Evaluation of Rice Landraces for Brown Planthopper Resistance Based on Phenotypic Reactions and Biochemical Attributes

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-430749/v1

Brown planthopper (BPH), [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] is an economically important pest of rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout Asia, where the damage caused by nymphs and adults, especially during post-tillering to milking stages, significantly reduces grain yield. There is, thus, a pressing need to develop varieties that are resistant to BPH. In this study, the reaction of various rice landraces from Indian origin were assessed (both phenotypically and biochemically) in response to BPH infestation. It was found that the landraces, viz. Badshabhog, Gamra, Haldichuri, Janglijata, Kalabhat, Khara, Adanshilpa, Chikonmashuri, Kerala sundari and Lal dudheshwar exhibited resistance to BPH consistently along with the standard check Ptb33, for three consecutive years under both greenhouse and open-field conditions. These phenotypically resistant rice landraces including Ptb33 exhibited lowest feeding rate, least nymphal and adult preference, minimum survival and higher frequency (%) of unhatched eggs when compared with the susceptible check (Swarna). Higher levels ascorbic acid, oxalic acid (OA), crude silica (CS), while lower levels of phenols, reducing sugar and total free amino acid (TFA) were expressed in un-infested resistant and moderately resistant landraces. The resistant plants exposed to herbivory by BPH produced higher levels of phenolic compounds, potassium and TFA than plants of susceptible cultivar Swarna. The feeding rate, settling behaviour and survivability of BPH correlated significantly and negatively with OA and CS, whereas the latter showed a significant and positive correlation with egg hatchability.

