Ethnobotanical study of Fumaria indica plant from the hilly and plain areas of Haripur

Background: the purpose of this study was to find out the ethnobotanical use of Fumaria indica plant from the hilly and plain areas of Haripur . Methods: The plant samples of leaf, flowers and root were collected from two hilly areas (Srikot, Khanpur) and two plane areas (Haripur city, Tarbela) of District Haripur and processed for further analysis process. The preferences of local people for the treatment of various ailments in terms of medicinal plant used, part used, the category of diseases treated and the form of therapeutic use (recipe) were analyzed with the help of a questionnaire survey. The recorded data was tabulated theme wise and Microsoft Excel program was used in the calculation of values and percent references and its presentation in graphic form. Results: Ethnobotanical study showed that the Fumaria indica plant used as a source of medicine in local community, the powder form was used in allergies, fevers and diabetes. The plant was used as a source of medicine and cure many types of bacteria diseases. conclusion : Fumaria indica & Caesalpinia bonducella are the plants known for their digestive, spasmolytic, diuretic, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic anti dysentery activity.Powder drugs of (leaves, roots and flowers) of Fumaria indica were made for different analyses.


Introduction
Fumariaceae is a small family of flowering plants likely to contain about 14 genera and nearly about 400 species were found in Pakistan (Mabberley, 1987).The medicinal importance of Fumariaceae is well-know and had great values. The Fumaria indica of the family Fumariaceae are used in medicine for curing snake bite and having phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids which has huge medicinal valued (Rao et al., 2009). The species of the family are used traditionally in Pakistan and India has great medicinal valued used for cured Allergy traditionally medicine as blood purifier, laxative, antiemetic, cholagogue, sedative and gastrointestinal disorder, also used for the cure of temperature (Maiza-Benabdesselam et al., 2007).Fumaria indica has great medicinal importance used in the treatment of constipation, diarrhea, fevers and urinary diseases (Canales et al., 2005). Its parts are being used for skin diseases, shoot are in dried form used as herbal tea for relive abdominal pain (Shah and Khan, 2017). To evaluate the Fumaria indica in hilly and plane areas of Haripur and to measure the ethnomedicinal value of this herbal plant (Singh et al., 2011). F. indica have extensive medicinal utilization in the Indian conventional medicine, searches conducted to evaluate severe and chronic toxicity of a 60% ethanolic take out of F. indica in rodents correspondingly. In severe toxicity search used Swiss strain albino rodent of a few gender were managed verbally F. indica quantity of 2, 1.6 and 6 g/kg found for behavioral alteration and death. During 30 days of management.
They observed no death or abnormal behavior, in severe toxicity. Study in mice at all the three level F. indica did not generate any special change in body weight, daily food and water ingestion of rodents when evaluated to medium treated rats. (Kumar et al., 2018). Fumaria indica is a wildly growing weed found in Pakistan and many other region of the world. Fumaria also known since long to be a medicinal plant to the practitioners of Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine.
Fumaria indica has potential health element these phytochemicals have proportion of human health benefit for curing of diseases. These chemical used as herbal medicine for the treatments of liver complaints, aches pains, diarrhea, fever, and influenza.

Selection of Sites
Study on the origin of introductory investigation of the valley and conversation with stakeholders, four different locations namely Srikot and Khanpur (hilly areas), City and Tarbela dam (plane areas) were recognized and elected. These sites are different from one another on the basis of their environment particularly difference in elevation, incline, geography, surroundings, plants type and plant community.
The present study is mainly base on investigation taken from the consultation with the "ancestral and local people" on the plant (F. indica) have cost-effective significance to them. Appropriate plants were gathered from the following study areas, recognized and conserved at the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra. In this study taken view of local people about the daily used of the plant which parts of the plant are used by local community were investigated. During this also tells about the local name of the plant in locally language.

Identification of Medicinally Important Plant Species.
Local herbalists, agricultural and forest experts, local elders, and leaders were interviewed and the plant species enlisted in the first part of the study were discussed with them. Moreover, the available literature on the subject was thoroughly studied and relevant information was used to help document the plant species which were medicinally important and available in the valley.

Determination of Community Preferences
The preferences of local people for the treatment of various ailments in terms of medicinal plant used, part used, the category of diseases treated and the form of therapeutic use (recipe) were analyzed with the help of a questionnaire survey. The feedback form (as annexed in appendix 1.1) cover up the following four main areas (Ilangovan et al., 2018).

