Table 1. Nutrient solution ingredients for wheat seedling growth.
Ingredient
|
Concentration (mmol/L)
|
Ingredient
|
Concentration (mmol/L)
|
K2SO4
|
0.75
|
MnSO4.H2O
|
0.001
|
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O
|
0.25
|
ZnSO4.7H2O
|
0.001
|
MgSO4
|
0.60
|
CuSO4.5H2O
|
0.0001
|
FeEDTA
|
0.04
|
Na2MoO4.2H2O
|
0.000005
|
H3BO3
|
0.001
|
KH2PO4
|
0/0.005/0.25
|
|
|
KCl
|
0.35/0.345/0.10
|
Table 2. Phenotypic variances for three P treatments in DH lines
Trait
|
P Level
|
Min
|
Max
|
Mean±SD
|
h2
|
G
|
T
|
G×T
|
F.value
|
F.value
|
F.value
|
RL (cm)
|
C
|
18.13
|
56.86
|
33.07±10.72
|
0.90
|
2.89**
|
706.75**
|
1.39**
|
|
L
|
22.21
|
98.83
|
60.51±21.07
|
0.83
|
1.53**
|
|
H
|
2.01
|
63.37
|
40.00±12
|
0.77
|
1.09
|
RV (cm3)
|
C
|
0.05
|
0.23
|
0.11±0.03
|
0.86
|
2.06**
|
1252.17**
|
1.46**
|
|
L
|
0.04
|
0.34
|
0.17±0.05
|
0.81
|
1.45**
|
|
H
|
0.08
|
0.42
|
0.22±0.008
|
0.87
|
2.28**
|
RD (cm3)
|
C
|
0.16
|
0.35
|
0.21±0.03
|
0.87
|
2.27**
|
2274.54**
|
1.43**
|
|
L
|
0.14
|
0.28
|
0.19±0.02
|
0.86
|
2.01**
|
|
H
|
0.08
|
0.42
|
0.23±0.06
|
0.88
|
2.54**
|
RTN
|
C
|
209
|
1822
|
716.25±246.7
|
0.91
|
3.19**
|
403.58**
|
1.34**
|
|
L
|
183
|
2477
|
1090.1±352.41
|
0.84
|
1.76**
|
|
H
|
184
|
1593
|
836.63±341.52
|
0.82
|
1.56**
|
ROSA (cm3)
|
C
|
7.25
|
39.36
|
21.44±5.24
|
0.88
|
2.45**
|
700.51**
|
1.36**
|
|
L
|
7.48
|
66.38
|
36.07±10.12
|
0.82
|
1.48**
|
|
H
|
9.78
|
66.83
|
33.99±9.32
|
0.83
|
1.68**
|
SDW (mg)
|
C
|
0.02
|
2.06
|
0.04±0.009
|
0.76
|
1.04
|
46.72**
|
1.01
|
|
L
|
0.02
|
0.09
|
0.05±0.01
|
0.86
|
2.09**
|
|
H
|
0.005
|
0.12
|
0.071±0.009
|
0.88
|
2.54**
|
RDW (mg)
|
C
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
0.02±0.001
|
0.89
|
2.69**
|
451.45**
|
1.41**
|
|
L
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
0.02±0.001
|
0.84
|
1.72**
|
|
H
|
0.01
|
0.12
|
0.07±0.02
|
0.89
|
2.67**
|
TDW (mg)
|
C
|
0.01
|
2.08
|
0.06±0.008
|
0.76
|
1.05
|
65.22**
|
1.03
|
|
L
|
0.01
|
0.12
|
0.07±0.02
|
0.85
|
1.88**
|
|
H
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
0.02±0.001
|
0.88
|
2.42**
|
RRS
|
C
|
0.01
|
0.71
|
0.38±0.07
|
0.91
|
3.34**
|
180.38**
|
1.03
|
|
L
|
0.18
|
1.04
|
0.39±0.07
|
0.83
|
1.68**
|
|
H
|
0.01
|
0.16
|
0.09±0.02
|
0.88
|
2.50**
|
* Significant at P<0.05, ** at P<0.001 and *** at P<0.0001
Abbreviations: C, zero control; L, low P treatment; H, high P treatment; RL, root length; RV, root volume; RD, root diameter; RTN, root tip number; ROSA, root surface area; SDW, shoot dry weight; RDW, root dry weight; TDW, total dry weight; RRS, ratio of root to shoot dry weight
Table 3. QTLs for root system architecture and root biomass-related traits identified under three P treatments[AH1]
Trait
|
Treatment
|
QTLa
|
Marker interval
|
Physical intervalb (Mb)
|
Genetic positionc (cM)
|
LODd
|
PVE e (%)
|
Add f
|
|
RL
|
C
|
QRL.caas-1BL
|
AX-10928674 - AX-94446430
|
671.33-688.38
|
2.5
|
3.13
|
5.56
|
-18.89
|
|
|
QRL.caas-7AS.1
|
AX-110432090 - AX-109345074
|
20.95-22.87
|
0.97
|
3.51
|
6.38
|
19.78
|
|
|
QRL.caas-6AL
|
AX-86165298 - AX-109431293
|
612.11-613.49
|
1.17
|
4.53
|
8.20
|
23.51
|
|
|
QRL.caas-7AL
|
AX-109966788 - AX-94819074
|
725.54-734.54
|
4.84
|
3.37
|
6.22
|
19.54
|
|
L
|
QRL.caas-6BL
|
AX-109368729 - AX-95094583
|
699.99-711.76
|
4
|
4.90
|
8.61
|
45.43
|
|
|
QRL.caas-7BL
|
AX-95025477 - AX-109289805
|
700.83-705.84
|
2.35
|
3.74
|
6.57
|
-38.04
|
|
|
QRL.caas-7AL
|
AX-109966788 - AX-94819074
|
725.54-734.54
|
4.84
|
3.46
|
5.50
|
35.19
|
|
H
|
QRL.caas-7AS.2
|
AX-109955164 - AX-109445593
|
116.62-122.18
|
1.72
|
4.72
|
11.89
|
30.81
|
RV
|
C
|
QRV.caas-6DS
|
AX-10934618 - AX-94913665
|
18.67-25.66
|
3.45
|
3.98
|
8.41
|
0.01
|
|
|
QRV.caas-4BS
|
AX-108815849 - AX-109491270
|
21.48-21.79
|
2.5
|
4.90
|
10.32
|
0.01
|
|
H
|
QRV.caas-7AS
|
AX-108763612 - AX-111263013
|
85.44-85.71
|
1.95
|
3.49
|
8.82
|
0.01
|
RTN
|
L
|
QRTN.caas-6BL
|
AX-109368729 - AX-95094583
|
699.99-711.76
|
4
|
4.21
|
7.08
|
73.56
|
|
|
QRTN.caas-2BL
|
AX-86176885 - AX-94933613
|
647.32-647.71
|
0.35
|
2.86
|
4.79
|
57.39
|
|
|
QRTN.caas-7BL
|
AX-95025477 - AX-109289805
|
700.83-705.84
|
2.35
|
5.52
|
9.78
|
-81.68
|
|
|
QRTN.caas-7AL
|
AX-109966788 - AX-94819074
|
725.54-734.54
|
4.84
|
2.77
|
4.64
|
56.97
|
|
H
|
QRTN.caas-2DL
|
AX-94959623 - AX-94821426
|
79.54-82.22
|
1.26
|
2.74
|
7.78
|
45.97
|
|
|
QRTN.caas-7AS
|
AX-109955164 - AX-109445593
|
116.62-122.18
|
1.72
|
3.84
|
8.17
|
48.20
|
|
|
QRTN.caas-3DL
|
AX-110036411 - AX-109917936
|
559.77-566.72
|
2.79
|
2.99
|
6.21
|
42.26
|
ROSA
|
H
|
QROSA.caas-7AS
|
AX-109955164 - AX-109445593
|
116.62-122.18
|
1.72
|
4.43
|
10.80
|
2.24
|
SDW
|
H
|
QSDW.caas-6BL
|
AX-109368729 - AX-95094583
|
699.99-711.76
|
4
|
3.44
|
6.80
|
0.00
|
|
|
QSDW.caas-6DS
|
AX-109346183 - AX-94913665
|
18.67-25.66
|
3.45
|
2.59
|
4.95
|
0.00
|
|
|
QSDW.caas-3AS
|
AX-111507145 - AX-109273188
|
15.80-16.63
|
1.62
|
3.01
|
5.99
|
0.00
|
|
|
QSDW.caas-3DL
|
AX-110036411 - AX-109917936
|
559.77-566.72
|
2.79
|
4.17
|
8.21
|
0.00
|
RDW
|
L
|
QRDW.caas-4BS
|
AX-111068079 - AX-111164540
|
32.42-37.86
|
0.85
|
7.70
|
17.70
|
0.00
|
|
|
QRDW.caas-4DS
|
AX-109816583 - AX-109478820
|
16.64-30.66
|
3.6
|
3.12
|
7.14
|
0.00
|
|
H
|
QRDW.caas-3AS
|
AX-111507145 - AX-109273188
|
15.80-16.63
|
1.62
|
3.08
|
7.06
|
0.00
|
|
|
QRDW.caas-4BS
|
AX-111068079 - AX-111164540
|
32.42-37.86
|
0.85
|
3.59
|
8.12
|
0.00
|
TDW
|
H
|
QTDW.caas-3AS
|
AX-111507145 - AX-109273188
|
15.80-16.63
|
1.62
|
3.11
|
7.68
|
0.00
|
RRS
|
C
|
QRRS.caas-4BS.1
|
AX-109494015 - AX-108991675
|
97.25-103.06
|
0.48
|
6.78
|
13.59
|
0.01
|
|
|
QRRS.caas-4DS
|
AX-109816583 - AX-109478820
|
16.64-30.66
|
3.6
|
10.43
|
20.41
|
-0.01
|
|
L
|
QRRS.caas-4BS.1
|
AX-109494015 - AX-108991675
|
97.25-103.06
|
0.48
|
2.94
|
6.25
|
0.01
|
|
|
QRRS.caas-4DS
|
AX-109816583 - AX-109478820
|
16.64-30.66
|
3.6
|
5.55
|
11.71
|
-0.01
|
|
H
|
QRRS.caas-4BS.2
|
AX-108815849 - AX-109491270
