DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.405/v1
Stroke is the leading cause of death in the world, and more than 80% of strokes are ischemic [1, 2]. Stroke has become a huge economic burden for both the families of the victims and society. Intravenous thrombolysis is the only approved pharmacological treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. The benefit of rt-PA was thought to be due to vessel recanalization, resulting in restitution of blood flow to ischemic regions of brain, which improves neurological outcomes of stroke patients treated with intravenous rt-PA within 4.5 h from symptoms onset [3]; however, only approximately 50% of AIS patients show significant improvement after thrombolytic therapy [4, 5]. Some studies have shown that early improvement of neurological function after intravenous thrombolysis was an independent predictor of better prognosis at 90 days [6-8], while other studies have identified diverse predictors of major neurological improvement 24 hours after thrombolysis [9-11]. The immediate response to thrombolysis varies by patient. While some have shown significant improvement after treatment, others have derived fewer benefits. In this study, we chose 24 hours and 7 days as our endpoints for investigation of the multiple clinical data associated with early neurological improvement of intravenous rt-PA treatment in AIS patients.
Participants
A total of 236 AIS patients given rt-PA thrombolytic therapy (dose of 0.9 mg/kg, but not more than 90 mg, of which 10% was given by intravenous injection, leaving 90% to be delivered by intravenous drip over a period of 60 min) in The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2013 to August 2016 were enrolled. This study was approved by the hospital’s institutional ethics committee. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent was waived..
Inclusion criteria
(1) Age 18-80; (2) Intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA treatment within 4.5 h of stroke onset; (3) Clinical diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke, confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (4) the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score between 4 and 25; posterior circulation stroke is not subject to this limitation; (5) No evidence of intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage by CT.
Exclusion Criteria
(1) Transient ischemic attack (TIA), cerebral hemorrhage or a history of intracranial hemorrhage in the past 6 months; (2) Oral anticoagulant (INR > 1.5); (3) Onset time of stroke could not be determined; (4) Refractory hypertension (Systolic blood pressure ≥ 185 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg); (5) Blood glucose <2.8 mmol/L or > 22.0 mmol/L; (6) Accompanying neurologic or psychiatric disorder, or any terminal illness.
Risk factors
Data for baseline assessment was collected from hospital discharge reports, including age, sex, weight, previous history of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse was considered as drinking ≥ 20 g per day on average. Clinical data included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, fibrinogen, glycosylated hemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), homocysteic acid levels, time from onset to thrombolysis, and intravenous rt-PA dose. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was diagnosed when its presence was documented in medical records, or it was diagnosed at stroke by conventional electrocardiogram, dynamic electrocardiogram or electrocardiogram monitoring. Hemorrhagic transformation and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage 24 h after thrombolysis assessment referred to the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) Ⅱ standard.
Stroke severity and outcome measures
Stroke severity was assessed with NIHSS score by neurologists prior to intravenous thrombolysis. Neurological impairment was evaluated using the NIHSS score at 24 h and 7 d after intravenous thrombolysis. Early neurological improvement was defined as a ≥4-point decrease in NIHSS score compared to baseline or a score of 0 or 1 at 24 h and 7 d; other scores were considered invalid.
Statistical analysis
SPSS (version 19.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). was used for all statistical analyses. The risk factors for early neurological improvement were separately tested. Significant variables (P < 0.1) identified in univariate analyses were entered in a multivariate logistic regression model for further analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were presented. Early neurological improvement was coded as a ordinal parameter (invalid, 0; efficacy, 1). P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A total of 236 patients with AIS received intravenous rt-PA thrombolysis, of which 11 patients had an NIHSS score less than 4 on admission, 10 patients had arterial embolectomy, and there were 6 patients with incomplete data. The remaining 209 patients were enrolled, of which 84 were female. The average age of the patients was 65.2 ± 13.1 years old. The average NIHSS score was 10.7 ± 5.5 at baseline, and the average treatment time was 170 ± 59.4 min.
