Thermal and Crystallization Behavior of B2O3 – SiO2 – Bi2O3 – TiO2 – Y2O3 Glasses

Glasses with the chemical composition of 52B 2 O 3 – 2 - 3 𝑥 Y 2 O 3 , : (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≥ 10) prepared using the melt-quench method. The goal of this study is to investigate the structural, thermal, and crystallization characteristics of these samples. XRD analysis has explored the nature of the glass system. Molar volume obtained reduced while the density denotes increased in the present system. FTIR analysis revealed that as Y 2 O 3 replaced by TiO 2 , because of an increasing trend in bridging oxygens (BOs), structural units and interconnection of modifier oxide tetrahedral increment, while non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) reduce. These glasses' thermal stability investigated using DTA. As the concentration of Y 2 O 3 increased, so the thermal parameter values. The glass-ceramic denoted prepared under controlled heat and investigated using XRD & SEM. Ultrasonic velocities and elastic moduli of glass-ceramic samples increase as internal energy increases. The significance of Y 2 O 3 modifier in the glass system signifies proved. Y 2 O 3 is a powerful nucleating agent that can cause crystallization, assisting in the formation of glass-ceramic phases. was to be in SEM images of glass-ceramic


Introduction
Due to the importance of glass materials containing many transition metal ions (TMI) for many applications, these glasses have existed intersected over the past few years. In specific, the glass based on B2O3 and SiO2 has become common among a wide variety of glass systems, keeping in mind its glass status, transparency, and a variety of physical and chemical properties. The B element can transform its coordination number between 3 and 4 with oxygen supplying by modification of metal cations [1][2][3][4][5]. Due to their unique properties such as hardness, transparency, UV-transmission ability, and corrosion resistance, SiO2-B2O3 glasses investigated for many years. B2O3-SiO2 glass modified with Bi2O3 characterized by its excellent optical, mechanical, radiation, and electrical properties [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].
The physical characteristics of the glass change based on its formulation and can linked with the network structures and interatomic forces. Glasses with higher levels of bridging oxygen (BOs) have a more compact glass framework and high elastic moduli. Introducing Y2O3 to SiO2 -B2O3 glasses provide chemical stability durability, a vast compositional variety of glass forming, and increased transmission with promising properties reported. The presence of trivalent oxide like Y2O3 in borosilicate glass exhibits dual nature as former or intermediate in the glass network. These glasses obtained noticed to withstand atmospheric moisture and are accept a good quantity of doping transition metal (TM) or rare-earth (REs) [13][14].
Glasses doped intermediate oxides such as TiO2 and Y2O3 have specific mechanical and optical characteristics such as hardness, elastic moduli, and higher refractive index [15][16][17][18]. It is also significant to observe that the inclusion of Y2O3 improves the capability of UV transmission, enhances thermal stability and chemical durability. The emergence of Y2O3 into the glass network improved the glass's mechanical, thermal, and crystallization characteristics.
Because of their excellent conductivity, these samples in ionic terms, it is probable to use them in UV optics, solid-state batteries, and radiation protection. These glasses have a higher 3 refractive index and less photon energy than other glasses. The significant development of B2O3 -SiO2 -Bi2O3 -TiO2 -Y2O3 glasses are extremely important in both science and technology. The creativity of this research paper reflected in the structural, thermal, and crystallization characteristics of B2O3 -SiO2 -Bi2O3-TiO2 glass undoped and doped with Y +3 ions.

Methodology
Five glass samples in Table 1 with the nominal compositions 52B2O3 -12SiO2 -

XRD
The XRD characteristic of B2O3-Bi2O3-SiO2-TiO2 -Y2O3 glass with a wide hollow band at 2θ° between (20° -30°) demonstrated in Fig.1, which signifies the amorphous status of the glass. The width of the small mound differs from one sample to another but is not no indications of the crystalline phases have displayed in all the glasses.

FT-IR Studies
The The amount B4 (mol%), can be characterized as

Thermal studies
We studied the DTA to check the influence of Y2O3 on the thermal behaviour of bismuth titanate borosilicate glasses [33]. DTA is a useful technique for indicating modifications due to changes in composition. The glass-transition temperature provides data on both the strength of inter-atomic bonds and the connectivity of the glass network. The stronger correlates to a more compact structure, while the less compact structure has a smaller . The DTA curves of prepared glasses are exemplified in Fig. 5. The glass transition 7 temperature Tg increased with increasing Y2O3 according to the DTA graphs from 646 to 663℃. The temperature at which crystallization begins , increased with increasing Y2O3, from 732 to 784°C. As shown in Table 4, the end-set of crystallization temperature Tp increased with increasing Y2O3, rising from 761 to 813°C. This enhances resulting in significant increase in average force, interconnection, and compression force. Thermal stability, and weighted thermal stability projected by that followed depolymerization of a glassy network.

XRD and SEM studies
As shown in Fig. 6, the glass-ceramics obtained investigated further using XRD. The Silicate formed in a random crystalline texture with larger interstitial pores that represent the residual glassy matrix. Fig. 8 depict the micrographic of (G5). It does suggest that the glass composition has uniform distributions. The possibility of crystallization enhances as the Y2O3 concentration raised. Figure 9 exemplified density and micro-hardness of a glass-ceramics increasing trend as the Y2O3 content increases. Figure 9 exemplified the ultrasonic velocities glass-ceramic samples. As exemplified in Fig. 10, the ultrasonic velocity of these samples enhanced by an increment in the Y2O3 concentration. Particularly, the increment in ultrasonic velocities was due to an increment in the network structure's connectivity, and to increase in the internal energy.

Mechanical studies
In this article, the elastic-moduli of glass-ceramics were calculated and are shown in Fig. 11 and Table 5. It does show that the addition of Y2O3 content resulted in a significant increase in elastic moduli values.
XRD measurements evaluated the amorphous nature of the glasses. Molar volume obtained reduced while the density denotes increased in the present system. With an increase in yttrium concentration, the FT-IR spectral shifts to higher wavenumbers. Also, the structure becomes more compact by incorporating Y2O3, as YO6 species produced. Boron transforms from BO3 9 into BO4 tetrahedra after iron incorporated. This results in an increase in the coherence of the glass network and the structure stiffening. As the Y2O3 content in these glasses increased, so their thermal stability increase. These increases associated with the increase in the glass structure's connection. The glass-ceramic signified manufactured and investigated using XRD, SEM, and mechanical properties. XRD outcomes informed all the expected phases because of the crystallization process. The glass composition was found to be distributed in SEM images of selected glass-ceramic samples.