The concept of creating thrust based on angular momentum change

: The change in the kinetic moment of a material body is considered regarding to classical and quantum mechanics. The possibility of creating the propulsion system in terms of energy efficiency exceeding the photon engine has been theoretically proved. The proposed new principle of motion is based on the law of conservation of angular momentum and is fully consistent with the basic fundamental laws of physics. It is proposed to use the emission/absorption of streams of low-energy particles with spin in the direction perpendicular to the movement of the material body. The practical implementation of this idea is confirmed by the presence of promising approaches to solving the problem of quantizing gravity (string theory, loop quantum gravity, etc.) recognized by the world scientific community and by the successful results of experiments conducted by the authors with the motion of bodies in a vacuum chamber. The proposed idea, the examples and experiments has given grounds for the formation of new physical concepts of the speed, mass and inertia of bodies. The obtained results can be used in experiments to search for elementary particles with low energy, to explain a number of physics phenomena and to develop transport of objects based on new physical principles.


Introduction
More than a hundred years of K.E. Tsiolkovsky presented ideas about jet propulsion [1]. For further space exploration, more efficient launch methods are being developed (catapult systems, air launch, space elevator, space tower) [2] and methods of movement in space (orbital skyhook [3], solar sail [4], ion engine [5], laser engine [6], as well as non-reactive EM-Drive engines [7] and Mach effect thruster [8], hypothetical WARP-Drive engine [9], etc.). In Russia, some projects for the development of jet engines for Roscosmos were recognized by the Commission on Combating Pseudoscience RAS [10] as pseudoscientific.
The realized ideas of creating thrust based on new physical principles should be based on strict compliance with the fundamental laws of physics: the law of conservation of momentum, the law of conservation of angular momentum, the energy conservation law, and the law of conservation of the center of mass position.
The ideas of the controlled motion of a body in the central gravitational field without mass consumption were put forward by specialists in the field of dynamics of orbital tether systems [11][12][13][14]. V.V. Beletskiy [11,12] proposed the method and model of a spacecraft in the form of a dumbbell, capable of making space flights between coplanar orbits without consuming a working fluid. A largesized dumbbell is located in space along the binormal to the orbit so that its center of mass moves along the orbit, in the plane of which the attracting center is located, and the end masses are on opposite sides of this plane. It is shown that by changing the length of the dumbbell bar it is possible to increase the eccentricity of the orbit.
A.V. Pirozhenko [13] provides control schemes for orbital elements due to different orientations of the dumbbell with a variable bar length, including the use of flywheels to hold the dumbbell in a given position. The idea of using a rotating orbital tether system with a variable bond length is proposed, which is the fact that, due to internal forces, the distance between the end bodies changes and thereby the angular velocity of rotation of the system is controlled so that the system is in the desired orientation longer than in the position, giving the opposite effect of control.
In [14], the orbital elements are controlled by a tether system with a periodically varying length by taking into account the inhomogeneity of the gravitational field.

Classical mechanics
In the central gravity field, there is a relationship between rotational motion relative to the center of mass of the body and the radial motion of the body [15].
Consider the movement of a rigid dumbbell in the central gravitational field. Suppose that two finite exact masses of a dumbbell are connected by a weightless rigid rod. Two external forces of attraction and (Fig. 1) are acted upon the dumbbell. The change in the angular momentum of the dumbbell relative to the center О is equal to the main moment of the external forces (angular momentum change theorem) = . (1) The moments of attraction forces and relative to the center О are equal to zero, therefore and the angular momentum of the dumbbell is a constant value.

= + ;
(3) the vector of the angular momentum of the mass center of the dumbbell С, in which the entire mass of the dumbbell is concentrated, relative to the center О; the vector of the angular momentum of the dumbbell rotation relative to the mass center С.

