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Research article
Seyedeh Elham Rezatofighi
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1373-7346
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: The emergence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing isolates is alarming since they carry mobile genetic elements with great ability to spread; therefore, early detection of these isolates, particularly their reservoir, is crucial to prevent their inter- and intra-care setting dissemination and establish suitable antimicrobial therapies. The current study was designed to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), MBL producers and identification of MBL resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from fecal samples of the healthy children under three years old. A total of 412 fecal E. coli isolates were collected from October 2017 to December 2018. The study population included healthy infants and children aged <3 years who did not exhibit symptoms of any diseases, especially gastrointestinal diseases. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR, the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and MBL by phenotypic methods. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were investigated for the presence of MBL and carbapenemase genes, plasmid profiling, and the ability of conjugation.
Results: In sum, AMR, multi-drug resistance (MDR) and ESBL production were observed in more than 54.9%, 36.2% and 11.7% of commensal E. coli isolates, respectively. Out of six isolates resistant to imipenem and meropenem, four isolates were phenotypically detected as MBL producers. Two and one E. coli strains carried the blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-2 genes, respectively and were able to transmit imipenem resistance through conjugation.
Conclusion: Our findings showed that children not exposed to antibiotics can be colonized by E. coli isolates resistant to the commonly used antimicrobial compounds and can be a good indicator for the occurrence and prevalence of AMR in the community. These bacteria can act as a potential reservoir of AMR genes including MBL genes of pathogenic bacteria and lead to the dissemination of resistance mechanisms to other bacteria.
Keywords
Commensal Escherichia coli, Antimicrobial resistance, Metallo-beta-lactamase, Carbapenem, NDM, VIM, Conjugation
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
Version 3
Posted 03 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 22 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 21 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 21 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 21 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 15 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 03 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 03 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 03 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 12 Oct, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 10 Oct, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 06 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 12 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 24 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Jul, 2020
Editor assigned
On 20 Jul, 2020
First submitted
On 19 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 19 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 19 Jul, 2020
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Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Microbiology.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Seyedeh Elham Rezatofighi
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1373-7346
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
Version 3
Posted 03 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 22 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 21 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 21 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 21 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 15 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 03 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 03 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 03 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 12 Oct, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 10 Oct, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 06 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 12 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 24 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Jul, 2020
Editor assigned
On 20 Jul, 2020
First submitted
On 19 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 19 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 19 Jul, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
Background: The emergence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing isolates is alarming since they carry mobile genetic elements with great ability to spread; therefore, early detection of these isolates, particularly their reservoir, is crucial to prevent their inter- and intra-care setting dissemination and establish suitable antimicrobial therapies. The current study was designed to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), MBL producers and identification of MBL resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from fecal samples of the healthy children under three years old. A total of 412 fecal E. coli isolates were collected from October 2017 to December 2018. The study population included healthy infants and children aged <3 years who did not exhibit symptoms of any diseases, especially gastrointestinal diseases. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR, the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and MBL by phenotypic methods. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were investigated for the presence of MBL and carbapenemase genes, plasmid profiling, and the ability of conjugation.
Results: In sum, AMR, multi-drug resistance (MDR) and ESBL production were observed in more than 54.9%, 36.2% and 11.7% of commensal E. coli isolates, respectively. Out of six isolates resistant to imipenem and meropenem, four isolates were phenotypically detected as MBL producers. Two and one E. coli strains carried the blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-2 genes, respectively and were able to transmit imipenem resistance through conjugation.
Conclusion: Our findings showed that children not exposed to antibiotics can be colonized by E. coli isolates resistant to the commonly used antimicrobial compounds and can be a good indicator for the occurrence and prevalence of AMR in the community. These bacteria can act as a potential reservoir of AMR genes including MBL genes of pathogenic bacteria and lead to the dissemination of resistance mechanisms to other bacteria.
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