Degradation of Malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solutions by using Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs)

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4162334/v1

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Degradation of Malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solutions by using Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs)

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4162334/v1

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Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) speak to a promising specialists for ecological remediation. Iron nanoparticles were synthesized by using Terminalia bellirica (TB) fruit extract to degrade malachite green (MG), which serves as an organic dye. The surface plasmone resonance (SPR) was observed with a UV-visible spectrophotometer, and FeNPs are found to be nonplasmonic. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrates that -OH groups in the TB fruit extract are included in the nanoparticle synthesis response. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was utilized to confirm the spherical shape of iron nanoparticles with ~ 25–60 nm. XRD results give an amorphous nature (α-Fe) to nanoparticles. It is observed that Fe₂O₃ NPs were grown in the synthesized FeNPs with an increase in temperature. The soundness of synthesized FeNPs was characterized by Zeta potential. At a pH of 6.0 and a temperature of 80 ^oC, the degradation of MG shows a maximum at 92%, 91.6%, with an incorporated proportion of Fe³⁺ and TB fruit extract with a beginning convergence of 50 mg/L.

iron nanoparticles (FeNPs)

spectral analysis

X-ray diffraction analysis

malachite green (MG)

degradation

Metal nanoparticles have attracted extensive consideration in numerous fields, for example, catalysis, optoelectronics, photovoltaic innovation, data storage, ecological innovation, designing, biosensor development, electrochemicals, medicine, degradation, etc.^1–7 Today, zero-valent iron has attracted incredible consideration from scientists looking at ground water management and site remediation because of the higher inherent reactivity of its surface locales. These particles have discovered boundless use in light of their financially savvy and moderately ecologically agreeable nature.^8–14 FeNPs have drawn attention as a current decontamination source for a number of pollutants in the previous two decades. Iron nanoparticle technologies for carcinogenic metal expulsion from water are viewed as promising to provide financially savvy solutions for testing ecological cleanup^15–18. However, FeNPs generally exhibit high agglomeration, a lack of stability, and low reducing specificity in water. Generally, chemical synthesis methods have been effectively used to get good-quality FeNPs for various applications^18–23. In different studies, the disadvantages incorporate concoction substances, for example, chemical reducing agents, organic agents, polymer-capping agents, etc., being costly and hazardous to the eco system²⁴. Chitosan (CS, alginate, activated carbon, porous carbonate media, polyelectrolytes, and other approaches may control the surface properties of nanoparticles. Besides, the improvement of spotless, biocompatible, non-harmful, and eco-accommodating blended techniques is required for the synthesis of NPs^25–28. The green protocol combination of NPs has the potential to utilize plant extracts as reducing specialists and topping operators, which is greater than other strategies since it is straightforward, savvy, and generally reproducible^29–32. In fact, there are only a couple of studies on the synthesis of FeNPs using plant extracts like tea (Camellia sinensis) polyphenols, orange, Mandarine, lemon, lime fruit extracts^33–36, Terminalia chebula fruit extract commonly known as "Bahera" or Beleric^37–39, E. globulus leaf extract, green tea extract, mint (MenthaspicataL.) leaf extract, green tea and eucalyptus leaf extracts, tree leaf extracts, green, oolong, and black tea extracts⁴⁰.

In this study, we synthesized FeNPs using TB fruit extract as both reducing and topping agents. The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India prescribes the medication in powder form for emesis and worm infestation, among other helpful applications. The FeNPs are synthesized using Terminalia bellirica (TB) Fig. 1 fruit extract with the end goal of degrading malachite green. Besides, the solid green blend of FeNPs utilises TB fruit extract as the capping and reducing specialist. To comprehend the synthesized parameters influencing the development of FeNPs and their reactivity for degrading MG, test elements, for example, time, temperature, and pH, were described in detail.

2.1 Experimental

We collected the TB fruit from Palakondalu Hills in Kadapa (Dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India. We commercially purchased Iron (III) Chloride Anhydrous (FeCl₃), NaOH, and other reagents from Merck Scientific in India. Throughout the experiment, highly purified water was used.

2.2 Methodology

2.2.1 FeNPs Synthesis

We carefully washed the TB fruits with purified water. We dried the fruits in the shade for 9 days at a temperature of 35 ^oC. To prevent dust, we used a plastic mesh⁴¹. The dried fruit mash was carefully processed using a mortar and pestle until it turned into a fine powder. 5 grammes of fine fruit powder were placed into an Erlenmeyer flask, and 100 millilitres of double refined water were added. We heated the mixture below the boiling point of water for 30 minutes, continuously stirring it with a magnetic stirrer. Later, the cooled extract was separated using Whattman No. 1 filter paper under reduced pressure. We then frozen the resulting filtrate for future use. An anhydrous iron (III) chloride (FeCl₃) solution with a concentration of 0.1 M was carefully standardised in a 100 ml standard flask. At room temperature, the reaction began by adding 50 ml of the plant extract drop by drop to 50 ml of FeCl₃ solution while stirring magnetically. This caused the reduction of Fe^+ 3 to Fe⁰, resulting in a colour change from yellow to dark black in the mixture. The appearance of a dark black precipitate indicates the presence of FeNPs. So that we could figure out the different things that impact the creation of FeNPs and their power to break down MG, we did tests with different amounts of Fe³⁺, TB fruit extract, temperature, and pH. We mixed the Fe³⁺ and TB natural product concentrates in equal volumes. We adjusted the pH levels to 6, 9, and 12, and used temperatures of 30, 50, and 80 ^oC. The colloidal arrangement of SPR can be observed by using UV-Vis. We rinsed the precipitate three times with purified water and then with methanol to remove any organic components. We carefully dried the black precipitate at a high temperature of 70 ^oC in a vacuum oven for a duration of 6 hours.

