1.Unemo M, Shafer WM: Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: past, evolution, and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014, 27(3):587–613.
2.Ito M, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, Ito S, Takahashi Y, Ishihara S, Maeda S, Deguchi T: Remarkable increase in central Japan in 2001–2002 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with decreased susceptibility to penicillin, tetracycline, oral cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48(8):3185–3187.
3.Tanaka M, Furuya R, Irie S, Kanayama A, Kobayashi I: High Prevalence of Azithromycin-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates With a Multidrug Resistance Phenotype in Fukuoka, Japan. Sex Transm Dis 2015, 42(6):337–341.
4.Jacobs MR: Mechanisms of Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In: Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. edn.: Springer; 2017: 867–888.
5.Ison CA, Dillon J-AR, Tapsall JW: The epidemiology of global antibiotic resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi. The Lancet 1998, 351:S8-S11.
6.Kenyon C, Buyze J, Spiteri G, Cole MJ, Unemo M: Antimicrobial consumption is associated with decreased antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 24 European countries: an ecological analysis. JID 2019, Apr 8. pii: jiz153. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz153. [Epub ahead of print].
7.Tedijanto C, Olesen SW, Grad YH, Lipsitch M: Estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018, 115(51):E11988-E11995.
8.Dong HV, Pham LQ, Nguyen HT, Nguyen MXB, Nguyen TV, May F, Le GM, Klausner JD: Decreased Cephalosporin Susceptibility of Oropharyngeal Neisseria Species in Antibiotic-Using Men-who-have-sex-with-men of Hanoi, Vietnam. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
9.Kenyon C, Buyze J, Wi T: Antimicrobial consumption and susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a global ecological analysis. Frontiers in medicine 2018, 5:329.
10.Austin DJ, Kakehashi M, Anderson RM: The transmission dynamics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: the relationship between resistance in commensal organisms and antibiotic consumption. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci 1997, 264(1388):1629–1638.
11.Yasuda M, Ito S, Hatazaki K, Deguchi T: Remarkable increase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility of azithromycin and increase in the failure of azithromycin therapy in male gonococcal urethritis in Sendai in 2015. J Infect Chemother 2016, 22(12):841–843.
12.Johnson L, Bradshaw D, Dorrington R, South African Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating G: The burden of disease attributable to sexually transmitted infections in South Africa in 2000. S Afr Med J 2007, 97(8 Pt 2):658–662.
13.Petri W: Penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactam antibiotics. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th Ed McGraw-Hill, New York 2011:1477–1504.
14.Antimicrobial wild type distributions of microorganisms [https://mic.eucast.org/Eucast2/SearchController/search.jsp?action = performSearch&BeginIndex = 0&Micdif = mic&NumberIndex = 50&Antib = –1&Specium = 169]
15.Turnidge J, Kahlmeter G, Kronvall G: Statistical characterisation of bacterial wild-type MIC value distributions and the determination of epidemiological cut-off values. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006, 12(5):418–425.
16.Reyn A, Korner B, Bentzon MW: Effects of Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline on N-Gonorrhoeae Isolated in 1944 and in 1957. Brit J Vener Dis 1958, 34(4):227–239.
17.Hoffmann S: The laboratory surveillance system of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in Denmark. Euro Surveill 2001, 6(5):86–90.
18.Keys TF, Halverson CW, Clarke EJ: Single-dose treatment of gonorrhea with selected antibiotic agents. Jama 1969, 210(5):857–861.
19.Hamasuna R, Yasuda M, Ishikawa K, Uehara S, Takahashi S, Hayami H, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto T, Minamitani S, Watanabe A: Nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from male urethritis in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2013, 19(4):571–578.
20.Robins-Browne RM, Gaillard MC, Koornhof HJ, Schneider J: Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Johannesburg. S Afr Med J 1978, 54(15):601–603.
21.Rambaran S, Naidoo K, Dookie N, Moodley P, Sturm AW: Resistance Profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Questioning the Effect of the Currently Advocated Dual Therapy. Sex Transm Dis 2019, 46(4):266–270.
22.Fairbrother RW: Resistance of Gonococci to Penicillin. The Lancet 1961, 278(7196):226–230.
23.Public Health England: Gonococcal resistance to antimicrobials surveillance programme. Annual Report, Year 2001. Public Health England: London. 2001.
24.Lankford C: The In Vitro Tolerance of the Gonococcus for Penicillin. American Journal of Syphilis 1945, 29(1):56–63.
25.Schwarcz SK, Zenilman JM, Schnell D, Knapp JS, Hook EW, Thompson S, Judson FN, Holmes KK: National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Jama 1990, 264(11):1413–1417.
