAS,grip strength,wrist strength |
Moradi,A.[55] |
2019 |
NOS/Jadad |
systematic review |
34(1508) |
Arthroscopic Surgery |
Open Surgery |
Case series/cohort studies |
VAS、DASH |
Table 3 Methodological quality of the included reviews assessed by AMSTAR2 |
|||||||||||||||||
Author |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
Ranking of quality |
Hu Qiulan[19] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
low |
Hu Lan[20] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
N |
N |
PY |
N |
low |
Yu Rui[21] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
PY |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
low |
Zhang Xiao[22] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
PY |
Y |
low |
Zhong ZongYe[23] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
low |
Gong Dong[24] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
low |
Lin Qiang[25-26] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
low |
Ma YanHui[27] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
PY |
Y |
low |
Chen Yan[28] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
PY |
N |
low |
Wang Shuai[29] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
low |
Hao ZhengAn[30-31] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
low |
Sims,S.E.G.[32] |
N |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
Y |
NP |
NP |
N |
N |
NP |
Y |
low |
Han YanHong[33] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
low |
Lin,Y.C.[34] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
low |
Pierce,T.P.[35] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
N |
NP |
NP |
N |
Y |
NP |
Y |
low |
Mi,B.[36] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
low |
Mattie,R.[37] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
NP |
NP |
N |
N |
NP |
N |
low |
Sirico,F.[38] |
Y |
N |
Y |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
low |
Qian,X.[39] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
PY |
N |
low |
Chou,L.C.[40] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
low |
Sayegh,E.T.[41] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
N |
N |
N |
PY |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
low |
de Vos,R.J[42] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
NP |
NP |
Y |
N |
NP |
Y |
low |
Kalichman,L.[43] |
N |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
low |
Chang,W.D.[44] |
Y |
N |
Y |
PY |
N |
N |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
NP |
NP |
N |
N |
NP |
Y |
low |
Gao,B.[45] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
low |
Xiong,Y.[46] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
low |
Weber,C.[47] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
low |
Tang,H.[48] |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
low |
Chang,W.D.[49] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
PY |
N |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
low |
Cullinane,F.L.[50] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
PY |
N |
NP |
NP |
Y |
N |
NP |
Y |
low |
Olaussen,M.[51] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
low |
Raman,J.[52] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
NP |
NP |
Y |
N |
NP |
N |
low |
Riff,A.J.[53] |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
N |
N |
NP |
NP |
N |
Y |
NP |
Y |
low |
Burn,M.B.[54] |
Y |
PY |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
NP |
NP |
Y |
Y |
NP |
Y |
low |
Moradi,A.[55] |
Y |
N |
N |
PY |
Y |
Y |
N |
PY |
Y |
N |
NP |
NP |
N |
Y |
NP |
Y |
low |
Table 4 Reporting quality of the included reviews assessed by PRISMA |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Author |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |
27 |
Hu Qiulan[19] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Hu Lan[20] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Yu Rui[21] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Zhang Xiao[22] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Zhong ZongYe[23] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Gong Dong[24] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Lin Qiang[25-26] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Ma YanHui[27] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Chen Yan[28] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Wang Shuai[29] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Hao ZhengAn[30-31] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Sims,S.E.G.[32] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Han YanHong[33] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Lin,Y.C.[34] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Pierce,T.P.[35] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Mi,B.[36] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Mattie,R.[37] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Sirico,F.[38] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Qian,X.[39] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Chou,L.C.[40] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Sayegh,E.T.[41] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
de Vos,R.J[42] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Kalichman,L.[43] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Chang,W.D.[44] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Gao,B.[45] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Xiong,Y.[46] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Weber,C.[47] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Tang,H.[48] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Chang,W.D.[49] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Cullinane,F.L.[50] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Olaussen,M.[51] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Raman,J.[52] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Riff,A.J.[53] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Burn,M.B.[54] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Moradi,A.[55] |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
N |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |