Meiru Xu et al., 2003 | China/Beijing | Cross-sectional study | Simple random sampling & Systematic sampling | Norm | 14 ~ 16 years | 238 | SARS | Telephone interview | Not mention | Most school children improved hygiene behaviors, with girls being more conscientious about the health status of friends and family members. | The SARS outbreak had an impact on psychological status and behavioral patterns. |
Chi-wai Leung et al., 2004 | China/Hong Kong | Follow-up study | Clinical case | Infected | < 18 years | 41 | SARS | Telephone interview; Psycho-education; Psychological functioning screening | Not mention | 14.6%, 19.5%, and 9.8% of the enrolled children reported transient mild decreases in attention span, emotional lability, and depression after discharge, respectively. | No overt psychological disturbances were evident at 3 months after discharge. |
Albert M. Li et al., 2004 | China/Hong Kong | Qualitative study | Not mention | Infected | 7 ~ 13 years | 4 | SARS | Semi-structured interview | Not mention | SARS disrupted family daily routines including family resilience, cohesiveness, and adaptability. | Illness itself, hospitalization duration, and family responses were potential sources of the psychological stress. |
Xiaoying Lu et al., 2005 | China/Beijing | Cross-sectional study | Cluster sampling | Norm | 9 ~ 16 years | 96 | SARS | Telephone interview | Self-edited scales | The average learning time accounted for over 60% of the entire time for activities. TV is the most widely used tool to study. | Learning time, learning methods, and learning resources were influenced by the SARS outbreak. |
Hongling He et al., 2005 | China/Xian | Cross-sectional study | Random sampling | Norm | Fourth to sixth grades | 1811 | SARS | Questionnaire | Zung’s self rating depression scale (SDS); Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) | The scores on dimensions of neurasthenia, fear, and depression in the study were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). | The mental health status among medical workers’ children was inferior to those in the control group. |
Hongling He et al., 2006 | China/Xian | Cross-sectional study | Random sampling | Norm | Fourth to sixth grades | 1758 | SARS | Questionnaire | Zung’s self rating depression scale (SDS); Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS); Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) | The incidences of neurasthenia and hypochondriasis in children with extroverted character (E*>56.7) were much lower than those with introverted character (E*≤56.7).. | The psychological response was related to personality characteristics. |
Sophia SC Chan et al., 2006 | China/Hong Kong | Qualitative study | Electronic medical records | Suspected | 1 ~ 16 years | 66 | SARS | Case review; Meetings; Interviews | Not mention | Children and parents experienced fear of infection and separation anxiety. | Infection control practices overshadowed the family-centred care. |
Sophia SC Chan et al., 2007 | China/Hong Kong | Qualitative study | With invitation | Suspected | Not mention | 7 | SARS | Semi-structured interview | Not mention | Four themes including fear of infection, anxiety, coping strategies, and communication were identified. | Ample preparation and appropriate communication could minimize the emotional depress. |
Donna Koller et al., 2010 | Canada | Qualitative study | Electronic medical records | Suspected; With other diagnoses | 5 ~ 19 years | 21 | SARS | Semi-structured interview; Medical records | Not mention | Future pandemic plannings including psychosocial care, infection control, communication, and resources management were recommended. | Children were encouraged to participate in policy-making and pandemic planning. |
Danielle Remmerswaal et al., 2011 | Netherlands | Cross-sectional study | With invitation | Norm | 7 ~ 12 years | 223 | Influenza H1N1 | Questionnaire | Fear of Swine Flu Questionnaire (FSFQ); Sources of Information about Swine Flu Scale (SISFS); Fear Survey Schedule for Children Revised (FSSC-R) | Children’s and parents’ fear of the disease were positively related (r > 0, P < 0.001), with parents’ transmission of threat information having a mediation effect on the connection. | Parental information was associated with children’s fear. |
LISA A. PAGE et al., 2011 | UK | Case–control study & Qualitative study | Electronic medical records | With pre-existing mental health disorders | Not mention | 144 | Influenza H1N1 | Not mention | Not mention | Children with neurotic and somatoform symptoms had higher likelihood of expressing influenza H1N1 concerns. | Children with mental health disorders were vulnerable to infectious disease pandemic. |
Ginny Sprang et al., 2012 | America/Arizona, California, Florida, New York, Texas, Kentucky; Mexico/Mexico City; Canada/Toronto | Cross-sectional study & Qualitative study | Not mention | Infected | Not mention | 398 | Influenza H1N1 (91%); SARS (8%); Avian influenza (1%) | Questionnaire; Focus group; Semi-structured interview | Disorder Reaction Index (PTSD-RI) Parent Version; PTSD Check List Civilian Version (PCL-C). | 30% of isolated or quarantined children who were exposed to pandemic conditions met the PTSD criteria. | Pandemic containment measures were associated with increased incidence of PTSD. |
Donna F. Koller et al., 2015 | Canada/Toronto | Qualitative study | With invitation | Infected | < 6 years; 6 ~ 18 years; | 23 | SARS | Interviews; Patient health care record | Not mention | Three themes including emotional stress, communication challenges, and changes in parental roles were identified. | The SARS outbreak had cogent effects on family-centered care. |
Shaowen Li et al., 2020 | China/Shanxi | Cross-sectional study | Snowball sampling | Norm | 8 ~ 18 years | 396 | COVID-19 | Questionnaire | Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED); | Girls (OR = 2.258, 95% CI = 1.370–3.721) and crisis awareness (OR = 1.978, 95% CI = 1.185–3.301) were associated with an increased risk of anxiety. | The COVID-19 outbreak had negative impacts on anxiety symptoms. |
Yue Wang et al., 2020 | China/Shanxi | Cross-sectional study | Snowball sampling | Norm | 8 ~ 18 years | 396 | COVID-19 | Questionnaire | Depression Self-rating Scale for Children (DSRS); Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) | Anxiety (OR = 4.284, 95% CI = 2.163–8.486), living in suburban and rural areas (OR = 2.382, 95% CI = 1.120–5.069), and fear of COVID-19-related information (OR = 3.312, 95% CI = 1.210–9.064) were associated with an increased risk of depression. | The COVID-19 outbreak had negative impacts on depression symptoms. |
Angelo Pietrobelli et al., 2020 | Italy/Verona | Cross-sectional study | Not mention | With obesity | 6 ~ 18 years | 41 | COVID-19 | Telephone interview | Self-edited scales | The sleep and screen time increased, while time spent in activities decreased during the home confinement. | The school closure is associated with unfavorable lifestyle behaviors among children with obesity. |
Marco Colizzi et al., 2020 | Italy/Verona | Qualitative study | Clinical case | With pre-existing mental health disorders | 16 years | 1 | COVID-19 | Case report | Not mention | Fear of infection exacerbates somatic systematic disorders (SSD) symptoms. | The COVID-19 outbreak exacerbated pre-existing mental illness. |
Jinsong Zhang et al., 2020 | China/Shanghai | Cross-sectional study | With invitation | With pre-existing mental health disorders | 6 ~ 15 years | 241 | COVID-19 | Questionnaires | Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham scale; the Child Stress Disorders Checklist; | Fear of infection exacerbates attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. | The COVID-19 outbreak exacerbated pre-existing mental illness. |
Kaiheng Zhu et al., 2020 | China/Hubei | Cross-sectional study | Random cluster sampling | Norm | Second to sixth grades | 1264 | COVID-19 | Questionnaires | Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED); Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) | Girls, parental anxiety, and parental dissatisfaction with children’s learning state were risk factors for anxiety symptoms of children (OR > 1). | The COVID-19 outbreak had negative impacts on anxiety symptoms. |
Kumar Saurabh et al., 2020 | India/Bihar | Cross-sectional study | With invitation | Potentially exposed & Norm | 9 ~ 18 years | 252 | COVID-19 | Questionnaires | Not mention | The compliance with protective measures was low (7.43%). Qurantined children had greater psychological disress than those not quarantined. | Compliance and mental health problems should be highly considered for pandemic planning. |
Benjamin Oosterhoff et al., 2020 | the US | Cross-sectional study | Self-selected | Norm | 13 ~ 18 years | 683 | COVID-19 | Questionnaires | Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System anxiety/depression scale; the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire; | Children's motivations to engage social distancing were differentially associated with their psychological responses. | Understanding children’s motivations to engage in social distancing helps to improve mental health. |
Marco Colizzi et al., 2020 | Italy/Verona | Cross-sectional study | With invitation | With pre-existing mental health disorders | 13 ± 8.1 years | 527 | COVID-19 | Questionnaires | Not mention | ASD children experienced more intense (OR = 2.16) and more frequent (OR = 1.67) behavior problems compared to the pre COVID-19 outbreak period. | The COVID-19 outbreak exacerbated pre-existing mental illness. |
Shengyi Liu et al., 2020 | China/Sichuan | Cross-sectional study | Cluster sampling | Norm | Fifth and sixth grades | 209 | COVID-19 | Questionnaires | Somatic Self-rating Scale (SSS) | The incidence of mild somatic symptoms among the enrolled children school was 2.39%. Concern for life and health was associated with a increased risk of somatic symptoms (OR = 2.50). | The COVID-19 outbreak had negative impacts on somatic symptoms. |
Shao Shanshan et al., 2020 | China/Wuxi | Cross-sectional study | Cluster sampling | Norm | 4.99 ± 0.9 years | 2370 | COVID-19 | Questionnaires | Self-edited scales | Compared with the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, most of the enrolled children experienced increases in total and/or continuous screen time per day. | The increased medium use is observed among preschool children during the home confinement. |