Table 1
Non-adjusted mean levels of studied cardiovascular disease risk factors
| Men | | | Women | | | Men vs Women | |
| CKD | non-CKD | P* | CKD | non-CKD | P* | P(CKD) | P(non-CKD) | P(Interaction)& |
N | 290 | 3399 | | 327 | 3983 | | | | |
Age(years) | 66.8±0.7 | 49.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 67.1±0.7 | 49.4±0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.764 | 0.500 | 0.764 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 23.5±0.2 | 23.2±0.1 | 0.209 | 23.6±0.2 | 23.3±0.1 | 0.180 | 0.705 | 0.183 | 0.705 |
WC(cm) | 85.9±0.6 | 84.1±0.2 | 0.005 | 82.8±0.6 | 81.1±0.2 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SBP(mmHg) | 137.6±1.2 | 125.0±0.3 | < 0.001 | 137.4±1.3 | 122.5±0.3 | < 0.001 | 0.939 | < 0.001 | 0.939 |
DBP(mmHg) | 84.7±0.7 | 81.7±0.2 | < 0.001 | 81.6±0.7 | 78.8±0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
eGFR(ml/min per1.73 m2) | 51.9±0.5 | 84.0±0.3 | < 0.001 | 50.7±0.5 | 84.4±0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.133 | 0.332 | 0.133 |
TG(mmol/l) | 1.7±0.1 | 1.6±0.0 | 0.070 | 1.8±0.1 | 1.4±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.290 | < 0.001 | 0.135 |
TC(mmol/l) | 4.9±0.1 | 4.8±0.0 | 0.001 | 5.4±0.1 | 4.8±0.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C(mmol/l) | 1.4±0.0 | 1.4±0.0 | 0.762 | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.945 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
LDL-C(mmol/l) | 3.1±0.1 | 2.9±0.0 | 0.003 | 3.5±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.016 | < 0.001 |
TG/HDL | 1.4±0.1 | 1.3±0.0 | 0.091 | 1.4±0.1 | 1.1±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.701 | < 0.001 | 0.701 |
non-HDL(mmol/l) | 3.6±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.001 | 3.9±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.589 | < 0.001 |
Apo B(g/l) | 1.0±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | < 0.001 | 1.1±0.3 | 0.9±0.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.467 | < 0.001 |
ApoB/apo a1 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.8±0.0 | 0.048 | 0.9±0.4 | 0.8±0.3 | < 0.001 | 0.235 | < 0.001 | 0.235 |
FPG(mmol/l) | 5.9±0.1 | 5.3±0.0 | < 0.001 | 6.0±0.1 | 5.3±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.534 | 0.001 | 0.443 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 5.8±0.1 | 5.6±0.1 | 0.001 | 5.9±0.1 | 5.6±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.164 | 0.109 | 0.164 |
HOMA-IR | 6.5±0.1 | 3.6±0.1 | < 0.001 | 6.5±0.8 | 3.4±0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.961 | 0.196 | 0.961 |
Insulin | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.997 | 0.261 | 0.997 |
TyG index | 8.8±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | < 0.001 | 8.9±0.0 | 8.5±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.159 | < 0.001 | 0.159 |
ALT | 22.7±1.0 | 27.7±0.4 | < 0.001 | 21.7±1.0 | 21.1±0.3 | < 0.001 | 0.464 | < 0.001 | 0.464 |
Lp (a)(mg/dl) | 16.0±1.1 | 14.2±0.3 | 0.140 | 20.8±1.9 | 16.0±0.3 | < 0.001 | 0.037 | < 0.001 | 0.037 |
VAI | 1.9±0.1 | 1.7±0.0 | 0.082 | 2.8±0.1 | 2.2±0.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LAP | 38.2±2.0 | 33.2±0.6 | 0.012 | 47.1±2.2 | 36.2±0.5 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
UA(mmol/l) | 413.1±5.4 | 341.2±1.4 | < 0.001 | 347.1±4.8 | 257.6±1.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WBC (109/ml) | 6.6±0.1 | 6.5±0.0 | 0.412 | 6.4±0.1 | 6.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.267 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hb(g/dl) | 146.0±1.2 | 152.3±0.3 | < 0.001 | 127.5±1.1 | 132.2±0.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 5.2±1.0 | 2.5±0.1 | < 0.001 | 4.6±0.6 | 2.2±0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.579 | 0.066 | 0.579 |
Ferrtin (ng/ml) | 181.6±11.7 | 196.5±3.8 | 0.264 | 125.8±7.5 | 76.0±1.7 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Data are mean ±standard deviation (SD)
CKD, chronic kidney disease; non-CKD, non-chronic kidney disease; BMI, Body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; Lp (a), Lipoprotein (a);FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TyG index: the product of triglycerides and fasting glucose; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; VAI: visceral adiposity index; LAP: lipid accumulation product;. UA, uric acid; WBC, white blood cell count; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein.