4.1 Analysis using UV-Visible Spectroscopy

Using the Shimadzu UV-1800 model of UV spectrometer, the reduced FeNPs in the aqueous solution were measured at various time intervals. The measurements were taken with 1 mL of quartz cuvettes at a resolution of 1 nm in order to analyse the reaction.

4.2 Utilising Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis

We use centrifugation to purify the solution of reduced iron nanoparticles, ensuring the complete removal of any secondary metabolites. We dry the compound at a temperature of 60 ^oC. We dry the fruit extract by evaporating 20 ml with the Rotavapor R-215 using a rotary evaporator. We carefully dried the products in a round-bottom flask after the methanol wash. We then dried the resulting suspension at a temperature of 50 ^oC. The dried compound of FeNPs and TB fruit extract is analysed using a FTIR spectrometer. Analysing samples is made possible with the Perkin-Elmer Two-Model FTIR spectrometer. The FTIR instrument was used to analyse the sample, covering a range of 4000 to 500 cm^− 1 with a resolution of 4 cm^− 1. We conducted the analysis using a KBr pellet, 2 mg of FeNPs, and dried TB powder. We compared the obtained data values with the fruit extract and FeNPs, focusing on the functional groups involved in the formation and coating of FeNPs.

4.3 Analyse the phase structure of materials using powder X-ray diffraction.

The purified FeNPs underwent characterization using Bruker D8-powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) in a 2θ range from 10° to 80° with a 2°/min step scan mode.

4.4 Utilising high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis

The shape and size of FeNPs were observed through HRTEM measurements using the JEOL 3010 instrument operating at 200 kV. We dispersed the FeNPs using a probe sonicator and ethanol as a solvent. We then placed a small amount of the nanoparticles on a copper grid and allowed them to dry as the solvent evaporated. During HRTEM imaging, EDS is also conducted for elemental analysis using the SUPRA 55-CARL ZEISS instrument operating at 5 to 20 kV.

4.5 Examination of Zeta potential (η) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)

Using HORIBA SZ-100, determine the particle size and zeta potential of FeNPs by characterising particles dissolved or dispersed in a liquid using the DLS method. The dispersed solution is exposed to several levels of scattering using a under laser in a quartz cuvette. Zeta potential is one of the crucial variables referred to as influencing stability. It is a measure of the size of the electrostatic or charge repulsance or fascination among particles.

4.6 Dye degradation

The reactivity of FeNPs was applied to degrade MG while analyses were completed by the procedure used in Lanlahuang et.al under the different temperatures (35, 50, and 80 ^oC) maintained at pH (6, 9, and 12) values^42–44. Following the degradation procedure, 0.45 µm membranes were used to separate the reactant liquid in order to look at MG absorption. The SPR was detected for different sample solutions using UV-Vis spectroscopy between wavelength ranges of 605–620 nm. The removal proficiency of MG utilizing FeNPs was computed utilizing the accompanying mathematical statement¹⁵.

$${\eta }=(\text{C}0-\text{C}\text{t}/\text{C}0) \times 100\text{%}$$

C_e is the MG concentration following the reaction (mg L^− 1), C₀ is the initial MG concentration in the solution (mg L^− 1), and η (%) is the MG removal efficiency.

5.1 SPR analysis by UV-Vis

The UV-vis spectra of FeNPs synthesized using TB fruit extract. The dried and crushed extract showed contineous absorption maxima when examined by UV-vis spectra^{15, 45}. After the response, the UV spectra had expansive ingestion at a higher wave length, and there was no sharp absorption at lower wave lenths^{46, 47}. As seen in the inset of Fig. 2, the reaction between FeCl₃ and TB fruit extract reacts quickly, and the response mixture's apparent colour changed from yellow to dark. In Fig. 3a, b represents different times, temperature conditions were maintained, and plasmone resonance images. Here, we saw that intensity increases when temperature rises from room temperature to 80 ^oC, and that reaction rate increases as time increases as well as colour changes.