|
21.48-21.79
|
2.5
|
4.33
|
9.35
|
0.01
|
|
|
QRRS.caas-4DS
|
AX-109816583 - AX-109478820
|
16.64-30.66
|
3.6
|
3.85
|
8.30
|
-0.01
|
a Quantitative trait loci
b Physical positions of SNP markers based on wheat genome sequences from the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC, http://www.wheatgenome.org/)
c Genetic position of closest marker to the identified QTL on linkage map
d LOD value of each QTL
e Phenotypic variance explained by QTL
f A positive sign means the increased effect contributed by Zhongmai 895, whereas the negative effect was contributed by Yangmai 16
Abbreviations: C, control; L, low P treatment; H, high P treatment; RL, root length; RV, root volume; RD, root diameter; RTN, root tip number; ROSA, root surface area; SDW, shoot dry weight; RDW, root dry weight; TDW, total dry weight; RRS, ratio of root to shoot dry weight.
(Q=QTL)+(caas= Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) +Chromosome=long arm (L) or short arm (S)
Table 4. Joint QTL analysis results for pleiotropic QTL in clusters
Cluster
|
Trait
|
P Level
|
Chromosome
|
Marker interval
|
Physical intervala (Mb)
|
Pr(>|t|)b
|
Adjusted R2
|
C1
|
SDW
|
H
|
3D
|
AX-110036411-AX-109917936
|
559.77-566.72
|
0.02*
|
0.38
|
RTN
|
H
|
|
|
|
|
|
C2
|
RV
|
C
|
4B
|
AX-109491270-AX-108815849
|
21.48-21.79
|
0.05*
|
0.12
|
RRS
|
H
|
|
|
|
|
|
C3
|
RDW
|
L
|
4D
|
AX-109816583-AX-109478820
|
16.64-30.66
|
0.15, 0.18
|
0.18, 0.12
|
RRS
|
C, L
|
|
|
|
|
|
C4
|
RL
|
L
|
6B
|
AX-94471535-AX-95094583
|
704.88-711.76
|
0.7
|
0.75
|
RTN
|
L
|
|
|
|
|
|
C5
|
RL
|
H
|
7A
|
AX-109955164-AX-109445593
|
116.62-122.18
|
0.68, 0.55, 0.71
|
0.76, 0.90, 0.74
|
RTN
|
H
|
|
|
|
|
|
ROSA
|
H
|
|
|
|
|
|
C6
|
RL
|
H
|
7A
|
AX-109966788-AX-94819074
|
725.54-134.54
|
0.037*
|
0.12
|
RTN
|
L
|
|
|
|
|
|
C7
|
RL
|
L
|
7B
|
AX-109289805-AX-95025477
|
700.83-705.84
|
0.8
|
0.75
|
RTN
|
L
|
|
|
|
|
|
a Physical positions of SNP markers based on wheat genome sequences from the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC, http://www.wheatgenome.org/)
b Significance of t-values at P<0.05
Abbreviations: C, control; L, low P treatment; H, high P treatment; RL, root length; RV, root volume; RD, root diameter; RTN, root tip number; ROSA, root surface area; SDW, shoot dry weight; RDW, root dry weight; TDW, total dry weight; RRS, ratio of root to shoot dry weight.
Table 5. QTL with corresponded candidate genes and putative proteins.
a Quantitative trait loci
bPhysical positions of SNP markers based on wheat genome sequences from the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC, http://www.wheatgenome.org/).
Abbreviations: C, control; L, low P treatment; H, high P treatment; RL, Root length; RV, Root volume; RD, Root diameter; RTN, root tip number; ROSA, root surface area; SDW, shoot dry weight; RDW, root dry weight; TDW, total dry weight; RRS, ratio of root to shoot dry weight.
[AH1]Add position of QTL in cM from closest marker