Dark Energy is a Phenomenal Effect of the Expanding Universe-Possibility for Experimental Verification.


 Vacuum energy density has been defined and mass formation from ‘space-time’ has been viewed in a different perspective. This explanation for vacuum energy is based on ‘space-time’ and conversion of space in to time keeping ‘space-time density’ as constant. Equations for ‘space-time’ and mutual conversion of space and time have been derived. As a result, new concept of mass creation has been explained. By postulating that space time density of universe is constant, low and high values of cosmological constants has been shown as the exchange of energy between space, time and energy. The concept has been used to explain dark energy concept of the universe. It concluded a result that velocity of light is changing with the apparent expansion of the universe. The derived equation is possible for experimental verification. Obviously it is a contradiction to Big bang model. So the derived equation with the help of quantum concepts explained the 2.7o K cosmic micro wave background radiation. Finally it proposed a relation between diameter of hydrogen atom and Hubble’s constant with another postulate that gives importance to the existence of positive and negative charges below atomic level that describe the basic facts of quantum physics.


Introduction
Fundamentally mass creation has been explained from the classical physics based on the fact that vacuum energy is based on space time and conversion of space in to time keeping space time density as constant. A new concept has been introduced. According to that, space time will be contracted to form mass. Every mass will have its own space time. Each and every space time will have a quantum particle. Quantum particle of our four dimensional space time is Planck particle. It is explained that space time is not expanding. It is existed with Planck diameter. But due to conversion of space in to time, it seems that time is increasing but here space contracting so that space time density is constant.
So as per observation it seems that universe is expanding and the energy density when it is at size of plank diameter will remain constant even apparent expansion of the universe reaches to maximum velocity as per Hubble's law. Actually the variation in mass energy density has been termed as cosmological constant catastrophe in cosmology and explained in various papers [1]. Few more results have been achieved by using concepts 'Siva's gravity equation 'and its application to expanding universe which was elaborated in the paper [2] [3].Of course the main difference is that space expands with time where as this paper emphasizes that space time is a continuum and 3D space and 4D space are same. Space time is a combination of space and time. Time decreases with the expansion of space. As a consequence the mass energy will be increased. The variation in mass energy density in cosmology catastrophe is a consequence of this phenomenon.

Concept and calculation
Let us start with classical explanations for space , time, space time , mass and their relation. This will be initiated from some postulates. Concept of black holes have been explained with the use of Siva's constant 'K' and related gravity equation [3] . How a black hole singularity will emerge as a particle has been explained by an equation relating singularity , mass of black hole and Siva's constant 'K' .
Space time conversion and Siva's classical equations have been used.

Postulates
1. Surface area of Space time in spherical shape is volume of its space and radius is its time.
2. Space and time are interchangeable in an isolated system of space time in such a way that reduction in time will compensate in increase of its surface area so that the volume of space will increase if time decreases in space time. Thus the total space time diameter will remain constant. 3. It is based on the assumption that space time is like a fluid and it is contraction towards its centre point creates the mass. It is spherical in shape since space time will be curved around a mass. It is an isolated system so totally it will be in spherical shape.

Mathematically,
We have Siva's gravity equation [

Quantum Vacuum & Cosmological Catastrophe
As per the predictions of quantum mechanics, the vacuum energy is 10 123 orders of the mass energy density of the universe. This huge discrepancy between quantum mechanics and mass energy density calculated due to expansion of the universe is called as cosmological catastrophe described in paper [1] Let us calculate the same by classical approach by using new perspective of expanding universe [3].
1. According to that, at a point of time the diameter of the universe is equal to diameter of For vacuum, the space time conversion will affect its mass also. It is explained in paper [2] and the mass of the universe [3] [6]. It seems that these values are not correct values to propose a perfect model. Further sections will elaborate that it is necessary to correct the values of 'c' and 'H'. These exact values must be used in mass energy density calculation and the above calculations will be revised further for a perfect solution.