* p value for difference between CKD and non-CKD participants
& Interaction of sex by CKD status
Table 1 showed the non-adjusted mean values of CVD risk factors of CKD status in different genders. We can found an increase of CVD risk profile, such as TG, TC, LDL-C, TG/ HDL-C, Non-HDL-C, HOMA-IR, TyG, VAI, LAP and so on, in men and women with CKD in which compared with their non-CKD participants. Meanwhile, in CKD patients, we found that the TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C and Apo B of women were significantly higher than men. Notably, between CKD patients and non-CKD people, women were more diverse than men in terms of WBC values. In addition, women with CKD have higher level of Lp(a), VAI and LAP compared with men with CKD. There was no difference of BMI between patients with CKD compared with their non-CKD ones. Besides, compared with non-CKD men, men with CKD had a lower level of ferritin, which was opposite to women.
Table 2
Age- and BMI-adjusted mean levels of studied cardiovascular disease risk factors
| Male | | | Female | | | Male & Female | |
| CKD | non-CKD | P* | CKD | non-CKD | P* | P(CKD) | P(non-CKD) | P(Interaction) |
N | 290 | 3399 | | 327 | 3983 | | | | |
WC(cm) | 84.1±0.4 | 84.3±0.1 | 0.730 | 80.0±0.4 | 81.3±0.1 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SBP(mmHg) | 130.2±1.0 | 125.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 127.2±1.0 | 123.3±0.3 | < 0.001 | 0.798 | < 0.001 | 0.798 |
DBP(mmHg) | 82.5±0.6 | 81.9±0.2 | 0.328 | 78.0±0.6 | 79.1±0.2 | 0.078 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
eGFR(ml/min per1.73 m2) | 57.1±1.0 | 83.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 58.6±0.7 | 83.7±0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.134 | 0.395 | 0.134 |
TG(mmol/l) | 1.7±0.1 | 1.6±0.0 | 0.016 | 1.6±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.002 | 0.292 | < 0.001 | 0.292 |
TC(mmol/l) | 4.8±0.1 | 4.8±0.0 | 0.489 | 5.0±0.1 | 4.9±0.0 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C(mmol/l) | 1.3±0.0 | 1.4±0.0 | 0.016 | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.481 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
LDL-C(mmol/l) | 3.0±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.542 | 3.2±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.015 | < 0.001 |
TG/HDL | 1.5±0.1 | 1.3±0.0 | 0.010 | 1.3±0.1 | 1.1±0.0 | 0.002 | 0.134 | < 0.001 | 0.631 |
non-HDL(mmol/l) | 3.5±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.101 | 3.6±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.417 | < 0.001 |
Apo B(g/l) | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.088 | 1.0±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.331 | < 0.001 |
ApoB/apo a1 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.156 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.8±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.234 | < 0.001 | 0.234 |
FPG(mmol/l) | 5.6±0.1 | 5.4±0.0 | 0.003 | 5.7±0.1 | 5.3±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.576 | < 0.001 | 0.576 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 5.6±0.0 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.433 | 5.7±0.0 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.089 | 0.186 | 0.079 | 0.186 |
HOMA-IR | 6.4±0.4 | 3.6±0.1 | < 0.001 | 6.2±0.4 | 3.4±0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.913 | 0.147 | 0.913 |
Insulin | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.933 | 0.455 | 0.933 |
TyG index | 8.8±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | < 0.001 | 8.7±0.0 | 8.5±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.161 | < 0.001 | 0.161 |
ALT | 26.5±1.3 | 27.4±0.4 | 0.565 | 21.3±1.0 | 21.1±0.3 | 0.879 | 0.933 | < 0.001 | 0.458 |
Lp (a) (mg/dl) | 14.8±1.2 | 14.3±0.3 | 0.668 | 19.2±1.3 | 16.2±0.4 | 0.027 | 0.029 | < 0.001 | 0.029 |
LAP | 36.2±1.6 | 33.4±0.4 | 0.085 | 39.8±1.5 | 36.8±0.4 | 0.063 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
VAI | 1.9±0.1 | 1.7±0.0 | 0.022 | 2.5±0.1 | 2.2±0.0 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
