Assessing The Economic Viability And Fueling Capacity of Renewable Hydrogen: A Way Forward For Green Economic Performance And Policy Measures

36 Energy security and environmental measurements are incomplete without renewable energy 37 therefore there is a dire need to explore new energy sources . Therefore, the aim of this study 38 is to measure the wind power potential to generate the renewable hydrogen including its 39 production and supply cost. We used first order eneginnering model and net present value to 40 measure the levelized cost of wind generated renewable hydrogen by using the data source of 41 Pakistan metorological department and State bank of Paksitan. Results shows that the use of 42 surplus wind and renewable hydoregn energy for green economic production is suggested as 43 an innovative project option for large-scale hydrogen use. The key annual running expenses 44 for hydrogen are electricity and storage cost, which have a major impact on the costs of 45 renwable hydrogen. Also, the results indicates that project has the potential to cut CO 2 46 pollution by 139 million metric tons and raise revenue for wind power plants by 2998.52 47 million dollars. The renewable electrolyzer plants avoided CO 2 at a rate of 24.9 – 36.9 $/ton 48 under baseload service, relative to 44.3 $/ton for the benchmark. However, in the more 49 practical mid-load situation, these plants have a significant benefit. Further, the wind 50 generated renewable hydrogen deliver a 6 – 11% larger than annual rate of return than the 51 standard CO 2 catch plant due to their capacity to remain running and supply hydrogen to the 52 consumer through periods of plentiful wind and heat. Also, the measured levelized output cost 53 of hydrogen (LCOH) was 6.22$/kgH 2 and for the PEC system, it was 8.43 $/kgH 2 . Finally, its 54 mutually agreed consensus of the environmental scientist that integration of renewable energy 55 is the way forward to increase energy security and environmental performance by ensuring 56 uninterrupted clean and green energy. Further, this application has the potential to address 57 Pakistan’s urgent issues of large -scale surplus wind and solar-generated energy, as well as 58 rising enegry demand.


Assessing the Economic Viability and Fueling Capacity of Renewable
Pakistan is also at the peak of a country-by-country ranking of climate danger. Climate 96 change has already claimed the lives of thousands of Pakistanis. This amounted to 1.1% of 97 overall GDP (Alao et al. 2020). As a result, quantifying and qualifying the potential economic 98 and environmental benefits of generating sustainable hydrogen solely from wind power is 99 significant (Dhiman and Deb 2020). Many research have investigated the architecture and 100 application of sustainable hydrogen systems using different quantitative and computational 101 methods in an effort to establish an optimum energy balance. According to (Bamisile et al. 102 sources (Taghizadeh-Hesary et al. 2020) may all be used to extract hydrogen. In order to 111 produce hydrogen from these current supplies, the resources expended must be abundant and 112 sufficient on a continuous basis. Fuel cell-powered applications, on the other hand, have been 113 produced but are currently prohibitively costly (Hou et al. 2019). However, with further 114 research and development, these inventions are expected to reach a cost-effective spectrum. 115 When fossil resources become scarce, hydrogen fuel-cell cars are anticipated to supplant 116 conventional gasoline vehicles. Currently, hydrogen processing using wind energy in the 117 electrolysis phase is thought to emit the least amount of greenhouse gas pollution of any 118 hydrogen production method. Furthermore, of all green energy sources, wind-generated power 119 has the lowest cost per kWh (Sun, et al., 2020). 120 The contribution of this paper lies in the following aspects, (i) Our key aim is to identify the 121 most cost-effective method for producing sustainable hydrogen from electricity produced by 122 wind turbines. We have measured the wind power potential and economic viability of wind 123 generated renewable hydrogen to initiate the feasibility of clean fuel (Mohsin,Kamran,Nawaz,124 Hussain, & Dahri, 2021). (ii) We have also measured electrolysis cost of wind generated 125 reenwable hydrogen. We have also measured the relative efficiency of the given renewable 126 energy source for hydrogen production which is calculated based on their respective variables. 127 (iii) This study's outcomes can be generalized for policymaking in developing contries such as 128 generated reenwable hydrogen. The net costs of the delivery chains was estimated in the 136 viability report. The costs of delivery are often compared to on-site hydrogen development 137 through water electrolysis, which is an alternate method of supplying hydrogen to industrial 138 hydrogen consumers. The distribution costs are limited by the expense of on-site 139 development.We have proposed a policy framework for policy akers and decision makers 140 based on achieved outcomes. 141 Rest of the paper is organzised as follows, section 2 provides the wind power potential, 142 section 3 explains the methodlogy, section 4 decribes the results and discussion while section 143 4 concludes the study. 144