Analysis on this cosmological Catastrophe
If we apply time conversion in to space and space time conversion in to mass, the calculation for above two cases i.e lower and upper values of energy density can be viewed as a two different out comes of a single phenomenon. In quantum level it can be explained as follows- • All the fundamental forces are basically made up of quantum particles [7] quantum of electromagnetic force is photon and for gravitational force is graviton.
• All these quantum particles are made up of space time and contains space time diameter depending upon their coupling constant [7] • The quantities like mass, space time diameter associated to a quantum particle are invariant . They will remain constant. But the complete universe is filled with these quantum particles. If the universe(at the beginning)is with the diameter of space time of the quantum particle, there exist only one particle and as the space increases, the no of quantum particles will increase and the space time density will be maintained as constant.
• As the number of particles increases, total mass will be increased. As per energy equivalent principle, energy neither can be increased nor destroyed. Implies mass will be increased if the term'd' in the equation (4)  . Thus some portion of space time will be converted in to energy or mass and space will be decreased. The other portion of space will be converted in to time and the space time density will be maintained constant by converting in to one another and keeping Sivas constant 'K' and mass energy density as constants.
• Thus for both the above cases, the mass energy density is constant. Only observation of time and space seems to be changing. Thus cosmological constant catastrophe can be explained.
• In the same way as explained above, graviton is a fundamental particle with space time dia.1.5466374059⨯10 -47 .mt. and Photon is a fundamental force particle with space time diameter and [7] If we calculate the two observations as originated by single phenomenon explained by space time energy conversions from one to another by using equations (2)&(4), we can calculate the energy density as follows- We have equation (4) We have equation (2) for conversion of space and time Volume of space time as per equation (11) (15)

Substitute equation (12) and equation (14) in equation (24) to find its volume
We have Equation (15),  [4] . This value of 'c' must be changed for a perfect model of the space time. The above calculation for mass density must be revised according to the changed value of 'c'

Is velocity of light changing? What is its maximum velocity?
In the above calculations we have used that the velocity of light 1 8 sec But light velocity is a significant velocity of theory of relativity which must be constant and the sphere is't'. 'A' and 'B' are galaxies over its surface. Linier distance between these two galaxies is 'd'. We are in the galaxy 'B' and observing the velocity of 'A' receding from galaxy 'B' as explained by expanding universe and follow the equation As per expanding Universe theory, velocity of the receding galaxy is proportional to distance from the observer and proportionality of the constant is 'H'.
As per space time equivalence principle time and distance expressed by Multiply both sides with 'd' it takes 't' seconds to receive light like signal from A to B,. Let us suppose that signal velocity is .Substitute instead of we can rewrite the equation (19) as (20) We have equation (18) (21) So it shows a relation between velocity of light observed from a receding galaxy with velocity 'V'. It can be observed experimentally by any astronomical observatory. We can observe the velocity of receding galaxy is V by red shift and Doppler Effect. Thus we can find the velocity of light generated from that receding galaxy. This is against to the present understanding of physics which says that light velocity is constant and is equal to .

Calculation for maximum velocity of light
We have equation (21) o c t d o c Here 'V' is maximum velocity and the signal is also maximum velocity 'V' only.
So equation can be written as

Exact theoretical value of 'Hubble's Constant'
As per film theory of the universe [8] ,a film is a graph plotted for the absolute velocity γ v and the distance 'd' from the observer. Further to that concept, a single film of the universe can be interpreted as two forces as shown in Fig.2.
One denotes expansion and one is contraction (gravity force) represented as OA and AC portions of the graph respectively. OA portion is associated to = equation and AC is associated to = equation. There exist two velocities in opposite directions for a 'd' value provided 'H' and 'K' are constants. Velocity described by distance and time. Here distance is invariant so we can say 'd' will have two types of 'time' moving in opposite direction. 'd' denotes space and will be associated with two direction of time. Thus reality defined as observation by conscious observer is combination of these two. Mathematically we can say it as super position of these two. In quantum mechanics these two directions of times represent two different quantum states describing time. Thus observation of space time defined by physics is a superposition of two quantum states of space times tends to separate in opposite direction. One denotes future and another denotes past and the present is super position of these two quantum states of universal films.
Always, the distance 'd' observed by conscious observer is superposition of two quantum states of space time.
K Vd = represents gravity field. So, the 'd' is the minimum diameter of gravity space time i.e. quantum of gravity field.
Photon is a fundamental force particle with space time diameter [7] and .
Plank mass is also a fundamental force particle with 'K' value Which is our conventional four-dimensional space time.
Here space time diameter of photon is more than planck diameter and the first photon can be calculated based on this to find out the 2. Below that diameter this superposition will not be maintained and will be divided in to two separate space times in opposite direction. This is the critical limit that denotes the property of matter just before its division. This is nothing but division in to positive and native parts of that matter. One more reason is 'electrons plays important role in making atom and matter. Hydrogen is the element that is the first one in that order. And it is neutral and free. Next one is helium with two electrons but its atomic diameter is less than hydrogen atom. It is forcefully reduced its diameter and under pressure. It cannot be said as free. Neutral matter plays important role in universe. So the term neutral is very significant in calculating the minimum diameter of this space time to keep neutral matter.
Any how this assumption gives us n accurate value of CMBR. So this has become mandatory to postulate that there is a relation between Values of 'K','H' and diameter of neutral hydrogen atom.

