Differential role of cAMP, cGMP and Ca2+ and involvement of kinases and CBP-CREB-CRE pathway in regulation of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 gene in the pineal organ of air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus


 Transcription of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (aanat2) gene leads to formation of AANAT2 - the rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis pathway in photosensitive fish pineal organ. However, unlike in avian and mammalian pineal gland, there is practically no information on signal transduction pathway(s) involved in regulation of aanat2 gene transcription in the fish pineal organ. Therefore, we investigated the role of important molecular components of signalling via cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+ involving PKA, PKG, PKC, MeK and p38 MAP kinase as well as possible role of serine/threonine phosphatases, CREB and CBP using their specific inhibitors and/or activators in aanat2 gene transcription in the fish pineal organ maintained under in vitro culture-conditions. db-cAMP and db-cGMP stimulated the expression of aanat2 gene. db-cAMP- and cGMP-induced aanat2 gene expression was significantly reduced in the presence of H-89 (specific inhibitor of PKA), KT5823 (specific inhibitor of PKG), chelerythrine chloride (specific inhibitor of PKC), U0126 ethanolate (specific inhibitor of MeK) and SB 202190 monohydrochloride hydrate (specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase). Inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A significantly increased aanat2 gene expression as well as significantly reduced cAMP- and cGMP-induced gene transcription, while inhibitor of PP2B had no effect on aanat2 gene expression. Inhibitors of both CREB and CBP-CREB interaction completely blocked cAMP-induced aanat2 gene transcription. Based on these findings, we suggest that cAMP, cGMP and Ca2+ stimulate aanat2 gene transcription via PKA, PKG and PKC, respectively. Further, protein phosphatases and CBP-CREB-CRE pathway are actively involved in regulation of on aanat2 gene expression in the fish pineal organ.


Introduction
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT, EC 2.3.1.87) acts as the rate-limiting enzyme, and controls the rhythmic synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland of vertebrates (Gupta et al. 2005;Iuvone et al. 2005;Klein et al. 2007). Unlike mammals and birds which possess a single aanat gene, teleosts express three isoforms of aanat gene, namely aanat1a, aanat1b which are primarily expressed in the retina, and aanat2 which is speci cally expressed in the pineal organ ( Coon and Klein 2006;Kulczykowska et al. 2017;Singh et al. 2017). In the mammalian pineal gland, activation of adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine stimulates transcription of aanat gene via cAMP-PKA-CREB-CRE pathway (Gupta et al. 2005;Ho and Chick 2010). In the pineal gland of rat, PKC elevates AANAT activity by increasing the protein stability and phosphorylation-mediated activation of AANAT via cAMP-independent signalling cascade that involves PKC activation through the α 1 -adrenergic receptor (Choi et al. 2004;Gupta et al. 2005). In rat pinealocytes, the effect of norepinephrine on MAPK phosphorylation is due to integration of multiple signalling mechanisms, and activation of PKA and PKG have been reported to produce opposite effects on phosphorylation of MAPK (Ho and Chick 2000). PKG is the main kinase involved in the activation of MAPK, which acts upstream of MeK in activation of MAPK, while activated PKA has been reported to inhibit MAPK (Ho and Chick 2000). Furthermore, activation of PKA effectively abolished MAPK phosphorylation stimulated by an activator of PKC or a Ca 2+ elevating agent (Ho and Chick 2000). Thus, cAMP/PKA antagonise both the stimulatory effect of cGMP and Ca 2+ activation on MAPK phosphorylation. Thereby, cAMP/PKA pathway functions as a general inhibitory signal to activation of MAPK in the pineal gland of rat.
In mammalian pinealocytes, protein phosphatases have also been reported to control the activity of AANAT enzyme by dephosphorylating pCREB that down regulates the induction of aanat gene, and hence AANAT protein and melatonin synthesis (Spessert et al. 2001;Gupta et al. 2005). Dephosphorylation of pCREB by protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PSPs) is an essential mechanism for downregulating aanat gene expression in the rat pineal gland (Koch et al. 2003). Further, the inhibitors of serine/threonine phosphatases (calyculin A, microcystin-LR and okadaic acid) have been reported to attenuate dephosphorylation of pCREB, and to block the decline in aanat mRNA levels (Koch et al. 2003). Characterization of (PSPs) by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting showed accumulation of PSP1-catalytic subunit (CSU) in pinealocyte nuclei by NE-stimulation for 8 hr without affecting the distribution of PSP2A-CSU (Koch et al. 2003). cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been reported to phosphorylate cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) in rat pineal gland (Maronde et al. 1997). cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of CREB in trout pineal organ has been reported to be accompanied by increased melatonin synthesis (Kroeber et al. 2000). CREB binding protein (CBP) is also reportedly involved in aanat gene expression in mammalian pineal gland (Davies et al. 2011). Further, cAMP-induced activation of aanat gene requires a CRE.CCAAT complex, and a CRE and an inverted CCAAT box have been reported in the rat pineal (Baler et al. 1997). Thus, cAMP induces aanat gene via PKA-CREB.CBP-CRE pathway in the rat pineal (Gupta et al. 2005).
In the sh pineal organ, AANAT activity is reportedly regulated at the transcriptional level as well as at the post-translational level (Falcón et al. 1998(Falcón et al. , 2001Zilverman-Peled et al. 2007;Saha et al. 2019). A prominent circadian rhythm has been reported in aanat2 gene expression in the photosensitive pineal organ of gilthead seabream and Clarias gariepinus with maximum and minimum aanat2 transcript levels during dark and light phase, respectively (Zilverman-Peled et al. 2007;Singh et al. 2017). However, there is practically no information on the role of molecular components of signalling pathway(s) involved in the transcription of aanat2 gene in the pineal organ of any sh species. Therefore, we investigated the role of major second messengers (cAMP, cGMP and Ca 2+ ), protein kinases (PKA, PKG and PKC, MeK and MAPK), PSPs (PP1, PP2A and PP2B), and CBP-CREB complex in transcription of aanat2 gene in the pineal organ of the cat sh, Clarias gariepinus. Our ndings suggest differential role of cyclic nucleotides, Ca 2+ and protein kinases and involvement of CBP-CREB complex in aanat2 gene transcription.