Entomology

Environmental Engineering

Agricultural Engineering

Plant resistance

Nilaparvata lugens

defensive components

antixenosis

correlation

PCA

Table 1 Phenotypic reactions of selected rice landraces to BPH

Sl. No.	Type	Designation	Overall remarks	AHDE (mm²)		Settling behaviour			% NSR	% UHE
Sl. No.	Type	Designation	Overall remarks	N	AF	NS	AMS	AFS	% NSR	% UHE
1	RL1	Adanshilpa/FRV/8-223	R	37.3 ± 0.23†	69.5 ±0.46	9.2 ±0.08	4.3 ±0.05	6.2 ±0.04	41.3 (39.98)‡	72.2 (58.18)
2	RL186	Badkalamkathi/FRV/9-320	MS	135.9 ± 0.69	190.2 ± 1.15	12.3 ± 0.11	10.1 ±0.04	8.2 ± 0.07	72.8 (58.56)	38.2 (38.17)
3	RL4	Badshabhog/FRV/8-226	R	30.3 ± 0.12	72.5 ± 0.37	4.2 ± 0.03	5.4 ± 0.09	6.5 ± 0.05	25.6 (30.40)	78.8 (62.58)
4	RL5	Bahurupi/FRV/7-171	MR	63.5 ± 0.37	114.2 ± 0.79	7.3 ± 0.05	10.2 ± 0.14	10.1 ± 0.09	52.2 (46.26)	43.2 (41.09)
5	RL156	Banshkamini/FRV/6-146	MS	110.2 ± 0.56	197.5 ± 1.28	13.2 ± 0.08	10.1 ± 0.08	8.2 ± 0.13	81.1 (64.23)	44.3 (41.73)
6	RL13	Bhutmuri/FRV/14-393	MR	70.7 ± 0.16	138.3 ± 0.87	6.2 ± 0.06	8.5 ± 0.06	7.3 ± 0.05	36.9 (37.41)	49.2 (44.54)
7	RL190	Binni/FRV/9-324	R	39.5 ± 0.53	65.2 ±0.31	6.2 ± 0.04	6.5 ± 0.08	5.8 ± 0.07	46.2 (42.82)	68.7 (55.98)
8	RL192	Boubhog/FRV/9-325	MR	56.1 ± 0.71	176.2 ± 0.62	8.6 ± 0.09	7.2 ± 0.05	7.3 ± 0.06	34.6 (36.03)	47.5 (43.57)
9	RL176	Chikonmashuri/FRV/5-096	R	34.9 ± 0.28	81.2 ± 0.20	5.1 ± 0.03	4.3 ± 0.05	6.8 ± 0.03	30.1 (33.27)	53.5 (47.01)
10	RL199	Dayalmadina/FRV/6-162	MS	114.3 ± 1.06	176.5 ± 0.94	9.6 ± 0.10	7.6 ± 0.09	7.8 ± 0.08	58.1 (49.66)	39.6 (38.99)
11	RL20	Deradungandheshwari/FRV/11-357	MS	110.1 ± 0.82	234.5 ± 0.89	7.5 ± 0.05	6.5 ± 0.10	12.7 ± 0.15	52.1 (46.20)	42.2 (40.51)
12	RL22	Dudheshwar/FRV/11-358	MR	61.1 ± 0.33	110.6 ± 1.12	8.9 ± 0.13	9.2 ± 0.16	10.2 ± 0.09	42.2 (40.51)	49.4 (44.66)
13	RL118	Dudhkalam/FRV/8-259	MS	95.2 ± 0.40	205.2 ± 1.26	14.1 ± 0.11	10.1 ± 0.09	11.2 ± 0.07	56.6 (48.79)	32.3 (34.63)
14	RL166	Dumurshal/FRV/6-152	MR	60.3 ± 0.25	120.8 ± 0.74	10.1 ± 0.08	8.1 ± 0.04	9.5 ± 0.12	54.9 (47.81)	50.2 (45.12)
15	RL23	Gamra/FRV/9-291	R	43.8 ± 0.18	72.5 ± 0.44	4.6 ± 0.04	4.6 ± 0.03	5.6 ± 0.04	41.2 (39.93)	71.5 (57.73)
16	RL27	Haldichuri/FRV/4-016	R	33.3 ± 0.25	49.4 ± 0.32	6.4 ± 0.09	5.7 ± 0.05	6.8 ± 0.05	29.2 (32.71)	83.4 (65.96)
17	RL204	Hanumanjata/FRV/6-165	R	40.1 ± 0.19	65.8 ± 0.27	5.6 ± 0.04	3.6 ± 0.04	4.9 ± 0.02	32.8 (34.94)	76.2 (60.80)
18	RL33	Jalkamini/FRV/6-112	MS	122.2 ± 0.46	197.6 ± 0.62	9.6 ± 0.12	9.3 ± 0.16	10.1 ± 0.06	69.8 (56.66)	38.2 (38.17)
19	RL35	Janglijata/FRV/8-235	R	27.9 ± 0.28	46.2 ± 0.24	4.3 ± 0.06	3.9 ± 0.06	4.9 ± 0.05	25.6 (30.40)	71.3 (57.61)
20	RL58	Kabirajshal/FRV/4-021	MR	77.2 ± 0.41	112.5 ± 0.41	7.3 ± 0.10	4.3 ± 0.04	6.5 ± 0.03	34.2 (35.79)	58.4 (49.84)
