|
Subjects
|
|
Intervention of exercise
|
|
|
Study name
(year; country)
|
n
|
Female,
%
|
Mean age,
years (SD)
|
T2DM duration,
years (SD)
|
MED,
%
|
|
Description [type, intensity, time, and frequency]
|
Estimated intensity of exercise, METs
|
Overall duration, weeks
|
Ronnemaa et al. [47]
(1986; Finland)
|
25
|
20.0
|
52.5 (NR)
|
7.1 (NR)
|
92.0
|
|
Walking, jogging or skiing, 70% O2max, 45 min/session, and 5-7 sessions/week
|
7.0
|
17
|
Verity et al. [48]
(1989; United States)
|
10
|
100
|
59.2 (7.9)
|
NR
|
0.0
|
|
Walking, 65-80% HRR, 60-90 min/week, and 3 sessions/week
|
7.6
|
17
|
Raz et al. [49]
(1994; Israel)
|
38
|
63.2
|
56.6 (7.1)
|
NR
|
100
|
|
Ergometry bicycle, treadmill, and rowing machine, 65% O2max, 45 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.7
|
12
|
Tessier et al. [50]
(2000; Canada)
|
39
|
41.0
|
69.4 (7.0)
|
6.5 (5.8)
|
74.4
|
|
Aerobic training: waking, 35-79% HRmax, 20 min/session; aerobic/resistance training: major muscle group, 20 repetitions/set, 2 sets, 20 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.5
|
16
|
Tsujiuchi et al. [51]
(2002; Japan)
|
26
|
NR
|
62.9 (7.3)
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Qi-gong relaxation exercise, and 120 min/week
|
3.0
|
17
|
Cuff et al. [52]
(2003a; Canada)
|
15
|
100
|
62.3 (6.7)
|
4.0 (3.1)
|
73.3
|
|
Aerobic training: treadmills, stationary bicycles, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, and rowing machines), 60-75% HRR; resistance training: five exercises (leg press, leg curl, hip extension, chest press, and latissimus pull down), 12 repetitions/set, 2 set; total 75 min/session, and 3 sessions/ week
|
5.3
|
16
|
Cuff et al. [52]
(2003b; Canada)
|
14
|
100
|
59.6 (7.0)
|
3.7 (2.6)
|
71.4
|
|
Aerobic training (treadmills, stationary bicycles, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, and rowing machines), 60-75% HRR, 75 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
7.0
|
16
|
Loimaala et al. [53]
(2003; Finland)
|
49
|
0.0
|
53.8 (6.3)
|
NR
|
73.5
|
|
Aerobic training: jogging or walking, 65-75% O2max, 30 min/session; resistance training: eight exercises for large muscle groups from the trunk and upper and lower extremities, 70-80% maximum voluntary contraction, 10-12 repetitions/set, 3 sets, and 2 sessions/week
|
5.1
|
52
|
Dela et al. [54]
(2004a; Denmark)
|
8
|
NR
|
50.1 (4.3)
|
4.4 (2.7)
|
NR
|
|
Ergometer cycle, 40-75% O2max, 30-40 min/session, and 5 sessions/week or more
|
6.9
|
12
|
Dela et al. [54]
(2004b; Denmark)
|
16
|
NR
|
53.6 (8.5)
|
6.0 (3.9)
|
NR
|
|
Ergometer cycle, 40-75% O2max, 30-40 min/session, and 5 sessions/week or more
|
6.9
|
12
|
Bjørgaas et al. [55]
(2005; Norway)
|
23
|
0.0
|
57.4 (7.5)
|
2.0 (NR)
|
91.3
|
|
Light jogging, co-ordination exercises, knee bends and stretching, 50-85% HRmax, 45 min/session; resistance exercise: 15 min/session, and 2 sessions/week
|
5.6
|
12
|
Brooks et al. [56]
(2006; United States)
|
62
|
35.5
|
66.0 (7.0)
|
9.5 (5.6)
|
93.5
|
|
Five exercises using pneumatic machines (upper back, chest press, leg press, knee extension, and flexion), 60-80% 1RM, 8 repetitions/set, 3 sets, 35 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.4
|
16
|
Gordon et al. [57]
(2006; United States)
|
30
|
50.0
|
67.0 (8.0)
|
10.5 (9.9)
|
93.3
|
|
Five exercises (knee extension, chest press, leg curl, upper back, and leg press), 60-80% of 1 RM, 8 repetitions/set, 3 sets, 45-60 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.0
|
16
|
Middlebrooke et al. [58]
(2006; United Kingdom)
|
55
|
53.8
|
63.4 (8.0)