Ethics statement
All experiments were carried out in compliance with the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

Pineal organ culture and in vitro treatments
In order to collect the pineal organ, the acclimatized sh was anesthetized with MS-222 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), decapitated, the pineal window was exposed, the pineal organ was rapidly removed, washed and placed in the culture medium in a multi-wells culture plate (Nunclon™ Delta Surface, Thermo Scienti c, USA). All dissections were carried out between 10:30 h -11:30 h. Pineal organs were collected and pooled into three samples of three pineals each (9 in total), and were used for estimating the relative expression of aanat2 gene. Sterile Dulbecco's Modi ed Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco Thermo Fisher Scienti c, USA) supplemented with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA, 1mg/ml), Ascorbic acid (0.1 mg/ml), Penicillin-Streptomycin (10 µl/ml), HEPES salt (4.77 mg/ml, Sigma, USA), and calcium carbonate (0.125 mg/ml, HIMEDIA, India) were used for the pineal culture. Pineals were pre-incubated at 25 ± 2°C for 1 h in an atmosphere of 85% O 2 , 5% CO 2 and 95% relative humidity in a gas (O 2 -CO 2 ) incubator (Heraeus: Cytoperm, Germany).
In vitro treatment of the pineal organ with cAMP, cGMP and selective inhibitors: In order to study the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in aanat2 gene regulation, 36 pineal organs were divided into 12 samples of 3 pineal organ each, then 12 samples were divided into 4 treatment groups of 3 samples each, and treated with db-cAMP (10 − 6 M), H-89 (10 − 6 M; selective inhibitor of db-cAMP-dependent protein kinase), H-89 (10 − 6 M) + db-cAMP (10 − 6 M) with a suitable control group.
In order to study the role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in aanat2 gene regulation, 36 pineal organs were divided into 12 samples of 3 pineal organs each, then 12 samples were divided into 4 treatment groups of 3 samples each, and treated with db-cGMP (10 − 6 M), KT5823 (10 − 6 M; selective inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase), KT5823 (10 − 6 M) + cGMP (10 − 6 M) with a suitable control group.
In order to study the role of MeK in aanat2 gene regulation, 72 pineal organs were divided into 24 samples of 3 pineal organs each, then 24 samples were divided into 8 treatment groups of 3 samples each, and treated with db-cAMP (10 − 6 M), db-cGMP (10 − 6 M), db-cAMP (10 − 6 M) + db-cGMP ( Penicillin-Streptomycin (10 µl/ml) and HEPES salt (4.77 mg/ml) without any drugs were treated as control. After treatment with desired drugs for 30 min, the pineal organs were removed and collected in numbered micro-centrifuge tubes containing TRI reagent (500 µL) and processed for isolating total RNA.
Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and analysis by Quantitative Real-Time PCR Total RNA was extracted from the pineal organs using TRI reagent (Sigma, USA) by following the manufacturer's protocol. Then quantity and quality of extracted RNA were checked by using QIAxpert (QIAGEN, Germany). In order to maintain good quality of the samples, RNA samples with a ratio of sample absorbance at 260 and 280 nm between 1.8 and 2.1 were used for all experiments. Synthesis of cDNA was performed using 300 ng of total RNA using Verso cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Scienti c, USA) in a total reaction volume of 20 µL containing 4 µL of 5X cDNA synthesis buffer (1X nal concentration), 2 µL of dNTP mix (500 µM each), 1 µL of anchored oligo-dt (500 ng/µL), 1 µl of RT Enhancer, 1 µl of Verso Enzyme mix, template RNA and nuclease free water was added to make the volume of reaction mixture 20 µl and then incubated at 42°C for 60 min and then at 95°C for 2 min. qPCR was performed in triplicate reactions along with non-template control and negative control in each plate using a 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA). The reactions were carried out in a total volume of 10 µl containing power SYBR® Green Master Mix, gene-speci c primers, RNase-free water, and cDNA.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) gene was used as the reference gene. mRNA of all samples were calculated using the 2 −ΔΔ C T (threshold cycle) method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001).

