[1] Bran GM, Stern-Straeter J, Hörmann K, Riedel F, Goessler UR. Apoptosis in bone for tissue engineering. Arch Med Res. 2008;39(5):467-482. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.02.007
[2] El Tamer MK, Reis RL. Progenitor and stem cells for bone and cartilage regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2009;3(5):327-337. doi:10.1002/term.173
[3] Siegel G, Kluba T, Hermanutz-Klein U, Bieback K, Northoff H, Schäfer R. Phenotype, donor age and gender affect function of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. BMC Med. 2013;11:146. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-146
[4] Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126(4):663-676. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
[5] Brafman DA. Generation, Expansion, and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell (hPSC) Derived Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs). Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1212:87-102. doi:10.1007/7651_2014_90
[6] Aubin JE. Regulation of osteoblast formation and function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2001;2(1):81-94. doi:10.1023/a:1010011209064
[7] Long F. Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011;13(1):27-38. doi:10.1038/nrm3254
[8] Matsushita Y, Ono W, Ono N. Growth plate skeletal stem cells and their transition from cartilage to bone. Bone. 2020;136:115359. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115359
[9] Heins N, Englund MC, Sjöblom C, et al. Derivation, characterization, and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. 2004;22(3):367-376. doi:10.1634/stemcells.22-3-367
[10] Becker KA, Stein JL, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. Establishment of histone gene regulation and cell cycle checkpoint control in human embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 2007;210(2):517-526. doi:10.1002/jcp.20903
[11] Zhou P, Wu F, Zhou T, et al. Simple and versatile synthetic polydopamine-based surface supports reprogramming of human somatic cells and long-term self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions. Biomaterials. 2016;87:1-17. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.012
[12] Zhou Y, Zhou P, Xin Y, et al. Trend of telomerase activity change during human iPSC self-renewal and differentiation revealed by a quartz crystal microbalance based assay. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6978. doi:10.1038/srep06978[13] Zhang S, Sun Y, Sui Y, et al. Determining Osteogenic Differentiation Efficacy of Pluripotent Stem Cells by Telomerase Activity. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2018;15(6):751-760. doi:10.1007/s13770-018-0138-6
[14] Soufi A, Dalton S. Cycling through developmental decisions: how cell cycle dynamics control pluripotency, differentiation and reprogramming. Development. 2016;143(23):4301-4311. doi:10.1242/dev.142075
[15] Kareta MS, Sage J, Wernig M. Crosstalk between stem cell and cell cycle machineries. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2015;37:68-74. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2015.10.001
[16] Dalton S. Linking the Cell Cycle to Cell Fate Decisions. Trends Cell Biol. 2015;25(10):592-600. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.007
[17] Morgan DO. Principles of CDK regulation. Nature. 1995;374(6518):131-134. doi:10.1038/374131a0
[18] Zvereva MI, Shcherbakova DM, Dontsova OA. Telomerase: structure, functions, and activity regulation. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2010;75(13):1563-1583. doi:10.1134/s0006297910130055
[19] Taji F, Kouchesfahani HM, Sheikholeslami F, et al. Autophagy induction reduces telomerase activity in HeLa cells. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017;163:40-45. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.011
[20] Neganova I, Lako M. G1 to S phase cell cycle transition in somatic and embryonic stem cells. J Anat. 2008;213(1):30-44. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00931.x
[21] Long F. Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011;13(1):27-38. Published 2011 Dec 22. doi:10.1038/nrm3254
[22] Ishiy FA, Fanganiello RD, Griesi-Oliveira K, et al. Improvement of In Vitro Osteogenic Potential through Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Dental Tissue towards Mesenchymal-Like Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int. 2015;2015:249098. doi:10.1155/2015/249098
[23] Wu H, Whitfield TW, Gordon JA, et al. Genomic occupancy of RUNX2 with global expression profiling identifies a novel dimension to control of osteoblastogenesis. Genome Biol. 2014;15(3):R52. doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-3-r52
[24] Park SJ, Jung SH, Jogeswar G, et al. The transcription factor snail regulates osteogenic differentiation by repressing RUNX2 expression. Bone. 2010;46(6):1498-1507. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.02.027
[25] Narisawa S, Yadav MC, Millán JL. In vivo overexpression of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase increases skeletal mineralization and affects the phosphorylation status of osteopontin. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(7):1587-1598. doi:10.1002/jbmr.1901
[26] Liu J, Chen W, Zhao Z, Xu HHK. Effect of NELL1 gene overexpression in iPSC-MSCs seeded on calcium phosphate cement. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(12):5128-5138. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.016
[27] Liu J, Chen W, Zhao Z, Xu HH. Reprogramming of mesenchymal stem cells derived from iPSCs seeded on biofunctionalized calcium phosphate scaffold for bone engineering. Biomaterials. 2013;34(32):7862-7872. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.029
[28] Karp JM, Ferreira LS, Khademhosseini A, Kwon AH, Yeh J, Langer RS. Cultivation of human embryonic stem cells without the embryoid body step enhances osteogenesis in vitro. Stem Cells. 2006;24(4):835-843. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0383
[29] Romberg RW, Werness PG, Riggs BL, Mann KG. Inhibition of hydroxyapatite crystal growth by bone-specific and other calcium-binding proteins. Biochemistry. 1986;25(5):1176-1180. doi:10.1021/bi00353a035
[30] Hauschka PV, Wians FH Jr. Osteocalcin-hydroxyapatite interaction in the extracellular organic matrix of bone. Anat Rec. 1989;224(2):180-188. doi:10.1002/ar.1092240208
[31] Kärner E, Bäckesjö CM, Cedervall J, Sugars RV, Ahrlund-Richter L, Wendel M. Dynamics of gene expression during bone matrix formation in osteogenic cultures derived from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790(2):110-118. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.10.004
[32] Wang M, Deng Y, Zhou P, et al. In vitro culture and directed osteogenic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells on peptides-decorated two-dimensional microenvironment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7(8):4560-4572. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b00188
[33] Tsao YT, Huang YJ, Wu HH, Liu YA, Liu YS, Lee OK. Osteocalcin Mediates Biomineralization during Osteogenic Maturation in Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(1):159. doi:10.3390/ijms18010159
[34] Kärner E, Bäckesjö CM, Cedervall J, Sugars RV, Ahrlund-Richter L, Wendel M. Dynamics of gene expression during bone matrix formation in osteogenic cultures derived from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790(2):110-118. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.10.004
[35] Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997;276(5309):71-74. doi:10.1126/science.276.5309.71
[36] Takashima Y, Era T, Nakao K, et al. Neuroepithelial cells supply an initial transient wave of MSC differentiation. Cell. 2007;129(7):1377-1388. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.028
[37] Zhang C. Transcriptional regulation of bone formation by the osteoblast-specific transcription factor Osx. J Orthop Surg Res. 2010;5:37. Published 2010 Jun 15. doi:10.1186/1749-799X-5-37
[38] Arpornmaeklong P, Brown SE, Wang Z, Krebsbach PH. Phenotypic characterization, osteoblastic differentiation, and bone regeneration capacity of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev. 2009;18(7):955-968. doi:10.1089/scd.2008.0310