A total of 74 patients showed early neurological improvement 24 h after intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA, and 127 patients showed neurological improvement 7 d after intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA. Patients with poor outcomes had higher levels of blood lipids (including TC, LDL), inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein) and higher rates of AF. Patient characteristics for all patients and those with early neurological improvement at 24 h and 7 d are shown in Table 1. Patients who had early neurological improvement at 7 d after thrombolysis also had shorter treatment to onset times (164 ± 61 min vs 179 ± 56 min). The results from the multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis are summarized in Table 2. Non-AF (OR = 2.092, 95% CI: 1.098 ~ 3.985; P = 0.02) was independently associated with early neurological improvement at 24 h. Non-AF (OR = 2.832, 95% CI: 1.458 ~ 5.501; P = 0.002) and treatment to onset time (OR = 0.994, 95% CI: 0.989 ~ 1.000; P = 0.036) were independently associated with early neurological improvement at 7 d (Table 2).
A total of 7 patients (3.35%) had spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) after thrombolysis. These patients had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, higher baseline NIHSS scores, and higher rates of AF. Baseline NIHSS score and diastolic blood pressure were independently associated with sICH (Table 3).
Non-AF was independently associated with early neurological improvement at both 24 h and 7 d after intravenous thrombolysis in our study. The group with the best outcome had fewer patients with a previous history of AF or diagnosis of AF at stroke. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing poorer outcomes among AIS patients with AF receiving thrombolysis [12-15]. Others have found that AF patients show no observable benefit after thrombolysis, even if their thrombolytic therapy was similar when compared with non-AF patients [16]. The adverse impact of AF is likely attributable to larger areas of hypoperfusion and lower recanalization, leading to larger infarct volumes, more severe hemorrhagic transformation and worse stroke outcome [17]. However, a 3035 case report showed that AF patients had a similar outcome after thrombolysis when compared with non-AF patients [18]. Some research even indicates that AF is a good predictor of outcome 3 months after thrombolysis in patients with severe stroke [19]. One possible reason is that AIS patients with AF often form red thrombus in the intracranial arteries, which are composed of red blood cells and fibrous proteins. Animal studies have shown that red thrombus show increased sensitivity to rt-PA and are more likely to be dissolved. Whether AIS patients with AF benefit from thrombolytic therapy or not is controversial, and more research is needed.
We found that treatment to onset time was independently associated with early neurological improvement at 7 d. The benefit of rt-PA was thought to be due to vessel recanalization, resulting in restitution of blood flow to ischemic regions of brain. The improvement of early neurological dysfunction indicated recanalization of the occlusive vessels, which is highly correlated with a good long-term prognosis [20, 21]. In our study, patients who showed early neurological improvement had shorter onset to treatment time compared to those without early neurological improvement.
Patients without early neurological improvement had higher levels of blood lipids (including TC, LDL) and inflammatory factor (C-reactive protein, CRP). However, they showed no significant difference in the multiplicity analysis, possibly due to other confounding factors. There have been reports that blood lipids and CRP are factors associated with stroke and stroke outcome [22-24], but whether they are independently associated with early neurological improvement needs further exploration.
In our study, there were 7 patients (3.35%) with hemorrhage after thrombolytic therapy. After a single-factor analysis, it was found that the baseline NIHSS and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were risk factors for sICH after thrombolysis. We did not do a multiplicity analysis due to the sample size (N = 7). A study with a total of 31627 patients treated with intravenous rt-PA has shown that baseline NIHSS is an independent risk factor for sICH and that the overall rate of SICH is 1.8% [25]. AIS Patients with high baseline NIHSS score had a greater risk of sICH and a worse outcome. A study from Germany and Slovakia indicated that significantly increased blood pressure (SBP > 185 mmHg or DBP > 110 mmHg) was common in stroke patient before and during intravenous thrombolysis, but could not predict cerebral hemorrhage or sICH [26]. The current study demonstrated that systolic blood pressure was independently associated with sICH [27]; however, due to the sample size, whether DBP was associated with sICH could not be determined and needs further study.
This study has several limitations. First, our small sample size may lower the power enough to impact our ability to detect predictive relationships between early neurological improvement and other factors; a larger number of patients will be used in future research. Second, we did not follow up at 90 d. Instead we chose 24 h and 7 d as our endpoints because 7 d NIHSS is a sensitive outcome measure for exploratory clinical trials in acute stroke [28]. Finally, we did not use prolonged noninvasive cardiac rhythm monitoring, which may increase AF detection among AIS patients. Identifying predictors of early neurological improvement may help to improve patient selection for interventional therapy and allow for a more accurate estimation of the prognosis.
Conclusions
Non-AF was independently associated with early neurological improvement after intravenous thrombolysis in AIS patients, but non-AF was not associated with the occurrence of sICH. Onset to treatment time was a predictive independent factor for early neurological improvement at 7 d after thrombolysis in AIS patients.
AIS, acute ischemic stroke; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TIA, transient ischemic attack; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; AF, Atrial fibrillation; ECASS, European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study; ORs, odds ratios; Cis, confidence intervals, sICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure, SBP, systolic blood pressure
Acknowledgments
None.
This study was supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81573402, 81703479, 81703498 and 81773700), the Health Bureau of Zhejiang Province (2016ZDA009 and WKJ-ZJ-1719). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or in the preparation of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
All data accessed was de-identified which was approved by the ethics committee before the study began. The dataset of the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Authors’ Contributions
HD and HX contributed to conception and design of the study. HD and JL were involved in gaining ethical approval. JL performed all analyses after discussions with and statistical input from JH. JL wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JL and FI were responsible for data collection. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics and Consent to participate
Informed consent was not required by local institutional review boards (IRBs) due to subject anonymity and minimal risk to participants. Use of the registry database and additional medical data was also approved by the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (SAHZU) IRBs (No. 2012-036).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Table 1 Risk factors for early efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis at 24 hours and 7 days after treatment
total | 24 hours | 7 days | |||||
Characteristics | n = 209 | Efficacy (n = 74) | Invalid (n = 135) | P value* | Efficacy (n = 127) | Invalid (n = 82) | P Value* |
Sex(male), % | 125(59.8) | 45(60.8) | 80(59.3) | 0.827 | 77(60.6) | 48(58.5) | 0.763 |
Age, y | 65.2 ± 13.1 | 64.2 ± 14.3 | 65.7 ± 12.5 | 0.429 | 65.0 ± 13.7 | 65.4 ± 12.2 | 0.831 |
Alcohol abuse | 48(23) | 18(24.3) | 30(22.2) | 0.730 | 27(21.3) | 21(25.6) | 0.465 |
Hypertension | 141(67.5) | 53(71.6) | 88(65.2) | 0.342 | 84(66.1) | 57(69.5) | 0.612 |
Diabetes | 37(17.7) | 15(20.3) | 22(16.3) | 0.472 | 23(18.1) | 14(17.1) | 0.848 |
Hyperlipidemia | 17(8.1) | 4(5.4) | 13(9.6) | 0.285 | 9(7.1) | 8(9.8) | 0.491 |
Atrial fibrillation | 80(38.3) | 22(29.7) | 58(43.0) | 0.060 | 42(33.1) | 38(46.3) | 0.054 |
Previous history of stroke | 31(14.8) | 8(10.8) | 23(17.0) | 0.226 | 18(14.2) | 13(15.9) | 0.739 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 154 ± 24 | 151 ± 23 | 156 ± 25 | 0.199 | 153 ± 24 | 156 ± 25 | 0.306 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 84 ± 13 | 83 ± 12 | 84 ± 14 | 0.618 | 83 ± 13 | 86 ± 13 | 0.067 |