= × ;
(4) dumbbell mass; the radius vector of the mass center of the dumbbell to the attractive center О; = ; (5) the moment of inertia of the dumbbell in the plane of motion relative to the center С, the central axial (binormal) moment of inertia; absolute angular speed of the dumbbell rotation.
When the dumbbell deviates from the local vertical, relative to the center С, a moment of forces and arises, tending to return the dumbbell to a position along the local vertical [11]: εthe angle between the axis Сх of the orbital coordinate system Схyz and the line connecting the end elements of the dumbbell; μ 0 = 3,986 • 10 14 м 3 /с 2geocentric gravitational constant of the Earth.
The maximum value of at ε = π/4. To maintain a given position of the dumbbell at an angle ε, a counterbalancing moment ( = ) is required, which can be created using a flywheel. = ω̇; (7) flywheel moment of inertia; ω̇angular acceleration of the flywheel rotation.
As a result, spinning the flywheel to a certain angular velocity ω, the angular momentum changes, and, consequently, the angular momentum . The limitation on the maximum change in is due to the limiting angular velocity of the flywheel rotation. The fact of the relationship between rotational motion around the mass center and radial motion is observed in nature. Every year the Moon moves away from the Earth by 3.8 cm, while the Earth slows down its angular velocity of rotation [18].
Thus, the relationship between the rotational motion of the body relative to the mass center and the radial motion of the body is shown. It should be noted that there is no violation of the conservation law of the mass center position. The center of the gravitational field О (the mass center of a closed system, and more strictly -the mass center of the Earth-dumbbell system), as well as the mass center of the Earth-Moon system, does not change its position. Only the position of the bodies relative to the common mass center changes.

Quantum mechanics
It is known from quantum mechanics [19] that elementary particles have spin (intrinsic angular momentum), which has a quantum nature and it is not associated with the movement of the particle as a whole.
∆the vector of change in the velocity of an object of mass m, in the case of a change in its angular momentum due to the radiation of n elementary particles; sthe spin vector of an elementary particle; h -Planck's constant (ℎ = 6.626070040 • 10 −34 J • s).
∆the vector of change in the speed of an object of mass m in the case of jet propulsion due to the emission of n photons with a wavelength . In this case, energy costs for movement: where сthe speed of light.
The momentum of the same n photons, using their spin for the movement of an object, is determined by expression (10), and the energy costs for moving an object of mass m: From expressions (12) and (13) it follows that for λ > 2π / , to change the velocity of an object in a central field at a distance R from the center of attraction, it is energetically more advantageous to use the angular momentum of an elementary particle in comparison with its momentum (jet motion).
In this case, the emission of low-energy particles should be carried out in the direction perpendicular to the plane of motion (Fig. 3). The results obtained theoretically prove the possibility and energy feasibility of implementing the idea of creating a thrust based on a change in the kinetic moment for the development of transport facilities based on new physical principles.
Let's evaluate the practical possibility of implementing the idea. In recent decades, several promising approaches to solving the problem of quantizing gravity have been developed: string theory, loop quantum gravity, and others. The proposed theories are confirmed by the observed phenomena in astrophysics and thought experiments. As a consequence of the principle of particlewave dualism for the description of the gravitational field, the hypothesis of the existence of gravitons is actively considered.

Application of gravitons
The Compton graviton wavelength λ > 1 • 10 16 m [20], which is much larger than the Earth's radius (6,371,000 m) and the distance from the Earth to the Sun (149,600,000,000 m). Thus, if gravitons are used for motion, then using their spin (angular momentum) is a billion times more profitable than using them in jet motion near the Earth's surface. The spin vector s (direction of emission) is directed perpendicular to the plane of motion of the object.
It is necessary that all atoms of the object simultaneously emit low-energy particles for macroobjects to move with such accelerations without internal deformation. Thus, we get movement without overload. For the practical implementation of the idea, it is necessary to obtain directed flows of low-energy particles.