Statistical analysis
All data were presented as the mean of three independent experimental results ± standard error of the mean. The data for aanat2 gene expression was analysed using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's Multiple Comparison test. A p < 0.05 was considered as signi cant for checking the levels of signi cance between control and treated groups or between treated groups. All the data were analysed by using GraphPad Prism V4.03.

Results
In vitro effect of H-89 (speci c inhibitor of PKA) on db-cAMP-induced aanat2 gene expression The data are presented in [ Fig. 1 (a)]. In vitro treatment of the pineal organ with db-cAMP signi cantly increased aanat2 transcript levels (F 3,11 = 268.8, p < 0.001). In vitro pre-treatment of the pineal organ with H-89 had no signi cant effect on the transcript levels of aanat2 gene, but the pre-treatment of the pineal organ with H-89 signi cantly reduced the db-cAMP-induced increase in aanat2 transcript levels (F 3,11 = 268.8, p < 0.001) suggesting a role of PKA in aanat2 gene expression [ Fig. 1 (a)].
In vitro effect of KT5823 (speci c inhibitor of PKG) on db-cGMP-induced aanat2 gene expression The data are presented in [ Fig. 1 (b)]. In vitro treatment of the pineal organ with db-cGMP signi cantly increased the transcript levels of aanat2 gene (F 3,11 = 15.09, p < 0.001). In vitro pre-treatment of the pineal organ with KT5823 had no effect on transcript levels of aanat2 gene, but the pre-treatment of the pineal organ with KT5823 signi cantly reduced the stimulatory effect of db-cGMP on aanat2 transcript levels (F 3,11 = 15.09, p < 0.01) [ Fig. 1 (b)].
In vitro effect of chelerythrine chloride (speci c inhibitor of PKC) on cyclic nucleotide-induced aanat2 gene expression The data are presented in [ Fig. 1 (c)]. In vitro treatment of the pineal organ with db-cAMP and cGMP signi cantly increased the transcript levels of aanat2 gene (F 7,23 = 29.85, p < 0.001). In vitro pre-treatment of the pineal organ with chelerythrine chloride had no effect on aanat2 transcript levels, but completely blocked the stimulatory effect of both cAMP and cGMP, separately as well as in combination on aanat2 transcript levels [ Fig. 1 (c)].
In vitro effect of U0126 ethanolate (speci c inhibitor of MeK) on cyclic nucleotide-induced aanat2 gene expression The data are presented in [ Fig. 1 (d)]. Aanat2 transcript levels were signi cantly increased following in vitro treatment of the pineal organ with db-cAMP (F 7,23 =12.32, p < 0.001) and db-cGMP (F 7,23 =12.32, p < 0.001). In vitro treatment of the pineal organ with U0126 ethanolate had no effect on aanat2 transcript levels. But the pre-treatment of the pineal organ with U0126 ethanolate completely blocked the stimulatory effect of db-cAMP (F 7,23 =12.32, p < 0.001) and db-cGMP on aanat2 transcript levels when administered separately, but resulted in signi cant increase in the aanat2 transcript levels by the combined treatment with db-cAMP + db-cGMP (F 7,23 =12.32, p < 0.05) (Fig. 1d).
In vitro effect of SB 202190 monohydrochloride hydrate (speci c inhibitor of p38 MAPK) on cyclic nucleotide-induced aanat2 gene expression The data are presented in [ Fig. 1 (e)]. In vitro treatment of the pineal organ with SB 202190 monohydrochloride hydrate had no effect on aanat2 transcript levels. Pre-incubation of the pineal organ with SB 202190 monohydrochloride hydrate completely blocked the stimulatory effect of db-cAMP (F 7,23 = 18.93, p < 0.001), db-cGMP (F 7,23 = 18.93, p < 0.001) as well as combined effect of db-cAMP and db-cGMP on aanat2 gene expression [( Fig. 1 (e)].