Most Preferred Medicinal Plant Species.
The responded were inviting to describe the plant name that was generally preffered by the local people for curative care. The partiality percent for the plant was analyzed through the aid of the following formula (Hussain et al., 2011).
Percent Preferences of a Species = ℎ * 100 Total number of respondents Most preferred Type/category of ailment, cured with medicinal plants.
The participants were inviting to mention the type of an illness by the traditional healthcare. The percent preferences for Fumaria indica were analyzed by the aid of following formula (Hussain et al., 2011).
Percent Preferences of an ailment = ℎ preferred ailment * 100 Total number of respondents Most preferred type of plant part, used.
The respondents were asked to mention the name of a plant part which was mostly preferred by the local people for traditional healthcare. The percent preference for plant part was considered through the aid of the following formula (Hussain et al., 2011).

Most preferred form of utilization (recipe).
The responded were investigated to mention the recipe which was favored by the local people for their curative care. The percent preferences for each recipe were determine through the aid of the following formula (Ahmad and Husain, 2008).
Percent Preferences of a Reciepe = ℎ preferred recipe * 100 Total number of respondents Total one hundred (100) respondents, 25 from every site, were consulted. From each site 5 most popular villages were chosen and 5 accessible eldest participants were investigate (Khan et al., 2012), and the data on every parameters were documented.

Statistical Analysis:
The recorded data was tabulated theme wise and Microsoft Excel program was used in the calculation of values and percent references and its presentation in graphic form.

Determination of Proximate analysis of Fumaria indica
Proximate analysis such as a (fresh, dry weight, ash, crude fiber) in Fumaria indicaplants will be determined according to the method of (Rao and Sunitha, 2011). Fresh plant was taken from the field and wash them with water for removed all dust particles from the plant moisture by the use of soft paper and weighted on scale. The plant was taken and it was freed from any sort of moisture and dust. Plant was dried in an oven at 100°F overnight later on the plant was cooled and weighted on scale. Plant sample was ignited in the muffle furnace at 500-600 °C for 8 hrs and ash contents of samples were measured by AOAC (1984) method Crude fiber content was determined by taking 2 gram of plant with 4ml of H2 SO4 and remains free for 30 minute after that 2ml Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were added than all samples were weighted for the absorbance of crude fiber by AOAC (1984) method. Soil pH was calculated in 1:6 soil water suspensions with a pH meter (Jackson et al., 1962).

Peroxidase contents
The peroxidase content of different parts Fumaria indica in Figure 1 (a) from different locations in which the hilly area Srikot the peroxidase contents were higher (5184µg/g) in the leaf extract of Fumaria indica as compare to peroxidase content (4433 µg/g) were found in the root extract of Fumaria indica. The peroxidase contents were lower ( 3111µg/g) in the flower extract of Fumaria indica and from the Khanpur the peroxidase contents were higher (7143µg/g) in the leaf extract of Fumaria indica as compare to peroxidase content (5587 µg/g) were found in the root extract of

Fresh weight
The Figure 1(b) were represented that the fresh weight Fumaria indica from different locations in which hilly area Srikot fresh plant weight (5.51g) and Khanpur fresh plant weight (5.53g) and from the plane area City the fresh plant weight (5.56g) were observed and from tarbela the fresh plant weight (5.72g) were observed in the Fumaria indica plant.

Dry weight
The Figure 1(c) were represented that the dry weight Fumaria indica from different locations in which hilly area Srikot dry plant weight (1.25g) and from Khanpur dry weight (1.22g) and from the plane area City the dry plant weight (1.28g) were observed and from Tarbela the dry plant weight (1.24g) were observed in the Fumaria indica plant.

Ash contents
The data regarding ash content of Fumaria indica were showed in Figure 1(d) represent that the ash content Fumaria indica from different locations in which hilly area Srikot ash content (0.48%) and Khanpur ash content (0.52%) and from the plane area City ash content (0.43%) were observed and from tarbela the ash content (0.45%) were observed in the Fumaria indica plant.