26.Del Love B, Finland M: Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Eleven Antibiotics and Sulfadiazine. Comparison of Susceptibility of Recently Isolated Strains with Results obtained in Previous Years in the Same Laboratory. Archives of Internal Medicine 1955, 95(1):66–73.
27.Tanaka M, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi I, Uchino U, Kumazawa J: Emergence of in vitro resistance to fluoroquinolones in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995, 39(10):2367–2370.
28.Moodley P, Pillay C, Goga R, Kharsany AB, Sturm AW: Evolution in the trends of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Durban over a 5 year period: impact of the introduction of syndromic management. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001, 48(6):853–859.
29.Public Health England. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Key findings from the ‘Gonococcal resistance to antimicrobials surveillance programme’ (GRASP) and related surveillance data. Public Health England: London. 2016.
30.Shimuta K, Watanabe Y, Nakayama S, Morita-Ishihara T, Kuroki T, Unemo M, Ohnishi M: Emergence and evolution of internationally disseminated cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae clones from 1995 to 2005 in Japan. BMC Infect Dis 2015, 15:378.
31.Duncan ME: Characterization of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2012.
32.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017: Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Supplement and Profiles. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services 2019.
33.Public Health England: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales: Key findings from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP). PHE: Wellington House 2016.
34.Lewis DA: The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant N gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Infect 2013, 89 Suppl 4:iv47–51.
35.Kirkcaldy RD, Zaidi A, Hook EW, Holmes KK, Soge O, del Rio C, Hall G, Papp J, Bolan G, Weinstock HS: Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Men Who Have Sex Exclusively With Women: The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005–2010. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013, 158(5).
36.Lomholt G, Berg O: The gonorrhea situation in South Greenland in the summer 1964. Br J Vener DIs 1966, 42(2):1–7.
37.Organization WH: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal infections. Report of a WHO Scientific Group: WHO; 1978.
38.Willcox R: A survey of problems in the antibiotic treatment of gonorrhoea. With special reference to South-East Asia. Brit J Vener Dis 1970, 46(3):217.
39.Lewis DA, Ison CA, Livermore DM, Chen HY, Hooi AY, Wisdom AR: A one-year survey of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from patients attending an east London genitourinary medicine clinic: antibiotic susceptibility patterns and patients’ characteristics. Genitourin Med 1995, 71(1):13–17.
40.Li S, Su X-H, Le W-J, Jiang F-X, Wang B-X, Rice PA: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from symptomatic men attending the Nanjing sexually transmitted diseases clinic (2011–2012): genetic characteristics of isolates with reduced sensitivity to ceftriaxone. BMC infectious diseases 2014, 14(1):622.
41.Harris SR, Cole MJ, Spiteri G, Sanchez-Buso L, Golparian D, Jacobsson S, Goater R, Abudahab K, Yeats CA, Bercot B et al: Public health surveillance of multidrug-resistant clones of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Europe: a genomic survey. Lancet Infect Dis 2018, 18(7):758–768.
42.Wadsworth CB, Arnold BJ, Sater MRA, Grad YH: Azithromycin Resistance through Interspecific Acquisition of an Epistasis-Dependent Efflux Pump Component and Transcriptional Regulator in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mbio 2018, 9(4).
43.Wi T, Lahra MM, Ndowa F, Bala M, Dillon JR, Ramon-Pardo P, Eremin SR, Bolan G, Unemo M: Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action. PLoS Med 2017, 14(7):e1002344.
44.Soga M, Gaston KJ: Shifting baseline syndrome: causes, consequences, and implications. Front Ecol Environ 2018, 16(4):222–230.
45.Lahra MM, Australian Gonococcal Surveillance: Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2013. Commun Dis Intell 2015, 39(1):E137-E145.
46.Smits SA, Leach J, Sonnenburg ED, Gonzalez CG, Lichtman JS, Reid G, Knight R, Manjurano A, Changalucha J, Elias JE et al: Seasonal cycling in the gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. Science 2017, 357(6353):802–806.
47.Schnorr SL, Candela M, Rampelli S, Centanni M, Consolandi C, Basaglia G, Turroni S, Biagi E, Peano C, Severgnini M et al: Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers. Nat Commun 2014, 5:3654.
48.Public Health England: GRASP 2008 Report: Trends in Antimicrobial Resistant Gonorrhoea: Public Health England; 2008.
49.Public Health England: Gonococcal resistance to antimicrobials surveillance programme. Annual Report, Year 2003. Public Health England: London 2003.
50.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 1992: Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Supplement and Profiles. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services 1994.
51.Centers for Disease Control Prevention: Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) annual report–2002. Atlanta: CDC 2005\3.