21	RL42	Kalabhat/FRV/10-331	R	30.7 ± 0.36	59.1 ± 0.28	3.2 ± 0.08	3.0 ± 0.03	5.9 ± 0.03	29.6 (32.96)	81.2 (64.30)
22	RL150	Kalamogha/FRV/5-090	MR	49.5 ± 0.82	127.2 ± 0.39	7.6 ± 0.04	6.5 ± 0.06	8.6 ± 0.09	43.2 (41.09)	54.9 (47.81)
23	RL44	Kalanamak/FRV/9-295	MR	92.2 ± 0.53	138.9 ± 0.72	10.1 ± 0.17	7.8 ± 0.11	11.2 ± 0.09	31.2 (33.96)	53.5 (47.01)
24	RL125	Kalodhopa/FRV/10-343	MR	56.2 ± 0.27	122.3 ± 0.66	6.2 ± 0.06	7.1 ± 0.06	8.9 ± 0.14	40.1 (39.29)	51.2 (45.69)
25	RL162	Kalojira/FRV/6-150	MS	111.7 ± 1.14	208.2 ± 1.52	7.6 ± 0.03	11.2 ± 0.19	10.2 ± 0.17	53.6 (47.06)	31.2 (33.96)
26	RL48	Kalonunia/FRV/5-066	MS	109.7 ± 0.76	238.7 ± 0.95	10.5 ± 0.14	8.1 ± 0.10	12.2 ± 0.07	42.3 (40.57)	42.2 (40.51)
27	RL54	Karalasundari/FRV/10-333	R	37.3 ± 0.23	69.1 ± 0.33	7.1 ± 0.10	4.1 ± 0.04	5.8 ± 0.05	35.8 (36.75)	72.3 (58.24)
28	RL56	Khara/FRV/4-019	R	38.1 ± 0.71	52.2 ± 0.48	3.9 ± 0.03	6.1 ± 0.05	4.8 ± 0.03	32.2 (34.57)	71.9 (57.99)
29	RL63	Laldudheshwar/FRV/9-298	R	40.1 ± 0.29	64.2 ± 0.25	7.3 ± 0.05	3.9 ± 0.04	6.8 ± 0.07	27.9 (31.88)	72.5 (58.37)
30	RL209	Lilabati/FRV/7-219	MS	119.2 ± 0.46	224.0 ± 1.30	12.5 ± 0.06	9.5 ± 0.14	11.6 ± 0.06	75.8 (60.53)	35.6 (36.63)
31	RL217	Maltu/FRV/7-221	MS	129.6 ± 1.27	196.2 ± 0.67	12.1 ± 0.15	10.1 ± 0.08	9.1 ± 0.08	76.6 (61.07)	37.6 (37.82)
32	RL72	Meghnadomru/FRV/4-027	MR	50.1 ±0.32	112.3 ± 0.56	9.3 ± 0.05	4.2 ±0.03	5.1 ± 0.03	29.1 (32.64)	58.2 (49.72)
33	RL130	Mihidana/FRV/7-206	MR	49.0 ± 0.68	154.8 ± 1.17	7.0 ± 0.09	5.6 ± 0.07	7.3 ± 0.07	42.8 (40.86)	49.0 (44.43)
34	RL81	Narayankamini/FRV/10-338	MR	61.9 ± 0.18	161.3 ± 0.52	9.2 ± 0.17	5.6 ± 0.06	8.9 ± 0.04	57.2 (49.14)	47.2 (43.39)
35	RL88	Radhunipagal/FRV/6-132	MR	59.1 ± 0.53	144.6 ± 0.82	9.3 ± 0.05	8.1 ± 0.10	10.3 ± 0.08	51.5 (45.86)	51.3 (45.74)
36	RL136	Raghushal/FRV/3-005	R	38.2 ± 1.10	67.2 ± 0.59	4.3 ± 0.03	4.1 ± 0.05	6.2 ± 0.04	27.1 (31.37)	58.6 (49.95)
37	RL90	Ramlichonch/FRV/5-070	MR	62.9 ± 0.35	150.2 ± 1.41	7.3 ± 0.17	6.8 ± 0.08	8.2 ± 0.10	29.1 (32.65)	58.5 (49.89)
38	RL109	Tulaipanji/FRV/6-138	MS	114.5 ± 0.29	210.9 ± 0.39	10.1 ± 0.09	9.3 ± 0.17	7.5 ± 0.07	51.2 (45.69)	35.4 (36.51)
39	RL142	Tulsibhog/FRV/6-144	MS	127.9 ± 1.24	218.5 ± 1.19	9.3 ± 0.12	6.5 ± 0.05	9.1 ± 0.16	72.8 (58.56)	30.6 (33.58)
40	RL110	Tulsimukul/FRV/7-200	MR	76.1 ± 0.51	120.9 ± 0.74	8.1 ± 0.07	8.3 ± 0.09	12.1 ± 0.09	45.8 (42.59)	55.6 (48.22)
41	SC(R)	Ptb33	R	38.2 ± 0.33	71.1 ± 0.85	3.5 ± 0.06	3.1 ± 0.21	4.1 ± 0.39	26.6 (31.05)	89.2 (70.81)
42	SC(S)	Swarna	HS	212.6 ± 1.20	389.2 ± 1.39	16.0 ± 0.17	15.4 ± 0.78	14.9 ± 1.36	96.1 (78.61)	24.8 (29.87)
CD (p=0.05)			-	3.82	2.94	1.26	0.82	1.69	1.47	2.08