145
The increased usage of green energy would help to establish a carbon-free energy zone while 146 also reducing the volatile existence of the clean energy market, which faces the greatest 147 obstacle to ensuring a constant supply due to its erratic nature ) and (Chien et 148 al. 2021). Wind energy generation has recently been the cheapest of all alternative energy 149 sources. Around a decade earlier, (Khodabandehloo et al. 2020) concluded that photovoltaic 150 energy generation is normally more costly than wind energy systems. However, there hasn't 151 been much research in this region. The ability to produce hydrogen solely from wind energy 152 through electrolysis has gotten a lot of attention around the world. Despite possessing a large 153 amount of resources, Pakistan has made little attempt, which prompted the current study (Sha 154 et al. 2020). 155 Pakistan is a South Asian country with wind speed is nearly constant in certain parts of 156 Pakistan, and the proportion of windy region is determined using the total land area. The 157 average installed energy per square kilometer of wind power field is projected by traditional 158 calculations to be 5 MW in order to assess the output of wind power (Duc Huynh et al. 2020). Pakistan has favorable offshore wind power capacity in addition to onshore wind energy 165 potential and its use could account for a significant portion of electricity generation. 166 Furthermore, using offshore resources will help Pakistan tackle air pollution. Renewable 167 technology holds a lot of promise and has piqued people's attention. technical study in Taiwan to assess the right wind turbines for wind power ventures. They 205 looked at things like annual electricity production, financial metrics, fossil fuel usage reduction, CO2 reduction, and turbine power factor for this. Finally, the VestasTMV60-850 KW model 207 turbine was recommended as the best choice for the country's central regions. Hydrogen 208 generation capacity from clean energy sources is being investigated (Wu et al. 2021). 209 Renewable resources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, oil palms, and biomass have 210 been identified as potential sources of hydrogen energy. Solar energy production costs are 211 normally 6 to 18 times higher than comparable renewable energy and wind turbine systems, (1) 232 Where h is the amount of hydrogen generated, E out is the wind electricity input to the 233 electrolyzer for hydrogen production, ec el is the electrolysis process performance, which 234 ranges between 80 and 90%, and η el is the electrolyzer energy consumption, which is normally 235 5-6 (KWh/Nm3). ∆H = 286 kJ mol-1 is needed for the decomposition of water (H2O) to 236 produce H2. The ultimate chemical reaction of water electrolysis can be written as: 237 The charge transfer and enthalpy shift of the reaction determine the thermoneutral voltage VTH 239 F shows molar charge constant, which is measured in efficiency. In relation to V TH of n number 241 of cells, electrolyzer process performance ( η el ) can be measured almost precisely by 242 Overvoltage is caused by a variety of failure factors, including physical, electrochemical, and 246 transmission-related losses, which increase in proportion to current density (Ogura 2020). 247 When attached to a wind turbine, the electrolyzer can run at a variety of current and power 248 speeds. 249 The total cell reaction response can be said to be the number of the two half reactions while 250 voltages of the reduction ( o ) and oxidation ( o ). half-reactions. 251 The capacity of an isolated half-cell cannot be calculated explicitly. As a comparison, the 252 normal hydrogen half-reaction was chosen and given a standard reduction potential of exactly 253 0.000 V, 254 where ( , ) is the electrolyzer unit rate, f is the power factor, and , ℎ is the electrolyser's 274 energy requirement. The comparison case assumes that the electrolyzer unit cost is $368/kWh, 275 which is the goal amount. We believe that annual maintenance costs and repair costs 276 electrolyzer has a seven-year operating period. We must measure the running costs of the 277 chosen locations in order to investigate their economic evaluation. The per-unit expense 278 ($/kWh) of wind power production must be estimated for chosen locations. Table 2   It can be determined using the following formula, 285 The total cost can be measured as, 287 The expense of operating and maintaining a wind turbine is estimated to be 25% of the annual 289 investment cost. Scrap is thought to be worth ten % of the annual investment expense (Shahzad 290 et al. 2020). The investment expense (IC) is calculated as follows: where C shows an average cost of per unit kW and P r deterrmine the rated power cost of 293 a wind turbine ( The hydrogen production cost 2 is a major economic indicator has been taken as follows, 297 where C W and M H 2 represents the energy cost ($) and per year green hydrogen production 299 respectively. Internationally, the constraint on green hydrogen production, particularly through 300 wind energy from electrolysis, has gotten a lot of attention. Pakistan, on the other hand, just 301 makes use of a small portion of this potential, ignoring the resource's usability. In the light of 302 the topic above, this evaluation adds to a reduction in non-renewable energy source reliability 303  In this experiment, we used an electrolyzer with a 5 (kWh/Nm 3 ) energy intake and a 90 % 384 efficient rectifier. The formula for converting hydrogen formed by normal cubic meters into 385 kilograms is 11.13 (Nm 3 ). Table.3 shows the findings of a study of annual hydrogen output at 386 eight different locations and the capicity factor. 387