In vitro effect of calyculin A (speci c inhibitor of PSPs 1 and 2A) and cypermethrine (speci c inhibitor of PSP 2B) on cyclic nucleotide-induced aanat2 gene expression
The data are presented in [ Fig. 2 Fig. 2 (a)]. Transcript levels of aanat2 gene were signi cantly increased following in vitro treatment of the pineal organ with db-cAMP (F 7,23 = 29.63, p < 0.001), db-cGMP (F 7,23 = 29.63, p < 0.001), and db-cAMP + db-cGMP (F 7,23 = 29.63, p < 0.05). Pre-incubation of the pineal organ with cypermethrin had no effect on aanat2 transcript levels, and it also did not block the stimulatory effect of db-cAMP and db-cGMP [ Fig. 2 (b)].

In vitro effect of CREB inhibitor and CBP-CREB interaction inhibitor on cAMP-induced aanat2 gene expression
The data are presented in [Fig. 2 (c)]. In vitro treatment of the pineal organ with CREB inhibitor (CI) and CBP-CREB interaction inhibitor (CCII) had no effect on aanat2 transcript levels, but both CI and CCII signi cantly inhibited db-cAMP-induced increase in aanat2 transcript levels (F 5,17 = 23.79, p < 0.001) [ Fig. 2 (c).

Discussion
Expression of aanat2 gene was signi cantly increased following in vitro treatment of the sh pineal organ with db-cAMP, and db-cAMP-induced increase in aanat2 transcript levels was signi cantly decreased following pre-treatment of the pineal organ with H-89 (speci c inhibitor of PKA) suggesting that the stimulatory effect of cAMP on aanat2 gene transcription is mediated by PKA [ Fig. 1 (a)]. A direct relationship has been reported between cAMP-dependent AA-NAT inducibility and the pineal PKA activity in the rat pineal (Engel et al., 2004).
Partial but signi cant reduction in cAMP-induced increase in aanat2 transcript levels by H-89 seems to suggest that besides its action via PKA, cAMP might also be stimulating aanat2 gene transcription via additional pathway(s). Similar to cAMP, in vitro treatment of the pineal organ with db-cGMP also signi cantly increased aanat2 transcript levels suggesting direct involvement of cGMP in aanat2 gene transcription. Further, it is important to mention that in vitro treatment with KT5823 (speci c inhibitor of PKG) signi cantly increased basal aanat2 gene transcription in the sh pineal, and completely blocked cGMP-induced transcription of aanat2 gene in the sh pineal suggesting that cGMP stimulates aanat2 gene transcription only via PKG [ Fig. 1 (b)]. However, simultaneous treatment of the pineal organ with db-cAMP and cGMP had no effect on aanat2 gene transcripts. In the mammalian pineal organ cAMP and cGMP produce stimulatory and inhibitory effect on aanat gene transcription, respectively (Gupta et al., 2005). These ndings seem to suggest that, in contrast to the mammalian pineal, both cAMP and cGMP are capable in stimulating aanat2 gene transcription alone but in the absence of each other [ Fig. 1 (c)]. Thus, simultaneous activations of both cAMP-and cGMP-producing pathways in the sh pineal might be opposing the stimulatory effect of each other on aanat2 gene transcription in the photoreceptors of the sh pineal organ. Based on our present ndings, we suggest that both cAMP and cGMP generating pathways are separately involved in stimulation of aanat2 gene transcription as simultaneous treatment of the sh pineal organ with db-cAMP + db-cGMP had no effect on aanat2 gene transcription. There is a possibility that simultaneous increase in cAMP and cGMP levels might be activating cyclic nucleotidedependent phosphodiesterase enzyme, which inactivates cAMP and cGMP to AMP and GMP, respectively, and switches 'off' downstream signalling for aanat2 gene regulation (Gupta et al. 2005). These ndings also suggest that the stimulatory role of cAMP and cGMP in aanat2 gene transcription in the sh pineal organ is in contrast to the reported opposing effects of cAMP and cGMP on aanat gene transcription in the mammalian pineal suggesting evolution of the role of cyclic nucleotides in regulation of aanat gene and melatonin synthesis.
Complete inhibition of db-cAMP-and db-cGMP-induced aanat2 gene transcription following pre-treatment of the pineal organ with chelerythrine chloride (speci c inhibitor of PKC) indicates that PKC is a prerequisite for stimulatory action of both cAMP and cGMP on aanat2 gene expression [ Fig. 1 (c)]. Since increased intracellular levels of Ca 2+ are essential for activation of PKC (Newton, 2018), both the cyclic nucleotides seem to stimulate aanat2 gene transcription by increasing intracellular Ca 2+ followed by PKC activation. In trout pineal organ, voltage-gated L-type calcium channels have been reported to play a major role in the regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ in both oscillating and non-oscillating trout photoreceptors . Further, in the chick pineal photoreceptor cells, increase in cAMP levels has been reported to cause mobilization of internal Ca 2+ stores (D'Souza and Dryer 1994). Therefore, there is a possibility that cAMP stimulates aanat2 gene transcription via both PKA and Ca 2+ . In the mammalian pineal organ, binding of cAMP to PKA activates the enzyme, and the catalytic subunit of PKA phosphorylates CREB to pCREB that binds to CRE resulting in increased transcription of aanat gene (Gupta et al. 2005;Karolczak et al. 2005).
In vitro pre-treatment of the pineal organ with U0126 ethanolate (speci c inhibitor of MeK) blocked the stimulatory effect of cAMP completely, and of cGMP partially but signi cantly on aanat2 transcripts. Further, pre-treatment of the sh pineal organ with SB 202190 (speci c inhibitor of p38 MAPK) completely blocked the stimulatory effect of both the cyclic nucleotides on the gene transcription. These ndings seem to suggest that while MeK differentially mediates the stimulatory effect of cAMP-and cGMP-induced pathways on aanat2 gene expression, normal MAPK activity is essential for the stimulatory effect of both cAMP and cGMP on aanat2 gene transcription [Figs. 1 (d) and (e)]. In the rat pineal gland, cAMP, PKA and intracellular Ca 2+ signalling pathways have been reported to be involved in norepinephrine-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (Chick et al. 2004;Gupta et al. 2005). In the rat pinealocytes, MAPK phosphorylation has been reported to integrate PKA-and PKG-mediated two separate signalling pathways, which have an opposite effect on MAPK phosphorylation (Ho and Chik 2000). It has also been reported in the rat pineal gland that p38 MAPK (but not p42/44MAPK) activation is tightly coupled to protein synthesis and degradation (Ho et al. 2006). Our ndings also suggest that p38 MAPK plays an important role in cAMP-and cGMP-forming signalling pathways in aanat2 gene transcription in the photoreceptive pineal organ of the sh.
Signi cant increase in aanat2 gene transcription in the sh pineal organ treated with calyculin A [speci c inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatase 1 and 2A] indicate that both Ser/Thr phosphatase 1 and 2A are also involved in aanat2 gene activation via cAMP-and cGMP-forming pathways in the sh pineal organ [ Fig. 2 (b)]. Unlike calyculin A, treatment of the sh pineal organ with cypermethrin (speci c inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatase 2B) neither had any effect on aanat2 gene transcription nor on stimulatory effect of db-cAMP and db.cGMP on aanat2 gene transcription suggesting no involvement of serine/threonine phosphatase 2B in the sh pineal organ (Fig. 2b). It is important to mention that cAMP and calcium signals regulate cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) target genes by stimulating the nuclear translocation of a cAMP-regulated transcriptional co-activator (CRTC). In the absence of signals, CRTC remains phosphorylated and inactive in the cytoplasm. However, both cAMP and Ca 2+ promote CRTC dephosphorylation and activation of CRTC followed by its translocation to the nucleus, where it binds to CREB and stimulates its activity (Altarejos and Montminy 2011). In mammalian retinal photoreceptors, CRTCs (p300 and CBP) have been reported to play essential roles in maintaining photoreceptor-speci c structure, function and gene expression (Hennig et al. 2013). Therefore, there is a possibility that PP-1 and PP-2A are actively involved in aanat2 transcription by increasing dephosphorylation and activation of CRTC followed by its binding to phosphorylated CREB in the photoreceptors sh pineal organ. Besides their role in dephosphorylation of kinases, CRTC and pCREB, PSPs have also been reported to modulate sub-nuclear distribution of pre-mRNA splicing factors (Ceulemans and Bollen 2004), to play a prominent role in the regulation of speci c signal transduction cascades (Janssens and Goris 2001), and to dephosphorylate and stimulate translocation of the transcription factor NFAT, which binds DNA and stimulates gene transcription (Dodge and Scott 2003). Therefore, our ndings suggest that PSPs play a complex role in regulation of aanat2 gene in the photosensitive sh pineal organ.
Signi cant inhibition of the stimulatory effect of db-cAMP on the levels of aanat2 gene transcripts in the sh pineal organ pre-treatment with CREB inhibitor (CI) and CBP-CREB interaction inhibitor (CCII) separately suggest that CREB and CREB-CBP interaction seem to be essential for stimulating aanat2 gene expression by cAMP-mediated pathway [ Fig. 2 (c)]. CREB and CBP have been reported to play a critical role in aanat gene transcription in the mammalian and avian pineal gland (Gupta et al. 2005;Davies et al. 2011).

Conclusions
On the basis of our ndings, we suggest that aanat2 gene expression in the photosensitive sh pineal organ is regulated by cAMP, cGMP and Ca 2+ as second messengers via a complex intracellular signalling machinery involving cAMP-PKA-CREB/CBP-CRE, cGMP-PKG/MeK-MAPK and Ca 2+ -PKC pathway. Further, serine/threonine phosphatases also play a complex role in up-and down regulation of aanat2 gene expression in the sh pineal organ.

Con icts of interest
The authors have declared no con ict of interest. In vitro effect of (a) H-89 (selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase) on transcript levels of aanat2 gene in the sh pineal organ. Represent different levels of signi cance as compared with db-cAMP treated group: p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively. g Represents level of signi cance as compared with db-cGMP treated group: p<0.05; and (e) SB 202190 monohydrochloride hydrate (speci c inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase) on transcript levels of aanat2 gene in the sh pineal organ. Each histogram represents mean ± standard error (S.E); N = 3. c Represents level of signi cance as compared with control group: p<0.001. f Represents level of signi cance as compared with db-cAMP treated group: p<0.001. i Represents level of signi cance as compared with db-cGMP treated group: p<0.001

Figure 2
In vitro effect of (a) db-cAMP and db-cGMP on transcript levels of aanat2 gene in the presence or absence of calyculin A (speci c inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatase type 1 and type 2A) in the sh pineal organ. Each histogram represents mean ± standard error (S.E); N = 3. c Represents level of