RL: Rice landrace; SC(R): Standard check (Resistant); SC(S): Standard check (Susceptible).

R: Resistant; MR: Moderately resistant; MS: Moderately susceptible; HS: Highly susceptible

AHDE: Area of honeydew excreted; N: second instar nymphs; AF: Adult females; NS: No. of nymphs settled per plant; AMS: No. of adult males settled per 3 plants; AFS: No. of adult females settled per 3 plants; NSR: Nymphal survival; UHE: Un-hatched eggs;

†Data in parenthesis are shown as Mean ± SE.

‡The figures in parenthesis are transformed arcsine values.

Table 2 Pairwise correlation coefficient comparison of the tested biochemical components

	Nitrogen	Total phenol	Phosphorus	Potassium	Reducing sugar	Ascorbic acid	Oxalic acid	Crude silica	Free amino acid
Nitrogen	1
Total phenol	0.11^ns	1
Phosphorus	-0.34^ns	0.12^ns	1
Potassium	-0.06*	-0.01**	0.02^ns	1
Reducing sugar	0.74^ns	0.09*	-0.34^ns	-0.06**	1
Ascorbic acid	-0.34^ns	0.04^ns	0.18^ns	-0.01^ns	-0.40^ns	1
Oxalic acid	-0.61^ns	-0.10*	0.29^ns	0.23*	-0.78*	0.45^ns	1
Crude silica	-0.61^ns	-0.32*	0.28^ns	-0.11*	-0.73**	0.35**	0.69*	1
Free amino acid	0.72*	0.42^ns	-0.34^ns	-0.04**	0.79*	-0.41*	-0.67**	-0.76**	1

**Significant at p<0.01 level of significance; *Significant at p<0.05 level of significance; ns: Non-significant

Table 3 Correlation between tested biochemical componentsandphenotypic reactions to BPH

Parameters	Nitrogen	Total phenol	Phosphorus	Potassium	Reducing sugar	Ascorbic acid	Oxalic acid	Crude silica	Free amino acid
Excretion of honeydew	0.59**	-0.54*	-0.46^ns	-0.72^ns	0.66*	-0.52^ns	-0.37**	-0.67*	0.61*
Nymphal settling	0.54^ns	-0.76*	0.92^ns	-0.56**	0.75*	-0.68^ns	-0.72**	-0.59*	0.47*
Adult male settling	0.95^ns	0.58*	-0.57^ns	-0.37^ns	0.69^ns	-0.51*	-0.77*	-0.87^ns	0.66*
Adult female settling	0.62^ns	-0.64**	0.85^ns	-0.48*	0.61**	-0.44^ns	-0.54*	-0.68**	0.48**
Nymphal survival	0.81*	-0.68*	-0.67*	-0.52*	0.78*	-0.39^ns	-0.97**	-0.81**	0.72*
Un-hatched eggs	-0.48^ns	0.71*	0.44^ns	0.78**	-0.42*	0.47**	0.80^ns	0.73*	-0.55^ns

**Significant at p<0.01 level of significance; *Significant at p<0.05 level of significance; ns: Non-significant

Table 4 Total variance explained for each component based on different feeding attributing factors of BPH on selected un-infested rice landraces

	Factors
	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9
Eigenvalue	4.352	1.268	1.029	0.823	0.460	0.426	0.400	0.138	0.105
Variability (%)	48.351	14.084	11.437	9.147	5.114	4.728	4.442	1.535	1.162
Cumulative (%)	48.351	62.435	73.872	83.019	88.133	92.861	97.303	98.838	100.00

Table 5 Total variance explained for each component based on different feeding attributing factors of BPH on selected infested rice landraces

	Factors
	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9
Eigenvalue	4.400	1.213	1.043	0.852	0.585	0.350	0.272	0.169	0.115
Variability (%)	48.891	13.473	11.593	9.467	6.502	3.893	3.022	1.879	1.280
Cumulative (%)	48.891	62.364	73.957	83.424	89.926	93.819	96.840	98.720	100.000

Table 6 Principal factor matrix after varimax rotation (Kaiser Normalization) for different feeding attributing factors of BPH on un-infested rice landraces

Parameters	Unit	Factors
Parameters	Unit	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9
N	%	0.702	0.025	0.000	0.011	0.017	0.021	0.191	0.033	0.000
TP	mg g^-1 tissue	0.521	0.063	0.003	0.250	0.008	0.123	0.011	0.010	0.013
P	%	0.175	0.131	0.274	0.367	0.000	0.013	0.038	0.002	0.000
K	%	0.045	0.583	0.259	0.004	0.082	0.017	0.006	0.002	0.003
RS	mg g^-1 of glucose equivalent	0.817	0.004	0.005	0.009	0.056	0.036	0.002	0.039	0.031
AS	mg g^-1 tissue	0.180	0.105	0.484	0.135	0.029	0.050	0.014	0.002	0.002
OA	mg g^-1 tissue	0.493	0.300	0.004	0.000	0.152	0.007	0.013	0.015	0.016
CS	%	0.604	0.012	0.000	0.047	0.113	0.114	0.108	0.000	0.001
TFA	µg g^-1 glutamic acid equivalent	0.815	0.045	0.001	0.002	0.003	0.045	0.017	0.035	0.039

N: Nitrogen; TP: Total phenol; P: Phosphorus; K: Potassium; RS: Reducing sugar; AS: Ascorbic acid; OA: Oxalic acid; CS: Crude silica; TFA: Total free amino acid

Values in bold correspond for each variable to the factor for which the squared cosine is the largest

Table 7 Principal factor matrix after varimax rotation (Kaiser Normalization) for different feeding attributing factors of BPH on infested rice landraces

Parameters	Unit	Factors
Parameters	Unit	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9
N	%	0.695	0.019	0.001	0.003	0.073	0.169	0.014	0.023	0.003
TP	mg g^-1 tissue	0.065	0.698	0.112	0.021	0.083	0.004	0.003	0.004	0.010
P	%	0.173	0.252	0.000	0.443	0.129	0.001	0.000	0.001	0.001
K	%	0.026	0.094	0.832	0.005	0.022	0.010	0.006	0.004	0.000
RS	mg g^-1 of glucose equivalent	0.828	0.028	0.036	0.002	0.002	0.013	0.000	0.027	0.063
AS	mg g^-1 tissue	0.828	0.005	0.000	0.001	0.036	0.002	0.045	0.054	0.030
OA	mg g^-1 tissue	0.304	0.097	0.003	0.366	0.223	0.003	0.004	0.000	0.002
CS	%	0.756	0.001	0.057	0.010	0.003	0.039	0.072	0.057	0.005
TFA	µg g^-1 glutamic acid equivalent	0.725	0.018	0.002	0.001	0.015	0.110	0.128	0.000	0.001

N: Nitrogen; TP: Total phenol; P: Phosphorus; K: Potassium; RS: Reducing sugar; AS: Ascorbic acid; OA: Oxalic acid; CS: Crude silica; TFA: Total free amino acid

Values in bold correspond for each variable to the factor for which the squared cosine is the largest

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Evaluation of Rice Landraces for Brown Planthopper Resistance Based on Phenotypic Reactions and Biochemical Attributes

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