Economic Analysis 408
The economic analysis is based on such assumptions, such as construction and operational 409 costs accounting for 25% of annual wind turbine expenditure and a wind turbine's existence 410 being 20 years. Though installation costs are 5%, investment costs are 10%. As a result, at the 411 final supply stage for the provided proposed locations, average price increases with regard to 412 the intent of consumption. Further considerations presumed that the capital expense of 413 sustainable hydrogen production is $0.027/kg, which covers direct, secondary, and 414 maintenance costs. For ease of comparison, the leveled water supplying rate is estimated to be 415 about $4.1/ton of water. As a result, the electrolysis system's capital charging ratio ranges from Finally, the expense of green hydrogen output for the most effective and optimal device 418 ranges from $4.02/kg-H2 to $4.310/kg-H2. Annualized capital investment is the main 419 determinant of green hydrogen production prices as compared to annual expenditures such as 420 raw material procurement costs and plant running costs. The literature on sustainable energy 421 systems shows that the economic burden imposed by large capital expenditures. Also, through 422 adapting, marketing, preparing, timing, and expanding markets and demand, a practical 423 strategy for planning excess electricity will boost the economics of renewable energy 424 production.

434
Since all expenditures are the same, the priority process has little bearing on the system's 435 CAPEX; it's just a separate scheduling technique. In terms of OPEX, there is a disparity in the 436 volume of hydrogen sold and hence in the costs of transporting hydrogen. However, 437 transportation charges for excess hydrogen are not included since they are distributed to third 438 parties that choose to purchase this hydrogen. Because of this distribution, the OPEX and 439 CAPEX for all priority systems are the same. The power rate, which includes prices for energy 440 from the solar park and the grid, is the only factor that varies. The fuel costs in the Power-to-441 H2 scheme with heat as a target are 260 k$ per year, although they have now increased to 360 442 k$ per year, since both heat and hydrogen are purchased from the grid. 443 In the hydrogen case, the output prices for heat and hydrogen shift. Since the heat system's 444 reliability has reduced and more energy from the grid is purchased at a higher price than from 445 the solar park, the heat price has increased by 1.1 $/GJ to 27.1 $/GJ. With the same investment 446 costs, hydrogen demand grows from 90 to 125 tonnes a year. As a result, the price of hydrogen 447 When hydrogen is prioritized inside the system, gross annual costs per household are 1, 715 449 $/year, vs 1,785 $/year when heat is prioritized. In terms of yearly costs per home, the favorable 450 impacts on hydrogen production costs balance out the detrimental effects of higher heat 451 production rates. The key explanation for the lower costs is that, with equal expenditures, more 452 hydrogen is generated, resulting in a higher electrolyser ability factor. 453

Grid Electricty and wind generated renewable hydrogen prices 454
The wind generated reenwable electrolysis system's techno-economic study yields an 455 LCOH of 6.22 $/kgH2. The costs are split down into the wind and electrolyzer sections for the 456 first and second bars, respectively, to demonstrate the ratio of these two parts. The new global 457 movement toward lowering GHG pollution, is focused on solid science assertions about the 458 impact of an increasingly evolving atmosphere on natural, social, and economic sustainability. annual average growth in pollution is estimated to be 3.3 %. However, because of the shift to 485 gas-fired power plants, this is smaller than the initial estimate (3.6 % rise in demand). 486 the difference is much wider. More wind power deivices were introduced as part of the 491 optimization process to reduce the amount of electrolyzer modules, resulting in a power factor rise from 28% to 31%. As a result, the photovoltaic panel's surface area rose by 4%, while the 493 electrolyzer section's scale decreased by 11%. Since there is already demand for economies of 494 scale and hence a substantial rise in output rate, it is possible that the electrolyzer's costs would 495 drop significantly within the next several years. The third bar depicts the total device costs, 496 demonstrating that module costs account for a significant portion of the total. 497

