Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all patients who participated in the study. We are grateful to the staff at the Japan Cancer Society.
Declarations
Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization.
Authors’ contributions
YS analyzed the data and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. RK conducted the study, RK, YO and CS contributed to the interpretation of data, and assisted in the preparation of the manuscript. HK and TK contributed to data collection and interpretation. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Funding
This study is supported by the Research Programme on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED, Suga Group (JP18fk0108015). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The appropriate research ethics committee granted an exemption of the requirement for ethics review, and deemed that informed consent was not required because the analysis used anonymized records from a pre-existing database.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
RK reports his personal lecture fee from Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Japan Vaccine Co Ltd, MSD, Mochida Co Ltd, Roche Diagnostics and BD, and grant for his institute from Chugai Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. He is the Director of the Executive Board Members of the Japanese Expert Board for the Eradication of Cervical Cancer, which has received funding from Qiagen, MSD, Chugai Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline, outside the submitted work. Those personal fees and funding have no influence on the manuscript. YO reports personal fees from Statcom, personal fees from Sanofi, grants and personal fees from Eisai, personal fees from Chugai, personal fees from Taiho, personal fees from Shionogi, personal fees from Kowa, non-financial support from Yakult Honsha, non-financial support from Takeda, personal fees from Public Health Research Foundation, personal fees from Daiicchi-Sankyo, outside the submitted work. Those personal fees and funding have no influence on the manuscript. SY, HK, CS and TK declare no competing of interests.
Author details
1 Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, 1‑8‑1 Inohana, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8677, Japan
2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Omiya-ku, Saitama 330-8503, Japan.
3Japan Cancer Society, Tokyo, Japan.
4Screening Group, Early Detection and Prevention Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
5Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan