Abdo SM, Hetta MH, El-Senousy WM, El RAS, Ali GH (2012) Antiviral Activity of Freshwater Algae. J Appl Pharm Sci 2:21-25.
Akimoto S, Yokono M, Hamada F, Teshigahara A, Aikawa S, Kondo A (2012) Adaptation of light-harvesting systems of Arthrospira platensis to light conditions, probed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Bioenerg 1817:1483–1489.
Ayehunie S, Belay A, Baba TW, Ruprecht RM (1998) Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by an Aqueous Extract of Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis). JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 18:7–12.
Azabji-Kenfack M, Dikosso SE, Loni EG, Onana EA, Sobngwi E, Gbaguidi E, Kana ALN, Nguefack-Tsague G, Von der Weid D, Njoya O, Ngogang J (2011) Potential of Spirulina Platensis as a Nutritional Supplement in Malnourished HIV-Infected Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Randomised, Single-Blind Study. Nutr Metab Insights 4:29-37.
Barroso JM (2014) Commission regulation (EU) No 1135/2014 on the authorization of a health claim made on foods and referring to the reduction of disease risk. Official Journal of the European Union L307:23-24.
Belouzard S, Chu VC, Whittaker GR (2009) Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:5871–5876.
Böttcher E, Matrosovich T, Beyerle M, Klenk HD, Garten W, Matrosovich M (2006) Proteolytic Activation of Influenza Viruses by Serine Proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT from Human Airway Epithelium. J Virol 80:9896–9898.
Bratinova S (2015) Provision of scientific and technical support with respect to the classification of extracts/concentrates with colouring properties either as food colours (food additives falling under Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008) or colouring foods url: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC96974/final%20report_colouring%20food.pdf searched on 15 june 2020
Chen Y-H, Chang G-K, Kuo S-M, Huang SY, Hu IC, Lo YL, Shih SR (2016) Well-tolerated Spirulina extract inhibits influenza virus replication and reduces virus-induced mortality. Sci Rep 6:24253.
Chirasuwan N, Chaiklahan R, Kittakoop P, Chanasattru W, Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Tanticharoen M, Bunnag B (2009) Anti HSV-1 activity of sulphoquinovosyl diacylglycerol isolated from Spirulina platensis. ScienceAsia 35:137-141.
Choi S-Y, Bertram S, Glowacka I, Park YW, Pöhlmann S (2009) Type II transmembrane serine proteases in cancer and viral infections. Trends Mol Med 15:303–312.
Dallakyan S, Olson AJ (2015) Small-molecule library screening by docking with PyRx. Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ 1263:243–250.
de la Jara A, Ruano-Rodriguez C, Polifrone M, Assunçao P, Brito-Casillas Y, Wägner AM, Serra-Majem L (2018) Impact of dietary Arthrospira (Spirulina) biomass consumption on human health: main health targets and systematic review. J Appl Phycol 30:2403–2423.
Deyab M, Mofeed J, El-Bilawy E, Ward F (2020) Antiviral activity of five filamentous cyanobacteria against coxsackievirus B3 and rotavirus. Arch Microbiol 202:213–223.
Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, Donovan M, Woolf B, Robinson K, Jeyaseelan R, Breitbart RE (2000) A Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme–Related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res 87:1–9.
El-Baz FK, El-Senousy WM, El-Sayed AB, Kamel MM (2013) In vitro antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis extract. J Appl Pharm Sci 3:052–056.
FDA (2020) Electronic code of federal regulations Subpart D – Special Dietary and Nutritional Additives. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01949116 searched on 10 june 2020.
Forli S, Huey R, Pique ME, Sanner MF, Goodsell DS, Olson AJ (2016) Computational protein–ligand docking and virtual drug screening with the AutoDock suite. Nat Protoc 11:905–919.
Gomaa M, El-Sheekh MM, El-Shafey AS, Metwally MA, El-Shanshory M, Eid MAW (2017) Immunological Studies in Egyptian Thalassemic Children Infected with Hepatitis C Virus. Am J Microbiol Biotechnol 4:20–26.
Greenberg JA, Bell SJ, Guan Y, Yu Y (2011) Folic Acid Supplementation and Pregnancy: More Than Just Neural Tube Defect Prevention. Rev Obstet Gynecol 4:52–59.
Gui M, Song W, Zhou H, Xu J, Chen S, Xiang Y, Wang X (2017) Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptor binding. Cell Res 27:119–129.
Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, Goor HV (2004) Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203:631–637.
Hernández-Corona A, Nieves I, Meckes M, Chamorro G, Barron B (2002) Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2. Antiviral Res 56:279–285.
Hetta M, Mahmoud R, El-Senousy W, Ibrahim M, El-Taweel G, Ali G (2014) Antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 3:31-39.
Hirata T, Tanaka M, Ooike M, Tsunomura T, Sakaguchi M (2000) Antioxidant activities of phycocyanobilin prepared from Spirulina platensis. J Appl Phycol 12:435–439.
