Ethical approval from the Institutional review board was obtained. The substructure of the systematic review is based on PRISMA Statement. The focused question is “Is CBCT a better investigation tool for forensic facial reconstruction?”
Study design
This systematic review evaluated whether CBCT is a better diagnostic tool in facial forensic reconstruction.
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria
Studies in which the primary objective was to evaluate the accuracy of a facial reconstruction technique using CBCT data. No language or time restriction were applied.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria included case reports, studies which included samples of facial anomalies and samples of orthognathic surgeries, studies done on two-dimensional facial approximation, reviews, letters, personal opinions, book chapters, conference abstracts and studies using animal models.
Information sources
The following databases were incorporated in the systematic search for relevant literature: PubMed, ProQuest, Google scholar, Science direct and Scopus. All searches were conducted from December 20 to January 10 2021
Search terms
Following search terms were used forensic facial reconstruction, CBCT and forensic facial reconstruction, facial approximation, craniofacial reconstruction, role of CBCT in facial reconstruction.
Study selection
In the 1st phase of selection, the titles and abstracts were screened and evaluated.
In the 2nd phase of selection- Full text were screened and study which have the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected
Collection process
For all the included studies, following descriptive characteristics were recorded Author, year of study, location, ancestry, sample size, mean age of the patients included in the study, 3D manual methods used in the study for facial construction, type of machine used, sample type- live or deceased patients and results of the included study. One reviewer collected all the required information for the systematic review and other reviewer verified its accuracy.
No
|
Author
|
Year of study
|
Location
|
Ancestry
|
Sample size
|
Mean age
|
Method
|
CBCT machine
|
Sample type
|
Measurements analyzed in the study
|
Result
|
1
|
Hwang et al..,
|
2010
|
Korea
|
Korean
|
20
|
28.1
|
Computerized 3D CT images
|
Alphard Vega; Asahi Roentgen Co., Kyoto, Japan
|
Department data base
|
31 landmarks (10 midline and 21bilateral) were identified according to De Greef et al..,
|
The reproducibility of the facial ST thickness was reliable but some showed low reproducibility. The landmarks of the 3D images can be reproduced.
|
2
|
Zacharias Fourie et al.,
|
2010
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
7
|
-
|
Computerized 3D CT images
|
KaVo 3D exam (KaVo Dental GmbH, Bismabring, Germany) CBCT scanner
|
Cadaver
|
Facial soft tissue thickness at 11 different sites (soft tissue landmarks were measured)
|
Overall, the result of this study confirmed that the measurements can be used to create soft tissue database thickness.
|
3
|
Won-Joon Lee
|
2012
|
Korea
|
Korea
|
3
|
28.4
|
Combination methods
|
Alphard Vega; Asahi Roentgen Co., Kyoto, Japan
|
3 student volunteers
|
the deviation errors between the reconstructed and target faces were measured.
|
Reconstructions of the facial features were reliable when compared with the faces
|
4
|
Wuyang Shui
|
2019
|
China
|
Han Chinese
|
140
|
-
|
Computerized 3D CT images
|
A Konica Minolta VIVID 910 laser scanner
|
140 living individuals (70 females and 70 males)
|
skull digitization, geometric measurements, sex classification and computerized CFR
|
Reconstructions of the unidentified face can be reproduced.
|
5
|
Yang Wen et al..,
|
2020
|
China
|
Han Chinese
|
200
|
17-75
|
Region fusion strategy
|
CT scanner
|
Volunteers
|
-
|
The results showed the reconstruction of the facial thickness were reliable
|
6
|
Clemente Maia S. Fernandes
|
2012
|
Brazil
|
Brazilian female
|
1
|
-
|
Computerized 3D CT images
|
-
|
Volunteer
|
10 midline points and 11 bilateral points
|
The results of this study show that this a useful tool in facial reconstruction, mentioned with the parameters used in the study.
|
7
|
Geraldo Elias Miranda et al..,
|
2017
|
Brazil
|
Brazilian Caucasian
|
4
|
21-49
|
Computerized 3D CT images
|
-
|
4 volunteers donated existing CT Data
|
Geometric comparison of the CCFR to the subject 3D face model (obtained from the CT data)
|
The two CCFRs were matched correctly and the accuracy levels of the free software programs produce 3D CCFRs and can be used in forensic applications.
|
List of included studies and its main characteristics (Table -1)