|
4.4 (4.3)
|
55.8
|
|
Aerobic exercise, 80% HRmax, 30 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.5
|
26
|
Kadoglou et al. [59]
(2007; Greece)
|
56
|
58.9
|
61.5 (7.4)
|
6.8 (4.1)
|
90.0
|
|
Walking or running on the treadmill, cycling and calisthenics involving the upper and lower limbs, 50-75% O2peak, 30-40 min/session, and 4 sessions/week
|
6.2
|
26
|
Lam et al. [60]
(2008; Australia)
|
44
|
54.5
|
62.1 (9.8)
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Tai chi (yang and sun style 20-form), 60 min/session, and 1-2 sessions/week
|
3.0
|
26
|
Lambers et al. [61]
(2008a; Belgium)
|
23
|
54.3
|
56.2 (5.9)
|
NR
|
97.7
|
|
Circuit training (walking or jogging, elbow flexion and extension, cycling, knee flexion and extension, and stepping), 60-85% HRR and 60-85% 1RM, 50 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.6
|
13
|
Lambers et al. [61]
(2008b; Belgium)
|
24
|
18.8
|
53.5 (5.8)
|
NR
|
97.6
|
|
Walking (or jogging), cycling, stepping, 60-85% HRR, 50 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
8.0
|
13
|
Ribeiro et al. [62]
(2008; Brazil)
|
21
|
66.7
|
55.2 (8.5)
|
8.6 (8.0)
|
85.7
|
|
Cycle-ergometer, AT level and respiratory compensation point, 40 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
7.0
|
17
|
Murrock et al. [63]
(2009; United States)
|
38
|
100
|
62.6 (7.8)
|
10.3 (NR)
|
78.9
|
|
Dance, own pace, 45 min/session, and 2 sessions/week
|
4.0
|
12
|
Shenoy et al. [64]
(2009a; India)
|
14
|
57.1
|
52.7 (4.7)
|
5.3 (2.1)
|
92.9
|
|
Seven exercises (biceps curls, triceps curls, front lateral pull down, back lateral pull down, knee extension exercises, hamstring curls, and abdominal curls), 60-100% 1RM, 10 repetitions/set, 3 sets, and 2 sessions/week
|
4.7
|
16
|
Shenoy et al. [64]
(2009b; India)
|
15
|
40.0
|
54.3 (4.5)
|
4.9 (2.2)
|
73.3
|
|
Walking, 70% HRmax, 30 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
6.0
|
16
|
Church et al. [65]
(2010a; United States)
|
87
|
60.1
|
57.2 (4.5)
|
7.2 (5.5)
|
100
|
|
Nine exercises (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull down, leg press, extension, flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions), 10-12 repetitions/set, 2-3 sets, and 2 sessions/week (141 min/week)
|
3.5
|
39
|
Church et al. [65]
(2010b; United States)
|
86
|
63.1
|
54.5 (4.5)
|
7.4 (5.9)
|
93.5
|
|
Aerobic exercise, 12 kcal/kg/week, and 150 min/week
|
6.4
|
39
|
Church et al. [65]
(2010c; United States)
|
90
|
64.8
|
55.9 (4.4)
|
6.8 (5.4)
|
97.8
|
|
Aerobic training: aerobic exercise, 10 kcal/kg/week, 150 min/week; resistance training: 9 exercises (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull down, leg press, extension, flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions), 10-12 repetitions/set, 2-3 sets, and 2 sessions/week
|
6.0
|
39
|
Hosaka et al. [66]
(2010; Japan)
|
24
|
58.3
|
59.0 (8.4)
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Mechanical horseback riding apparatus, 30 min/session, and 7 session/week
|
4.0
|
13
|
Plotnikoff et al. [67]
(2010; Canada)
|
48
|
66.7
|
54.6 (9.3)
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Total of 8 exercise, 4 of core exercises (squats, seated row, chest press, shoulder press) and 4 of 9 assistance exercise (lunges, lateral pull-down, standing triceps extension, standing pulley abdominal twists, biceps curl, triceps press, reverse rhomboid flies, lateral pulley deltoid raise, or pulley abdominal curls), 50-85% 1RM, 8-12 repetitions/set, 2-3 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.0
|
16