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Müller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S (2020) SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 181:271-280.
Hsue P and Currier J (2018) Clinicaltrials. Safety and effectiveness of low-dose Methotrexate for reducing inflammation in HIV-infected adults on ARV medications. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01949116 searched on 15 june 2020.
Jang I-S, Park SJ (2016) A Spirulina maxima-derived peptide inhibits HIV-1 infection in a human T cell line MT4. Fish Aquat Sci 19:37.
Kok Y-Y, Chu W-L, Phang S-M, Mohamed SM, Naidu R, Lai PJ, Ling SN, Mak JW, Lim PKC, Balraj P, Khoo ASB (2011) Inhibitory activities of microalgal extracts against Epstein-Barr virus DNA release from lymphoblastoid cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 12:335–345.
Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, Zhang Q, Shi X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Wang X (2020) Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature 581:215–220.
Lee J-B, Hou X, Hayashi K, Hayashi T (2007) Effect of partial desulfation and oversulfation of sodium spirulan on the potency of anti-herpetic activities. Carbohydr Polym 69:651–658.
Li F (2016) Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Annu Rev Virol 3:237–261.
Li F, Li W, Farzan M, Harrison SC (2005) Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor. Science 309:1864–1868.
Madu IG, Roth SL, Belouzard S, Whittaker GR (2009) Characterization of a Highly Conserved Domain within the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein S2 Domain with Characteristics of a Viral Fusion Peptide. J Virol 83:7411–7421.
McCarty MF (2007) Clinical potential of Spirulina as a source of phycocyanobilin. J Med Food 10:566–570.
McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F (2010) Practical strategies for targeting NF-kappaB and NADPH oxidase may improve survival during lethal influenza epidemics. Med Hypotheses 74:18–20.
Millet JK, Séron K, Labitt RN, Danneels A, Palmer KE, Whittaker GR, Dubuissn J, Belouzard S (2016) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is inhibited by griffithsin. Antiviral Res 133:1–8.
Mimouni V, Ulmann L, Pasquet V, Mathieu M, Picot L, Bougaran G, Cadoret JP, Morant-Manceau A, Schoefs B (2012) The Potential of Microalgae for the Production of Bioactive Molecules of Pharmaceutical Interest. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 13:2733–2750.
Nermeen NA (2014) Clinicaltrials. A pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of folic acid and/or vitamin B complex on Hepatitis C infected patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02150291?term=folic+acid&cond=Virus&draw=2&rank=6 searched on 15 june 2020.
Ngo-Matip M-E, Pieme CA, Azabji-Kenfack M, Moukette BM, Korosky E, Stefanini P, Ngogang JY, Mbofung CM (2015) Impact of daily supplementation of Spirulina platensis on the immune system of naïve HIV-1 patients in Cameroon: a 12-months single blind, randomized, multicenter trial. Nutr J 14:70.
Nguyen NT, Nguyen TH, Pham TNH, Huy NT, Bay MV, Pham MQ, Nam PC, Vu VV, Ngo ST (2020) Autodock Vina Adopts More Accurate Binding Poses but Autodock4 Forms Better Binding Affinity. J Chem Inf Model 60:204–211.
O’Boyle NM, Banck M, James CA, Morley C, Vandermeersch T, Hutchison GR (2011) Open Babel: An open chemical toolbox. J Cheminformatics 3:33.
Ortega JT, Serrano ML, Pujol FH, Rangel HR (2020) Role of changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the interaction with the human ACE2 receptor: An in silico analysis. EXCLI J 19:410–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2020-1167
Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, Guo L, Guo R, Chen T, Hu J, Xiang Z, Mu Z, Chen X, Chen J, Hu K, Jin Q, Wang J, Qian Z (2020) Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 11:1620.
Pendyala B, Patras A (2020) In silico screening of food bioactive compounds to predict potential inhibitors of Covid-19 main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). ChemRxiv url:https://chemrxiv.org/articles/In_silico_Screening_of_Food_Bioactive_Compounds_to_Predict_Potential_Inhibitors_of_COVID-19_Main_protease_Mpro_and_RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase_RdRp_/12051927/2
Perumal E, Sundararaj R (2020) Algae: A Potential Source to Prevent and Cure the Novel Coronavirus – A review. Int J Emerg Technol 11:479–483
Radonic A, Thulke S, Achenbach J, Kurth A, Vreemann A(2010) Anionic Polysaccharides From Phototrophic Microorganisms Exhibit Antiviral Activities to Vaccinia Virus. J Antivir Antiretrovir 02: 051-055.
Rautio J, Humphreys JE, Webster LO, Balakrishnan A, Keogh JP, Kunta JR, Serabjit-Singh C, Polli JW (2006) In Vitro P-Glycoprotein Inhibition Assays for Assessment of Clinical Drug Interaction Potential of New Drug Candidates: A Recommendation for Probe Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 34:786–792.