UA(mmol/l) | 422.1±5.0 | 340.4±1.4 | < 0.001 | 334.3±4.0 | 258.7±1.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WBC (109/ml) | 6.7±0.1 | 6.5±0.0 | 0.049 | 6.6±0.1 | 6.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.270 | < 0.001 | 0.270 |
Hb(g/dl) | 149.7±1.1 | 152.0±0.3 | 0.042 | 127.7±1.0 | 132.2±0.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 4.6±0.4 | 2.6±0.1 | < 0.001 | 3.8±0.5 | 2.3±0.1 | 0.006 | 0.598 | 0.069 | 0.598 |
Ferrtin (ng/ml) | 195.5±13.2 | 195.3±3.7 | 0.990 | 85.8±6.0 | 79.3±1.6 | 0.300 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Data are means±SD |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; non-CKD, non-chronic kidney disease; BMI, Body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; Lp (a), Lipoprotein (a);FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TyG index: the product of triglycerides and fasting glucose; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; VAI: visceral adiposity index; LAP: lipid accumulation product;. UA, uric acid; WBC, white blood cell count; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein. |
* p value for difference between CKD and non-CKD participants |
& Interaction of sex by CKD status |
Table 3
Age-, BMI-, and HOMA-IR-adjusted mean levels of studied cardiovascular disease risk factors
| Male | | | Female | | | M&F | | |
| CKD | non-CKD | P* | CKD | non-CKD | P* | P(CKD) | P(non-CKD) | P(Interaction)& |
N | 290 | 3399 | | 327 | 3987 | | | | |
WC(cm) | 84.0±0.4 | 84.3±0.1 | 0.534 | 79.9±0.4 | 81.3±0.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SBP(mmHg) | 130.1±1.0 | 125.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 126.9±1.0 | 123.4±0.3 | 0.001 | 0.797 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
DBP(mmHg) | 82.6±0.6 | 81.9±0.2 | 0.295 | 78.0±0.6 | 79.1±0.2 | 0.060 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
eGFR(ml/min per1.73 m2) | 57.2±1.0 | 83.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 58.7±0.7 | 83.7±0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.135 | 0.405 | 0.539 |
TG(mmol/l) | 1.7±0.1 | 1.6±0.0 | 0.121 | 1.6±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.019 | 0.279 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
TC(mmol/l) | 4.8±0.1 | 4.8±0.0 | 0.420 | 5.0±0.1 | 4.9±0.0 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C(mmol/l) | 1.3±0.0 | 1.4±0.0 | 0.058 | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.827 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C(mmol/l) | 3.0±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.402 | 3.2±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.015 | < 0.001 |
TG/HDL | 1.4±0.1 | 1.3±0.0 | 0.091 | 1.2±0.1 | 1.1±0.0 | 0.018 | 0.640 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
non-HDL(mmol/l) | 3.5±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.120 | 3.6±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.444 | 0.579 |
Apo B(g/l) | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.093 | 1.0±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.355 | 0.657 |
ApoB/apo a1 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.239 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.8±0.0 | 0.002 | 0.231 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
FPG(mmol/l) | 5.4±0.1 | 5.4±0.0 | 0.631 | 5.6±0.1 | 5.3±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.498 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 5.5±0.1 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.068 | 5.6±0.0 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.604 | 0.167 | 0.123 | 0.298 |
Insulin | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | 0.012 | 0.990 | 0.040 | 0.071 |
TyG index | 8.7±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | 0.017 | 8.6±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | 0.006 | 0.135 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ALT | 26.3±1.3 | 27.4±0.4 | 0.464 | 21.1±1.0 | 21.1±0.3 | 0.971 | 0.460 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Lp (a)(mg/dl) | 14.9±1.2 | 14.3±0.3 | 0.636 | 19.1±1.3 | 16.2±0.4 | 0.036 | 0.029 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LAP | 34.9±1.6 | 33.5±0.4 | 0.380 | 38.5±1.5 | 36.9±0.4 | 0.320 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