|
Reid et al. [68]
(2010a; Canada)
|
74
|
34.2
|
53.7 (4.9)
|
5.2 (4.7)
|
NR
|
|
Aerobic training: treadmills and/or bicycle ergometers, 60-75% HRmax, 45 min; resistance training: 8 exercises on weight machines each session, 8 RM, 8 repetitions, 2-3 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.1
|
26
|
Reid et al. [68]
(2010b; Canada)
|
68
|
35.1
|
54.8 (4.8)
|
5.9 (4.7)
|
NR
|
|
Eight exercises on weight machines each session, 8 RM, 8 repetitions, 2-3 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.5
|
26
|
Reid et al. [68]
(2010c; Canada)
|
75
|
35.7
|
54.2 (5.1)
|
5.1 (3.8)
|
NR
|
|
Treadmills and/or bicycle ergometers, 60-75% HRmax, 45 min, and 3 sessions/week
|
6.6
|
26
|
Sun et al. [69]
(2010a; United States)
|
16
|
NR
|
56.3 (8.1)
|
NR
|
100
|
|
Qigong, 30-60 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.0
|
12
|
Sun et al. [69]
(2010b; United States)
|
16
|
NR
|
56.3 (8.1)
|
NR
|
100
|
|
Progressive resistance training, 30-60 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.5
|
12
|
Yavari et al. [70]
(2010; Iran)
|
60
|
53.3
|
49.8 (6.7)
|
4.5 (2.5)
|
100
|
|
Aerobic training (treadmill, bicycle, elliptical, ergometers), 50-75% HRmax, 50-60 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.2
|
16
|
Belli et al. [71]
(2011; Brazil)
|
19
|
100
|
54.7 (7.4)
|
4.1 (3.2)
|
78.9
|
|
Walking, VT intensity, 20-60 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
7.5
|
12
|
Kurban et al. [72]
(2011; Turkey)
|
60
|
51.7
|
53.7 (7.0)
|
6.4 (4.9)
|
100
|
|
Walking, moderate-intensity, 50 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.0
|
13
|
Kwon et al. [73]
(2011a; Republic of Korea)
|
21
|
100
|
56.8 (5.9)
|
6.0 (6.0)
|
100
|
|
Brisk walking using an accelerometer, moderate intensity (3.6-6.0 METs), 60 min/session, and 5 sessions/week
|
3.1
|
12
|
Kwon et al. [73]
(2011b; Republic of Korea)
|
20
|
100
|
57.3 (6.0)
|
4.7 (3.6)
|
100
|
|
Ten exercises using bands (bicep curls, tricep extensions, upright rows, shoulder chest press, seated rows, trunk side bends, leg press, hip flexions, leg flexions, and leg extensions), 1.2-3.2 kg of resistance, 3 sets, 40 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.8
|
12
|
de Oliveira et al. [74]
(2012a; Brazil)
|
15
|
58.0
|
52.4 (6.3)
|
5.4 (4.0)
|
100
|
|
Cycle-ergometer, LT intensity, 20-50 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
6.7
|
12
|
de Oliveira et al. [74]
(2012b; Brazil)
|
14
|
62.1
|
53.9 (6.5)
|
7.0 (3.8)
|
100
|
|
Circuit of 7 exercises (leg press, bench press, lat pull down, seated rowing, shoulder press, abdominal curls, and knees curls), 50% 1RM or 8-12 RM, 15 repetitions/set, 1-4 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.9
|
12
|
de Oliveira et al. [74]
(2012c; Brazil)
|
14
|
62.1
|
56.6 (6.5)
|
6.7 (4.6)
|
100
|
|
Aerobic training: cycle-ergometer, LT intensity, 10-25 min/session; resistance training: circuit of 7 exercises (leg press, bench press, lat pull down, seated rowing, shoulder press, abdominal curls, and knees curls), 50% 1RM or 8-12 RM, 15 repetitions/set, 1-4 sets; half the volume of aerobic and resistance training, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.0
|
12
|
Nuttamonwarakul et al. [75]
(2012; Thailand)
|
40
|
60.0
|
NR
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Aquatic exercise, 70% HRmax, 30 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.5
|
12
|
Swift et al. [76]
(2012a; United States)
|
62
|
62.4
|
56.3 (5.1)
|
7.5 (5.7)
|
94.7
|
|
Aerobic exercise, 50-80% O2max, and 122 min/week (average)
|
8.0
|