About the law of momentum conservation
An example with gravitons and a diagram of the movement of an object in the radial direction ( Fig. 2) give grounds for putting forward the hypothesis about the presence of emission/absorption of elementary particles with spin.
A material body emits/absorbs elementary particles with spin in a plane perpendicular to the vector of its velocity of motion: -when the body moves without acceleration, the emission is equal to the absorption; -with slow motion of the body, the emission exceeds the absorption; -with accelerated motion of the body, the absorption exceeds the emission.
To estimate the momentum of emitted/absorbed elementary particles, we write equation (10) in the following form: the average radius of space curvature in the vicinity of material quantum particles of the body, due to the forces of gravitational attraction of the universe. The use of this scalar parameter in (15)

Examples of physic phenomena
Well-known experiment: electron diffraction by a slit (Fig. 4). The appearance of the perpendicular component of the electron momentum after passing through the slit confirms the hypothesis of the presence of emission/absorption of low-energy particles, and the quantum uncertainty of elementary particles may be due to this emission.  In the frames of slow-motion shooting [23] of a pistol shot (Fig. 6), the movement of powder gases in the plane perpendicular to the movement of the bullet is observed. To confirm the hypothesis about the presence of emission/absorption of elementary particles in the process of accelerated motion of the body, it is advisable to carry out experiments in a vacuum.

American experiment
On the Internet there is a popular experiment with gravity, which was conducted by physicist Brian Cox in a large vacuum chamber "Space Power Facility" NASA in the US state of Ohio [24].   The process of ball rebound from the damper is also under the study. In this case, when the ball moves up, the presented frames of slow motion (Fig. 9) coincides with the assumption that the ball emits elementary particles in the plane perpendicular to its motion.
the speed of the body (ball) relative to the detector (Fig. 11); ∆the time interval during which the speed of the body (ball) changes by Δ with respect to the detector; width of the detector (villi) in the plane of emission/absorption by the body (ball) of elementary particles (Fig. 11); the distance from the detector (villi) to the mass center of the ball (Fig. 11).
where 0the initial speed of the body -(ball); Then, taking into account (17) and (20), the number of particles passing through the detector with height ∆ is The function ( 0 ), defined by expression (21), for positive values of ∆ has a negative derivative: ′ ( 0 ) < 0,, therefore, the function ( 0 ) is decreasing, and its maximum value is attained at 0 = 0: Let us estimate the Compton wavelength of an elementary particle based on the principle of equivalence of mass and energy.
When the speed of a body changes, its relativistic mass changes: Based on the energy conservation law, the radiation energy of elementary particles with the Compton wavelength cannot exceed the change in the energy of the body due to the relativistic effect: Taking into account equations (15) and (23), we obtain The maximum value ∆ = and inequality (26) takes the form Constraint (27) can only be satisfied by very low-energy particles. For example, the Compton wavelength of a hypothetical particle graviton λ > 1 • 10 16 m [20].

The Russian experiment
Low-energy particles, satisfying condition (27) is ∆ ). The advantage of this type of motion is that there is no gravity load on the fluff and that the maximum flow of low-energy particles is ensured (21). A clear anomaly in the movement of feathers against the center of the ball is observed in the American experiment described above (Fig. 8). In the presence of attraction from the side of the ball, the oscillation period of the fluffs close to the horizontal plane of the section passing through the mass center of the ball should decrease. The presented frames from the GoPro mobile camera show the oscillation of a fluff close to the above plane (Fig. 14). The frequency of its oscillations is higher than that of the others: the fluff manages to make two complete oscillations, while the rest is no more than 1.5. In the first frame (Fig. 14 a), the fluff is deflected by the maximum amplitude from the vertical. In the second frame (Fig. 14 b), the fluff is pressed back to the feather. In the third frame (Fig. 14c), the fluff again deflects to its maximum amplitude (somewhat less than in the first frame -damped oscillations) towards the ball. In the fourth frame (Fig. 14d), the fluff again tends to the vertical. In the same frame, a new fluff appears for the first time, clearly opposite the center of mass of the ball, slightly lower than the previously considered fluff. Its appearance may be due to the presence of radiation of low-energy particles in the direction of the ball, in particular, this radiation could serve as a trigger when removing it from the engaged position. (suspended on an independent thread) GoPro video camera was obtained (Fig. 15 -17).
When comparing fragments of frames (Fig. 15) before and after the flight of the ball next to the fluff (indicated by the arrow), its deviation towards the ball is observed. Similar deflections of fluffs are observed at other moments of the ball's falling ( Fig. 16 and Fig. 17). On the third attempt, the chamber pressure was 0.07 mm Hg. Both cameras were stationary (they were hung on threads). Two vertical plumb lines, a garland of decorative feathers (left) and a garland of ostrich feathers (right) were located along the flight path of the ball on different sides (Fig.   18). When falling, the ball touched the decorative feathers of the left garland; therefore, the analysis of the movement of the feathers of the decorative feathers is not given. A barely noticeable change in the angular position of the fluff on the right garland was observed during the flight of the ball (Fig.   18). A clear oscillatory motion of the fluff was observed from another video camera (Fig. 19). This