VAI | 1.8±0.1 | 1.7±0.0 | 0.165 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.2±0.0 | 0.032 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
UA(mmol/l) | 421.4±5.1 | 340.5±1.4 | < 0.001 | 332.7±4.1 | 258.8±1.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WBC (109/ml) | 6.7±0.1 | 6.5±0.0 | 0.088 | 6.5±0.1 | 6.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.273 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hb(g/dl) | 149.4±1.1 | 152.0±0.3 | 0.024 | 127.4±1.0 | 132.2±0.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 4.5±0.5 | 2.6±0.1 | < 0.001 | 3.5±0.5 | 2.3±0.1 | 0.024 | 0.603 | 0.078 | 0.069 |
Ferrtin (ng/ml) | 193.3±13.3 | 195.5±3.7 | 0.873 | 83.5±6.0 | 79.5±1.6 | 0.531 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Data are means±SD |
BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CKD, chronic kidney disease; non-CKD, non-chronic kidney disease; BMI, Body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; Lp (a), Lipoprotein (a);FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TyG index: the product of triglycerides and fasting glucose; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; VAI: visceral adiposity index; LAP: lipid accumulation product;. UA, uric acid; WBC, white blood cell count; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein. |
* p value for difference between CKD and non-CKD participants |
& Interaction of sex by CKD status |
Since CKD is related with age and CVD is related with BMI, then we adjusted age and BMI in Table 2. As the table showed, the mean levels of TC, LDL-C, Non-HDL-C and Apo B of women with CKD were greater than men with CKD under the adjusted of age and BMI. Besides, the differences of WBC between women with CKD and non-CKD ones were more striking than men. Moreover, compared with men with CKD, women with CKD have higher level of Lp(a), VAI and LAP. However, there was little statistical evidence about sex heterogeneity in the association of CKD with TG, TG/HDL, Apo B/apo a1, FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TyG, ALT and hs-CRP. Also, we observed some interactions between sex with CKD status with statistically significant in some CVD risk factors, such as TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp (a), LAP and VAI(all p values < 0.05). After further adjustment for HOMA-IR, there was a little change between women with CKD and men with CKD about the difference of these risk factors (Table 3).
Table 4
Age- and VAI-adjusted mean levels of studied cardiovascular disease risk factors
| Male | | | Female | | | M&F | | |
| CKD | non-CKD | P* | CKD | non-CKD | P* | P(CKD) | P(non-CKD) | P(Interaction)& |
N | 290 | 3399 | | 327 | 3987 | | | | |
BMI(kg/m2) | 23.3±0.2 | 23.3±0.1 | 0.701 | 22.9±0.2 | 23.4±0.1 | 0.012 | 0.082 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
WC(cm) | 84.2±0.6 | 84.3±0.2 | 0.844 | 78.9±0.5 | 81.4±0.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SBP(mmHg) | 130.3±1.0 | 125.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 126.4±1.0 | 123.4±0.3 | 0.004 | 0.358 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
DBP(mmHg) | 82.5±0.7 | 81.9±0.2 | 0.331 | 77.5±0.6 | 79.2±0.2 | 0.012 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
eGFR(ml/min per1.73 m2) | 57.2±1.0 | 83.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 58.6±0.7 | 83.7±0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.122 | 0.259 | 0.244 |
TG(mmol/l) | 1.6±0.0 | 1.6±0.0 | 0.418 | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.206 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
TC(mmol/l) | 4.8±0.1 | 4.8±0.0 | 0.590 | 5.0±0.1 | 4.9±0.0 | 0.010 | < 0.001 | 0.014 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C(mmol/l) | 1.3±0.0 | 1.4±0.0 | 0.139 | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.251 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C(mmol/l) | 3.0±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.358 | 3.2±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | < 0.001 |