39
|
Swift et al. [76]
(2012b; United States)
|
70
|
58.1
|
58.7 (4.8)
|
7.6 (5.6)
|
99.6
|
|
Nine exercises (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull down, leg press, extension, flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions), 2-3 sets, 10-12 repetitions, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.5
|
39
|
Swift et al. [76]
(2012c; United States)
|
71
|
63.0
|
57.0 (4.7)
|
6.8 (5.5)
|
98.2
|
|
Aerobic training: aerobic exercise, 50-80% O2max; resistance training: 9 exercises (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull down, leg press, extension, flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions), 10-12 repetitions/set, 2-3 sets and 106 min/week (average)
|
5.8
|
39
|
Tan et al. [77]
(2012; China)
|
25
|
64.0
|
65.5 (6.7)
|
16.2 (6.9)
|
100
|
|
Aerobic training: walking/running, 55-70% HRmax, 30 min; resistance training: 5 leg exercise (knee flexion, knee extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, and standing calf raise), 50-70% 1RM, 10-12 repetitions/set, 2 set, 10 min, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.8
|
26
|
Fritz et al. [78]
(2013; Sweden)
|
47
|
34.0
|
61.2 (7.2)
|
5.1 (3.7)
|
64.0
|
|
Nordic walking, a pace with slight shortness of breath and perspiration, and 3.9 hours/week
|
3.5
|
17
|
Karstoft et al. [79]
(2013a; Denmark)
|
16
|
34.4
|
59.9 (5.7)
|
5.8 (5.0)
|
59.4
|
|
Continuous-walking, 55% of the peak energy-expenditure, 60 min/session, and 5 sessions/week
|
5.5
|
17
|
Karstoft et al. [79]
(2013b; Denmark)
|
16
|
40.6
|
57.4 (5.7)
|
3.8 (3.0)
|
59.4
|
|
Interval-walking, consisting of 3min fast walking and 3min slow walking above or below the targeted of 70% of the peak energy-expenditure, 60 min/session, and 5 sessions/week
|
5.5
|
17
|
Sparks et al. [80]
(2013a; Netherlands)
|
15
|
58.0
|
55.5 (5.0)
|
6.6 (6.0)
|
NR
|
|
Aerobic exercise, 50-80% O2peak, and 150 min/week
|
8.0
|
39
|
Sparks et al. [80]
(2013b; Netherlands)
|
21
|
55.7
|
55.4 (5.0)
|
8.8 (6.4)
|
NR
|
|
Nine exercises (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull down, leg press, leg extension, leg flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions), 10-12 repetitions/set, 2-3 sets, 45-50 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.5
|
39
|
Sparks et al. [80]
(2013c; Netherlands)
|
15
|
58.0
|
60.5 (4.2)
|
6.1 (4.0)
|
NR
|
|
Aerobic training: aerobic exercise, 50-80% O2peak, and 125 min/week; resistance training: 9 exercises (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull down, leg press, leg extension, leg flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions), 10-12 repetitions/set, 1 sets, 45-50 min/session and 2 sessions/week
|
7.8
|
39
|
Youngwanichsetha et al. [81]
(2013; Thailand)
|
64
|
100
|
35.6 (5.3)
|
2.6 (1.2)
|
0.0
|
|
Tai chi qigong exercise, 50 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.0
|
12
|
Mitranun et al. [82]
(2014a; Thailand)
|
22
|
63.6
|
61.4 (7.3)
|
20.9 (1.7)
|
100
|
|
Continuous aerobic training, 50-65% O2peak, 30 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
5.1
|
12
|
Mitranun et al. [82]
(2014b; Thailand)
|
22
|
63.6
|
61.1 (7.3)
|
20.3 (1.7)
|
100
|
|
Interval aerobic training, 50-85% O2peak, 30 min/session, and 3 session/week
|
5.5
|
12
|
Yan et al. [83]
(2014; United States)
|
41
|
0.0
|
53.5 (5.9)
|
NR
|
90.2
|
|
No reported type of exercise, 50-75% O2peak, 45 min/session, and 3-5 sessions/week
|
5.7
|
12
|
Dede et al. [84]
(2015; Turkey)
|
60
|
51.7
|
54.0 (7.9)
|
6.4 (4.9)
|
100
|
|