5.2 FTIR spectroscopy analysis

Figure 4a displays the FTIR spectra of FeNPs and TB fruit powder. Retention groups at 3391, 2926, 1615, 1447, 1209, 1350, and 1039 cm^− 1 speaking to O-H, C-H, C = O, -CH, C-O, C-F, and C-O stretching vibrations are consecutively revealed by the FTIR spectra of the TB extract^48–50. These bands represent the organic functional mixtures present in the TB fruit extract. For FeNPs, the bands appear at 3432, 2925, 1632, 1374, 1111, and 578 cm^− 151. This suggests that fruit extract indicates diverse, unmistakable crests, yet those tops are comparably close to FeNPs, suggesting that the topping specialists, which encompassed NPs, were influenced by fruit extract. A broad band showed up at 3432 cm^− 1 because of the alcohol/phenol O-H stretch group anticipated that would be available in fruit material, for example, polyphenols or sugars⁵². A band showed up at 2925, 1632, and 1374 cm^− 1 of C-H (alkenyl) and C = C (alkyl halide) -C-H twisting sequentially. 1111 cm^− 1 gives C-O, 578 cm^− 1 gives C-Br stretching vibration shows diverse polyyols and fragrant mixes adsorbed on the surface of FeNPs.

5.3 X-ray diffraction studies

The structural characterization of as-prepared FeNPs was confirmed using XRD diffraction peaks⁵³, as shown in Fig. 4b. The results indicated the formation of a new compound since the XRD patterns of the FeNPs exhibited a lack of distinct peaks with intensities between 20 and 25 degrees, suggesting that the organic moiety is present in the sample⁵⁴. As the temperature rose from 50 to 80 ^oC, the presence of sharp peaks referred to the existence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the as-synthesized FeNPs. However, Fe₂O₃ NPs were identified instead of Fe⁰ due to the fact that green extracts are amorphous in nature. Current studies have also observed similar results⁵⁵.

5.4 HRTEM analysis

HRTEM pictures of FeNPs nanoparticles made with crushed and dried fruit at 80 degrees Celsius are shown in Fig. 5a. The NPs were pherical and ranged in size from about 25 to 60 nm. The SEAD pattern shown in Fig. 5b confirms the amorphous nature of FeNPs. Figure 5(c, d) refers to the iron oxide nanoparticles with aproximate lattice fringe distances of 0.36 nm. The edge-HRTEM analysis depicted in Fig. 5d narrates that TB fruit extract also serves as a capping agent in the formation of FeNPs⁵⁶. Figure 6 represents that the EDS analysis shows a sharp absorption peak, which indicates the presence of the FeNPs sample, the weak signals of carbon, and oxygen in EDS. Spectra indicate the adsorption of organic moieties of TB fruit extract present on FeNPs. The histogram revealed that the particles acquired are a firm polydisperse mixture with a size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Figure 7b shows the zeta potential (ζ) of FeNPs dispersed in the water. The observed zeta potential value was about − 24.8 mV. The high negative potential conveys the repugnance between the particles⁵⁷.

5.5 Dye degradation

Figure 8(a,b) displays the analysis of the temperature parameter's impact on FeNPs' reactivity with MG. It was found that the reactivity of FeNPs expanded with an increase in temperature (Fig. 8b), whereas the degradation percentages of MG by FeNPs were 78.94, 80.5, and 91.6% at 35, 50, and 80 ^oC, respectively^{44, 56}. The MG particles expanded the propensity to exchange from the solution period to the FeNPs external surface and improved the degradation of MG. As the pH of the solution rises, FeNP-mediated MG degradation works less well. At pH 6, 9, and 12, MG degradation rates were 92, 76, and 55%, respectively (Fig. 8(c, d)). This can be credited to the way that hydroxide precipitation was step-by-step framed when the pH arrangement was in an abnormal state, which blanketed the FeNPs, and degraded MG and Fe3 + precipitating, such as iron hydroxides, which were in the basic pH range⁵⁸.

FeNPs were successfully synthesized using a basic, eco-accommodating, economical, and bio-creation approach. The reactivity of FeNPs under incorporated conditions and their use in the degradation of MG were observed. While reaction conditions were observed at various pH and temperature conditions for the reactivity of FeNPs, when parameters increased, the reactivity of FeNPs also increased with Fe³⁺ and TB fruit extract.

The enhanced parameters included a 1:1 ratio of Fe³⁺ and TB fruit extract, a pH of 6.0, a temperature of 80 ^oC, and 92% MG degradation starting at 50 mg/L. Various techniques depicted the external alterations in TB fruit extract and the spherically formed FeNPs, which had an average size of 25–60 nm. The surface plasmone resonance test confirmed that FeNPs added by lowering Fe³⁺ using polyphenols from TB natural fruit extract worked as both top and bottom specialists.

Acknowledgements

We thankfully recognize the commercial backing from the uniqueaccount of IITM, Chennai, for the backing on characterization techniques.

Conflict of Intrest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Ethical - Not applicable

Funding – Not applicable

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You are reading this latest preprint version

Degradation of Malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solutions by using Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs)

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Experimental

2.2 Methodology

2.2.1 FeNPs Synthesis

4. Characterization of FeNPs

4.1 Analysis using UV-Visible Spectroscopy

4.2 Utilising Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis

4.3 Analyse the phase structure of materials using powder X-ray diffraction.

4.4 Utilising high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis

4.5 Examination of Zeta potential (η) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)

4.6 Dye degradation

5. Results and discussion

5.1 SPR analysis by UV-Vis

5.2 FTIR spectroscopy analysis

5.3 X-ray diffraction studies

5.4 HRTEM analysis

5.5 Dye degradation

6. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

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