TG/HDL | 1.3±0.0 | 1.3±0.0 | 0.124 | 1.1±0.0 | 1.1±0.0 | 0.127 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
non-HDL(mmol/l) | 3.5±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.283 | 3.5±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.016 | 0.016 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Apo B(g/l) | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.178 | 1.0±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.012 | < 0.001 | 0.004 |
ApoB/apo a1 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.342 | 0.8±0.0 | 0.8±0.0 | 0.014 | 0.215 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
FPG(mmol/l) | 5.6±0.1 | 5.4±0.0 | 0.009 | 5.7±0.1 | 5.3±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.362 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 5.6±0.0 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.359 | 5.7±0.1 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.293 | 0.779 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
Insulin | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.067 | 0.060 | 0.017 |
HOMA-IR | 6.3±0.4 | 3.6±0.1 | < 0.001 | 6.0±0.4 | 3.4±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.228 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
TyG index | 8.7±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | 0.001 | 8.6±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | 0.007 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ALT | 26.3±1.3 | 27.4±0.4 | 0.439 | 20.7±1.0 | 21.1±0.3 | 0.679 | 0.090 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LAP | 33.6±1.1 | 33.6±0.3 | 0.990 | 34.9±1.0 | 37.2±0.3 | 0.023 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Lp (a)(mg/dl) | 15.0±1.2 | 14.3±0.3 | 0.580 | 19.4±1.3 | 16.1±0.4 | 0.020 | 0.009 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
UA(mmol/l) | 418.5±4.8 | 340.7±1.3 | < 0.001 | 329.7±3.8 | 259.1±1.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WBC (109/ml) | 6.7±0.1 | 6.5±0.0 | 0.080 | 6.5±0.1 | 6.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.087 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hb(g/dl) | 149.6±1.1 | 152.0±0.3 | 0.034 | 127.3±1.0 | 132.2±0.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 4.6±0.5 | 2.6±0.1 | < 0.001 | 3.7±0.5 | 2.3±0.1 | 0.009 | 0.537 | 0.028 | 0.021 |
Ferrtin (ng/ml) | 190.4±13.0 | 195.7±3.7 | 0.694 | 82.9±6.0 | 79.6±1.6 | 0.594 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Data are means±SD |
VAI: visceral adiposity index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; non-CKD, non-chronic kidney disease; BMI, Body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; Lp (a), Lipoprotein (a); FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TyG index: the product of triglycerides and fasting glucose; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LAP: lipid accumulation product;. UA, uric acid; WBC, white blood cell count; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein. |
* p value for difference between CKD and non-CKD participants |
& Interaction of sex by CKD status |
Table 5
Age-, VAI-, and HOMA-IR- adjusted mean levels of studied cardiovascular disease risk factors
| Male | | | Female | | | M&F | | |
| CKD | non-CKD | P* | CKD | non-CKD | P* | P(CKD) | P(non-CKD) | P(Interaction)& |
N | 290 | 3399 | | 327 | 3987 | | | | |
BMI(kg/m2) | 23.2±0.2 | 23.3±0.1 | 0.875 | 22.8±0.2 | 23.4±0.1 | 0.004 | 0.108 | 0.010 | 0.003 |
WC(cm) | 83.9±0.6 | 84.3±0.2 | 0.493 | 78.7±0.5 | 81.4±0.1 | 0.000 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SBP(mmHg) | 130.1±1.0 | 125.6±0.3 | < 0.001 | 126.2±1.0 | 123.4±0.3 | 0.009 | 0.357 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
DBP(mmHg) | 82.5±0.7 | 81.9±0.2 | 0.361 | 77.4±0.6 | 79.2±0.2 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
eGFR(ml/min per1.73 m2) | 57.2±1.0 | 83.5±0.3 | < 0.001 | 58.7±0.7 | 83.7±0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.129 | 0.276 | 0.312 |
TC(mmol/l) | 4.8±0.1 | 4.8±0.0 | 0.521 | 5.0±0.1 | 4.9±0.0 | 0.013 | < 0.001 | 0.014 | < 0.001 |