Crude fiber
The

Ethnobotanical study of Fumaria indica
The Fumaria indica belong to family Fumariaceae, flowering periods (April-May) plant species were grow habit herb. Understandable reality that the public of Pakistani rural areas widely depend on plant drug for the treatment of diseases. The residents of Srikot, Khanpur, City and Tarbela valley are blessed to have wide range of wild plant that are beneficial, play vital role in environment. The results show that from these areas selected Fumaria indica were locally called (papra) and know about their medicinal importance from these selected locations.

Most preferred medicinal use of Fumaria indica
The results obtained on this factor were given in Figure 16. In terms of this study exposed that the medicinally important of species "Fumaria indica" at different locations. From the hilly area Srikot (12.21%) and from Khanpur (13.11%) on the other hand from plane area City (10.22%) and from Tarbela (11.33%) were obtained.

Most preferred type of plant part, used
The introductory survey showed in figure 18 indicated that in maximum treatments. Whole plants (40.55%) ,Leaves (35.05%) , Roots (15.5%),Flowers (6.05%) were used by the local community.

Most preferred form of utilization (recipe)
The four conclusion showed in figure 18 was a survey concerning the type of apply (recipe).  Local name of the species: Uses in the Area:Which part is collected:

Most preferred health problem treated with local plants.
Health problems related to: Reproduction, skin, digestion, nutrition and tonic, respiration, blood purification, bones and joints, brain and nerves, urinary system. were found that more fresh weight is obtained Tarbela plant (5.72g) compare to City (5.56) Khanpur (5.53g) and Srikot (5.51g) fresh plant weight shown Figure 11. The difference occurred due to biotic factor that influence the plant. Analyzed the dry weight of Fumaria indica from different locations from which more dry weight quantity was measured (1.28g) from City plant than that of Srikot (1.25g) Tarbela (1.24g) and Khanpur (1.22g) shown Figure:12.The difference occurred due to moisture contents which was present in plant. . Ash content of Fumaria indica was observed from different locations the result was obtained the higher ash content (0.52%) from Khanpur area plant compare to Srikot (0.48%) Tarbela (0.45%) and City (0.43%) shown Figure:13.This is similar to the finding of (Fu et al., 2016).investigated that Ash content were different in different plant found that there is a negative response of ash with organic matter and both have an inverse relationship. They reported that increase in ash content decreased the organic matter content.

Most preferred traditional use / recipe commonly used
It was found that crude fiber content were analyzed in different parts of Fumaria indica at different locations (Srikot, Khanpur, City, Tarbela). The higher content (16.1mg) was obtained in leaves of City and the lower crude fiber content (5.5mg) was measured in flower of Khanpur area plant and locations wise result were show that from hilly areas crude fiber contents were found higher in samples collected from Srikot as compare to Khanpur site plant samples on the other hand from plane areas higher crude fiber contents were found in City site sample as compare to Tarbela site samples shown Figure:14.This is similar to the finding of (Ravikhanthe, 2014) studied nutritional chemical constituents of the Fumaria indica. They isolated that F. indica contain huge amount of chemical constituent such as crude fiber, protein, fat, which was highly medicinal value.pH value were found in different parts Fumaria indica from different localities (Srikot, Khanpur, City, Tarbela) The higher pH value was show in (9.1) in leaf of Tarbela and the least pH value (6.58) in flower of Srikot and locations wise result were show that from hilly areas pH value were found higher in Srikot plant as compare to Khanpur area plant samples on the other hand from plane areas higher pH value was found in Tarbela plant as compare to City area plant samples shown Figure:15. The collection of plant samples in various places of Haripur due to different places soil pH effect the plant parts that's why the pH values or extract values the pH is changes.
This observation is relevant to plants. (Laleh et al., 2006) who reported that the pH values depends on the different compounds which present in plants the variations in abiotic conditions during field and the factors effecting on plants pH, temperature and soil condition etc. Ethnobotanical study of Fumaria indica were found from different locations (Srikot, Khanpur, City, Tarbela) in local language Fumaria indica was called ''Papra" finding that Fumaria indica has highly medicinal value plants were connected through stomach disorders follow by those related with reproductive, respiratory, cleansing of blood, skin allergies, brain and nerves, urinary, nutritional and tonic, and use to relief the bones and joints pain. Plant was used by local community as whole plant, leave, root and flower these all part were highly medicinal used for the treatment of diseases, utilized in the form of powder, decoction, tea, paste, fresh, juice, cream and Tincher shown in Figure.

Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.