Rechter S, König T, Auerochs S, thulke S, Walter H, Dörnenburg H, Walter C, Marschall M (2006) Antiviral activity of Arthrospira-derived spirulan-like substances. Antiviral Res 72:197–206.
Rodrigues RDP, de Castro FC, Santiago-Aguiar RS de, Rocha MVP (2018) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phycobiliproteins from Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis using protic ionic liquids as solvent. Algal Res 31:454–462.
Schnitzler P, Sharaf M, Amara A, Aboul-Enein A, Helmi S, Ballot A (2013) Antiherpetic efficacy of aqueous extracts of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira fusiformis from Chad. Pharmazie 68:376–380.
Shalaby EA, Shanab S, Singh V (2010) Salt stress enhancement of antioxidant and antiviral efficiency of Spirulina platensis. J Med Plants Res 4:2622–2632.
Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F (2020) Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 581:221–224.
Shea B, Swinden MV, Ghogomu ET, Ortiz Z, Katchamart W, Rader T, Bombardier C, Wells GA, Tugwell P (2013) Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5.
Shulla A, Heald-Sargent T, Subramanya G, Zhao J, Perlman S, Gallagher T (2011) A Transmembrane Serine Protease Is Linked to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor and Activates Virus Entry. J Virol 85:873–882.
Sinha SK, Shakya A, Prasad SK, Singh S, Gurav NS, Prasad RS, Gurav SS (2020) An in-silico evaluation of different Saikosaponins for their potency against SARS-CoV-2 using NSP15 and fusion spike glycoprotein as targets. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1–12.
Subhash GV, Kumar GRK, Sapre A, Dasgupta S (2020) Possible prevention of Covid-19 by using linoleic acid (C18) rich algae oil. 36. url:https://preprints.aijr.org/index.php/ap/preprint/view/36/15
Talukdar J, Dasgupta S, Nagle V, Bhadra B (2020) COVID-19: Potential of Microalgae Derived Natural Astaxanthin As Adjunctive Supplement in Alleviating Cytokine Storm. SSRN Electron J. doi:10.31219/osf.io/yahd4
Teas J, Irhimeh MR (2012) Dietary algae and HIV/AIDS: proof of concept clinical data. J Appl Phycol 24:575–582.
Terry MJ, Maines MD, Lagarias JC (1993) Inactivation of phytochrome- and phycobiliprotein-chromophore precursors by rat liver biliverdin reductase. J Biol Chem 268:26099–26106.
Trott O, Olson AJ (2010) AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. J Comput Chem 31:455–461.
Vangone A, Bonvin AM (2015) Contacts-based prediction of binding affinity in protein–protein complexes. eLife 4:1-15.
Walls AC, Park Y-J, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire A, Veesler D (2020) Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell 181:281-292.
Walls AC, Tortorici MA, Snijder J, Xiong X, Bosch BJ, Rey FA, Veesler D (2017) Tectonic conformational changes of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein promote membrane fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:11157–11162.
Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu L, Niu S, Song C, Zhang Z, Lu G, Qiao C, Hu Y, Yuen KY, Wang Q, Zhou H, Yan J, Qi J (2020) Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2. Cell 181:894-904.
Winter FS, Emakam F, Kfutwah A, Hermann J, Azabji-Kenfack M, Krawinkel M (2014) The Effect of Arthrospira platensis Capsules on CD4 T-Cells and Antioxidative Capacity in a Randomized Pilot Study of Adult Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Not under HAART in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Nutrients 6:2973–2986.
Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS, McLellan JS (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367:1260–1263.
Wu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang P, Zhong W, Wang Y, Wang Q, Xu Y, Li M, Li X, Zheng M, Chen L, Li H (2020) Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. Acta Pharm Sin B.
Xue LC, Rodrigues JP, Kastritis PL, Bonvin AM, Vangone A (2016) PRODIGY: a web server for predicting the binding affinity of protein–protein complexes. Bioinformatics 32:3676–3678.
Yakoot M, Salem A (2012) Spirulina platensis versus Silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A pilot randomized, comparative clinical trial. BMC Gastroenterol 12:32.
Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q (2020) Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science 367:1444–1448.
Yang H, Lou C, Sun L, Li J, Cai Y, Wang Z, Li W, Liu G, Tang Y (2019) admetSAR 2.0: web-service for prediction and optimization of chemical ADMET properties. Bioinformatics 35:1067–1069.
Yuan Y, Cao D, Zhang Y, Cao D, hang Y, Ma J, Qi J, Wang Q, Lu G, Wu Y, Yan J, Shi Y, Zhang X, Gao GF (2017) Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains. Nat Commun 8:15092.
Zheng J, Inoguchi T, Sasaki S, Maeda Y, McCarty MF, Fujii M, Ikeda N, Kobayashi K, Sonoda N, Takayanagi R (2013) Phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis protect against diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 304:R110-120.