Aerobic exercise on a treadmill, 60-75% HRmax, 45 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
6.5
|
12
|
Lee et al. [85]
(2015; Taiwan)
|
80
|
51.3
|
56.1 (8.5)
|
7.4 (5.7)
|
NR
|
|
Brisk walking, jogging or riding an exercise bike, 60-80% HRmax, 30 min/session, and 5 sessions/week
|
5.8
|
12
|
Park et al. [86]
(2015; Republic of Korea)
|
37
|
54.1
|
70.7 (5.4)
|
NR
|
97.3
|
|
Circuit training: strengthening exercise, 6 exercises (leg extension, leg curl, seated rowing, seated chest press, abdominal crunch, and lower back extension), 65-75% 1RM, 10-12 repetitions/set, 1-3 sets; aerobic exercise, stationary bicycle and cross-walker, 9-14 RPE, 3-5 min/set, 1-3 sets, 40 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.0
|
12
|
Xiao et al. [87]
(2015; China)
|
32
|
NR
|
65.5 (NR)
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Tai chi ball, 60-120 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.0
|
13
|
Cassidy et al. [88]
(2016; United Kingdom)
|
23
|
21.7
|
60.0 (8.2)
|
4.5 (2.6)
|
100
|
|
High intensity intermittent training: cycle ergometry, RPE 9-17, 4-5 min/set, 5 set; resistance training: 4 exercises using bands (face pull, horizontal push, horizontal pull, and 30° push), 1 min/set, 4 set, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.8
|
12
|
Keshavarz et al. [89]
(2016; Iran)
|
20
|
100
|
49.4 (6.2)
|
7.6 (4.3)
|
100
|
|
Rhythmic movements, 60% HRmax, 20-45 min/session, and 3 session/week
|
3.8
|
12
|
Tomas-Carus et al. [90]
(2016; Portugal)
|
30
|
43.3
|
59.4 (6.3)
|
10.4 (7.0)
|
NR
|
|
Aerobic exercise: 60-65% HRmax, 25 min/session; resistance exercise: lower and upper limbs (using subject’s own weight as resistance, light weight loads, or soft rubber bands), 15 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
4.0
|
12
|
Annibalini et al. [91]
(2017; Italy)
|
16
|
0.0
|
58.5 (7.3)
|
9.0 (6.3)
|
100
|
|
Aerobic training: walking, 40-65% HRR, 60 min/session; resistance training: 4 exercises (horizontal leg press, lat pull-down, lat machine, and chest press), 40-60% 1RM, 12-20 repetitions/set, 2-4 sets, and 2-3 sessions/week
|
5.7
|
16
|
Botton et al. [92]
(2018; Brazil)
|
26
|
42.3
|
69.6 (7.7)
|
11.0 (7.7)
|
100
|
|
Functional exercises (squat and steps up and down), additional load or step if <6 on OMNI scale, 10-15 repetitions/set, 2-3 sets; traditional exercises: 9 exercises (leg press, leg extension, leg curl, hip abduction, inclined bench press, low row, biceps curl, triceps, and crunch), 12-15 RM, 10-12 repetitions/set, 2-3 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
3.0
|
12
|
Hsieh et al. [93]
(2018; Taiwan)
|
30
|
63.3
|
71.2 (6.8)
|
12.5 (7.3)
|
NR
|
|
Eight exercises (chest press, shoulder press, biceps curl, hip abduction, standing hip flexion, leg press, standing calf raise, and abdominal crunch), 40-75% 1RM (or Borg scale 12-16), 8-12 repetitions/set, 3 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
8.0
|
12
|
Stubbs et al. [94]
(2019a; United States)
|
15
|
6.7
|
61.7 (5.4)
|
11.4 (6.7)
|
100
|
|
Treadmill walking, 71-90% O2peak, 30-45 min/session, and 3 sessions/week
|
6.8
|
12
|
Stubbs et al. [94]
(2019b; United States)
|
15
|
0.0
|
63.3 (5.4)
|
10.8 (8.1)
|
100
|
|
Leg extensions, 10 repetitions/set, 3-6 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
2.8
|
12
|
Stubbs et al. [94]
(2019c; United States)
|
15
|
6.7
|
62.5 (5.4)
|
9.9 (7.9)
|
100
|
|
Aerobic training: treadmill walking, 71-90% O2peak, 30-45 min/session; resistance training: leg extensions, 10 repetitions/set, 3-6 sets, and 3 sessions/week
|
6.4
|
12
|