Massless engine technology
According to the proposed hypothesis, a device creating thrust without mass consumption should provide high-frequency oscillations of the working fluid and receive a useful flow of lowenergy elementary particles with spin. The most famous attempts to implement such devices are EM-Drive Thruster [25,26] and Mach effect thruster [27].
It is necessary to carry out additional experiments in order to study the generation of directed

About the theory of quantum gravity
Among the majority of modern theories of gravity, the theory of gravity with torsion is recognized as an extension of the general theory of relativity [28]. Currently, there are active attempts to construct a quantum theory of gravity, the main directions are considered to be string theory [29] and loop quantum gravity [30]. The main problem in confirming the proposed theories is the difficulty in conducting experiments to search for low-energy particles [31].
The demand for consistency between a quantum description of matter and a geometric description of spacetime a theory is required in which gravity and the associated geometry of spacetime are described in the language of quantum physics [28]. Despite major efforts, no complete and consistent theory of quantum gravity is currently known, even though a number of promising candidates exist.
Well-known experiments with gravity were carried out in two directions: 1) measurement of the force of gravitational attraction between material bodies; 2) measurements of gravitational waves (changes in the gravitational field, space-time); and are not associated with the registration of lowenergy particle fluxes interacting with material bodies. A similar interaction is observed in astrophysics (the phenomenon of "dark matter"). In case of proper experimental confirmation, the given hypothesis about the emission / absorption of low-energy particles by bodies will make it possible to establish a connection between gravity and the physics of the microworld, classical and quantum mechanics.
The given hypothesis is consistent with the basic laws of physics: the law of conservation of momentum, the law of conservation of angular momentum, the law of conservation of energy, and the law of conservation of the position of the mass center.
As regards the latter, it should be noted that it does not hold in relativistic mechanics. Let's look at a simple example. Two bodies of different masses, forming a closed system, move in a straight line towards each other, for example, by gravity. The speed of an object with a smaller mass increases more than that of another object, i.e. its relativistic mass increases faster (28). This means that the mass center of the system shifted towards the object with a smaller mass. In the case of the given hypothesis, the mass center of the system does not change due to the inclusion of emission.

Conclusion
1) The possibility and energy feasibility of implementing the idea of creating a thrust based on a change in the kinetic moment for the development of transport objects based on the new physic principles has been theoretically proved.
2) The practical implementation of the idea requires additional fundamental research and experimental confirmation of the fluxes of low-energy elementary particles with spin.
3  Figure 1 Dumbbell movement in the central gravitational eld. Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.

Figure 2
Scheme of movement in the radial direction. Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.

Figure 3
Motion based on the use of the elementary particles spin. Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.

Figure 4
Diffraction of electrons by the slit Figure 5 Central inelastic impact of a liquid drop Figure 6 The direction of movement of gases after the shot  Frames of the rebound of the ball and feathers in vacuum Scheme for calculating the particle ux through detector A Figure 12 Equipment for the experiment in the vacuum chamber of the STC RSI Figure 13 Fragments of video recording frames. Changing the angle of the uff relative to the vertical: a) before the ight of the ball, b) during the ight of the ball (Second Figure 11 in the manuscript.) Figure 14 Video footage of a fall of the ostrich feathers bunch from a falling video camera     Frames of changes in the position of the uff relative to the vertical