TG(mmol/l) | 1.6±0.0 | 1.6±0.0 | 0.469 | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.228 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C(mmol/l) | 3.0±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.350 | 3.2±0.1 | 3.0±0.0 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C(mmol/l) | 1.3±0.0 | 1.4±0.0 | 0.178 | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 | 0.222 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
TG/HDL | 1.3±0.0 | 1.3±0.0 | 0.140 | 1.2±0.0 | 1.1±0.0 | 0.081 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
non-HDL(mmol/l) | 3.5±0.1 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.256 | 3.5±0.0 | 3.4±0.0 | 0.021 | 0.016 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Apo B(g/l) | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.170 | 1.0±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.001 | 0.011 | < 0.001 | 0.005 |
ApoB/apo a1 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.9±0.0 | 0.404 | 0.8±0.0 | 0.8±0.0 | 0.027 | 0.220 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
FPG(mmol/l) | 5.4±0.1 | 5.4±0.0 | 0.781 | 5.5±0.1 | 5.3±0.0 | 0.001 | 0.664 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 5.5±0.0 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.055 | 5.6±0.0 | 5.6±0.0 | 0.971 | 0.561 | 0.008 | 0.019 |
Insulin | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | 0.001 | 1.1±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | 0.098 | 0.167 | 0.986 | 0.559 |
TyG index | 8.7±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | 0.043 | 8.6±0.0 | 8.6±0.0 | 0.118 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ALT | 26.1±1.4 | 27.4±0.4 | 0.366 | 20.6±1.0 | 21.2±0.3 | 0.588 | 0.096 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LAP | 33.1±1.1 | 33.6±0.3 | 0.638 | 34.4±1.0 | 37.2±0.3 | 0.005 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Lp (a)(mg/dl) | 15.0±1.2 | 14.3±0.3 | 0.568 | 19.2±1.3 | 16.2±0.4 | 0.027 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
UA(mmol/l) | 419.0±4.8 | 340.7±1.3 | < 0.001 | 329.1±3.8 | 259.1±1.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WBC (109/ml) | 6.7±0.1 | 6.5±0.0 | 0.117 | 6.5±0.1 | 6.0±0.0 | < 0.001 | 0.110 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hb(g/dl) | 149.3±1.1 | 152.0±0.3 | 0.019 | 127.0±1.0 | 132.2±0.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 4.5±0.5 | 2.6±0.1 | < 0.001 | 3.5±0.5 | 2.3±0.1 | 0.031 | 0.600 | 0.037 | 0.032 |
Ferrtin (ng/ml) | 189.7±13.1 | 195.8±3.7 | 0.656 | 81.2±6.0 | 79.7±1.6 | 0.805 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Data are means±SD |
VAI: visceral adiposity index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CKD, chronic kidney disease; non-CKD, non-chronic kidney disease; BMI, Body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; Lp(a), Lipoprotein (a); FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TyG index: the product of triglycerides and fasting glucose; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LAP: lipid accumulation product;. UA, uric acid; WBC, white blood cell count; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein. |
* p value for difference between CKD and non-CKD participants |
& Interaction of sex by CKD status |
The visceral adiposity has a closely relationship with metabolic disorders. Thus, Table 4 adjusted for VAI instead of BMI as a represent of visceral adiposity. Women with CKD had significantly higher levels of TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C and Apo B than their men counterparts with CKD. The differences of WBC between women with CKD and non-CKD ones was much more significantly than men. Also, women with CKD have higher level of Lp(a) and LAP compared with men with CKD. Besides, the magnitude of differences in HbA1c, ApoB/Apo a1, FPG, Hs-CRP and WBC between different genders with CKD were less marked. The Hb of women with CKD was lower compared with men with CKD. The interactions of sex × CKD mentioned in Table 2 remained significant still. After adjusting the HOMA-IR (Table 5), the difference of these CVD factors between women with CKD and men with CKD remained essentially unchanged.