TC, mmol/l | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 0.064 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 0.060 |
HDL-C, mmol/l | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.290 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.262 |
LDL-C, mmol/l | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 0.041* | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 0.038* |
TG, mmol/l | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 0.615 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 0.080 |
Blood glucose, mmol/l | 7.6 ± 3.0 | 7.5 ± 2.7 | 7.7 ± 3.2 | 0.678 | 7.6 ± 2.8 | 7.7 ± 3.3 | 0.833 |
HbA1c | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 0.505 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 0.265 |
Homocysteic acid | 15.6 ± 9.2 | 16.2 ± 9.8 | 15.2 ± 8.9 | 0.466 | 15.9 ± 9.4 | 15.1 ± 8.9 | 0.567 |
Fibrinogen | 2.8 ± 1 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 0.319 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 0.834 |
C-reactive protein | 9.7 ± 20.0 | 6.1 ± 7.6 | 11.6 ± 26.8 | 0.026* | 6.9 ± 10.6 | 14.0 ± 32.4 | 0.059 |
Treatment to onset time, min | 170 ± 59 | 167 ± 62 | 171 ± 58 | 0.651 | 164 ± 61 | 179 ± 56 | 0.068 |
Baseline NIHSS | 10.7 ± 5.5 | 10.6 ± 5.5 | 10.7 ± 5.5 | 0.884 | 10.8 ± 5.2 | 10.5 ± 5.8 | 0.703 |
TC indicates total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
Table 2 Multiplicity analysis of early efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis at 24 hours and 7 days after treatment
N | Ordinal Logistic Regression Statistics | ||||
Characteristics | OR | 95%CI | P Value* | ||
24 hours | |||||
74 | Atrial fibrillation | 2.092 | 1.098 ~ 3.985 | 0.025* | |
TC, mmol/l | 0.867 | 0.437 ~ 1.721 | 0.683 | ||
LDL-C, mmol/l | 0.867 | 0.339 ~ 1.930 | 0.633 | ||
C-reactive protein | 0.977 | 0.948 ~ 1.007 | 0.129 | ||
7 days | |||||
127 | Atrial fibrillation | 2.832 | 1.458 ~ 5.501 | 0.002* | |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 0.979 | 0.956 ~ 1.003 | 0.086 | ||
TC, mmol/l | 1.144 | 0.556 ~ 2.354 | 0.714 | ||
LDL-C, mmol/l | 0.583 | 0.239 ~ 1.425 | 0.237 | ||
TG, mmol/l | 0.730 | 0.505 ~ 1.055 | 0.094 | ||
C-reactive protein | 0.982 | 0.962 ~ 1.003 | 0.095 | ||
Treatment to onset time, min | 0.994 | 0.989 ~ 1.000 | 0.036* | ||
TC indicates total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Table 3 Risk factors for sICH after intravenous thrombolysis
sICH (n = 7) | non-sICH (n = 202) | P Value* | |
Sex (male), % | 2 (28.6) | 123 (60.9) | 0.089 |
Age, y | 69.4 ± 8.4 | 65.0 ± 13.2 | 0.381 |
Alcohol abuse | 0 (0) | 48 (23.8) | 0.054 |
Hypertension | 4 (57.1) | 137 (67.8) | 0.562 |
Diabetes | 2 (28.6) | 35 (17.3) | 0.472 |
Hyperlipidemia | 0 (0) | 17 (8.4) | 0.272 |
Atrial fibrillation | 5 (71.4) | 75 (37.1) | 0.067 |
Previous history of stroke | 3 (42.9) | 28 (13.9) | 0.203 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 169 ± 17 | 154 ± 24 | 0.092 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 93 ± 19 | 84 ± 13 | 0.048* |
TC, mmol/l | 5.0 ± 2.1 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 0.440 |
HDL-C, mmol/l | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.174 |
LDL-C, mmol/l | 2.8 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 0.902 |
TG, mmol/l | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 0.942 |
Blood glucose, mmol/l | 8.4 ± 2.7 | 7.6 ± 3.0 | 0.474 |
HbA1c | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 0.237 |
Homocysteic acid | 13.1 ± 7.3 | 15.7 ± 9.3 | 0.479 |
Fibrinogen | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 0.909 |
C-reactive protein | 21.6 ± 20.1 | 9.2 ± 22.1 | 0.146 |
Treatment to onset time, min | 193 ± 54 | 169 ± 60 | 0.300 |
Baseline NIHSS | 15.6 ± 5.8 | 10.5 ± 5.4 | 0.015* |
TC indicates total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; sICH, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.