Velocity of light at maximum diameter of Universe
Since the Hubble's constant has been revised, the equation (32) showing the velocity of light at maximum diameter of the universe. In other words, it is the expected maximum velocity of light if we consider the complete universe.

A new model for the Origin of Universe:
As per the paper 'New perspective of expanding universe' [3], the universe is not expanding. It is existed with Planck diameter and apparently seems to expand to Hubble's diameter. Space time diameter is constant. It will not change. Only ratio of the space and time will be changed due to their conversion from one another. Mass also will be increased due to increment in space and keeps the mass energy density of the universe as constant. In this process, 'Hubble's constant' and 'Siva's constant' will remain constants and both gravity and expansion will exist and follows = and = equations respectively. As per the quantum mechanics, all the natural forces are made up of quantum particles with specific space time diameters [7].As explained above these quantum particles will increase if the volume of space increases.
With the above reasons we can conclude that at time = 0 , only one quantum particle whose space time diameter is less will exist. Later its number will increase and mass will increase as its time converts in to space. Other forces also will be developed and their interaction creates several elementary particles and the time converts in to space time and then to mass. It exists as it is and its energy density remains constant. Only conversion from one to another will happen. It is against to the 'Big bang model'.

Interpretation of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR):
It is nothing but the energy of single photon.
We have space time diameter for a photon [7] m d

Dark energy is a consequence of a phenomenon
Mass energy density calculation used in section-4 as per equation (18)

Conclusions
1. It is proposed that the Surface area of Space time in spherical shape is volume of its space and radius is its time. Space and time are interchangeable in an isolated system of space time in such a way that reduction in time will compensate in increase of its surface area so that the volume of space will increase if time decreases in space time. Thus the total space time diameter will remain constant.
Space time equivalence has been given by equation Where,'t' is radius of 'space time' and'd' is diameter of 'space time'. Its surface area denotes three dimensional space. have been interpreted with quantum particle photon and the energy associated to a single and first photon of the universe has been calculated. Thus the temperature of the universe when it is at the size of a photon (It is the first photon). This is nothing but cosmic microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) of the universe. The CMBR has been estimated as 2.68⁰ K which is equal to the experimentally obtained result. This theoretical results at par with the experimental verification is an indication that the postulates used in this paper and the hypothesis proposed is in right path. 7. Dark energy is a consequence of the phenomena of the universe that elaborate mutual conversions of space, time, 'space time' and matter. It concluded that observable mass energy density is 33.41% of the total mass energy density including hidden mass. The remaining 66.59% is in the form of space time which is necessary to produce this mass energy.
Expansion is a phenomenon. Evolution of mass is a consequence of this phenomenon. Equation (34) shows the actual total mass energy density of the universe and equation (35) is the mass energy density of the universe by considering density calculation based on expanding space alone. Thus dark energy is a consequence of missing physics in expanding universe theories. This can be observed experimentally as an effect that changes light velocity with expansion of the universe. This effect can be observed as interpreted by equation (21).It shows that velocity of light is proportional to the velocity of the receding galaxy calculated by red shift observation. 8. Overall view of this concept is a solution for cosmological catastrophe of cosmology. It emphasizes on the concept that space converts in to time and 'space time' converts in to mass.
It is against to the notion of a concept that space expands with time. Thus its calculations showed that mass energy density of the universe is constant and observed as the matter is flying apart in space. It can be verified experimentally by observing light velocity with the expansion of the universe.