Comparitive Discussion 498
In some cases, the purpose of energy security is to protect the poor from fluctuations in 499 commodity prices (Šprajc et al. 2019). Others have emphasized the importance of protecting 500 the economy from disruptions in the supply of energy services by increasing commodity prices 501 during periods of scarcity (Arminen and Menegaki 2019). For some, the goal of energy security 502 is to reliably provide fuel, while the role of nuclear energy is to increase security (Amin and 503 Bernell 2018). Results reveals that Sindh province has a potential demand for renewable 504 hydrogen of 454, 192, 000 kg and that renewable hydrogen production ability is sufficient. 505 Except for a few areas in Sindh province's interior, wind-generated renewable hydrogen. 506 Furthermore, provinces with strong wind-energy capacity, such as Sindh's interior and the 507 coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan, also have few options for a hydrogen mandate. 508 Renewable corridors in Sindh and Baluchistan can be reconciled analytically to ensure 509 renewable hydrogen generation and use (Liu et al. 2018). Sindh province is home to nearly all 510 wind power schemes, and its geological characteristics make it ideal for producing green 511 hydrogen for ZEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles. 512 Energy costs is increasingly making wind-generated renewable hydrogen more appealing. 513 In addition, the impact of K-Electric-produced electricity rates are minor. Wind-generated 514 green hydrogen already has a marginal price of US$4.30/kg-H2. As a result, annual wind-515 generated renewable hydrogen demand rises with time, owing to improved sales, which enables 516 additional wind power plants to be built, thus increasing the ability of wind-generated renewable hydrogen output. ) and (El Khatib and Galiana 2018). Hydrogen 518 could also be supplied by cryogenic tanker trucks, or it could be liquefied and transported by 519 pipelines. Pipelines, , are only cost efficient for vast quantities or short lengths, but they are 520 seldom used to maximize the efficiency of by-product hydrogen. Due to substantially complex 521 cargoes (4000-4500 kg), liquefaction will allow renewable generated hydrogen to be trucked 522 more effectively over long distances. The hydrogen liquefaction method, on the other hand, is 523 both capital and energy intensive. Boil-off damages are often caused by the shipping and 524 handling of liquid hydrogen (Roddis et al. 2018). Owing to the immaturity of the process, the 525 investment costs for dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactors are somewhat unpredictable. 526 For "large-scale" green hydrogena production , (Krejčí and Stoklasa 2018) used costs of 260 527 and 40 $/kWH2,LHV, respectively. Basic costs for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation 528 reactors for a MWH2,LHV facility were 252 and 368 $/kWH2,LHV, respectively. As a result, 529 cost estimates vary greatly. 530 In addition, there is considerable inconsistency in the prices of hydrogenation and 531 dehydrogenation reactors. Teichmann, for example, calculated hydrogenation reactor costs to 532 be slightly higher than dehydrogenation reactor costs, while xxx estimated reactor costs to be 533 far closer together. (Al Garni and Awasthi 2017) thought the dehydrogenation reactor was 534 more costly, although Reu thought the same. Pakistan might reduce its crude oil demand by 535 600 billion barrels a day if it implemented green hydrogen power production. It will be 536 necessary to will the existing CO2 emissions of 166298450 tons in this sense. Results shows 537 the cost of carbon emissions at different constrained prices, which could be affordable as 538

546
The current study measured the wind powe power potential and economic viability of 547 wind generated renewable hydrogen to initiate the feasibility of clean fuel. The study's 548 outcomes can be generalized for policymaking in developing contries such as Paksitan. which 549 owned the same environment, climate, economic, and energy characteristics of economic and 550 environmental vulnerability. Different electrolyzer systems exist to generate effective 551 hydrogen via the electrolysis phase. When the minimum price of hydrogen exceeds 552 US$2.99/kg kg-H2, green hydrogen demand rises as well. In the Pakistani energy sector, 553 however, it is commercially beneficial since the marginal price of sustainable hydrogen is 554 US$3.92/kg-H2. Furthermore, due to the efficiencies of the hydrogen conversion mechanism, 555 wind energy could generate approximately 0.85 billion kg of hydrogen in Pakistan, which could 556 meet the country's 22% demand for hydrogen. 557 The findings show that the marginal prices of renewable hydrogen, respectively US$1/kg 558 kg-H2 and US$4/kg kg-H2, have a considerable impact on annual hydrogen demand, and that 559 a significant rise in renewable hydrogen production. The results have not been taken into 560 account. Furthermore, lower renewable hydrogen prices (e.g., US$2/kg) have a relative impact 561 on renewable hydrogen demand. Annual wind-generated sustainable hydrogen output is 562 dependent. The performance of an energy conversion electrolyzer device will have a big impact 563 on the amount of renewable hydrogen generated by wind. According to the findings, an 564 electrolyzer device with a 75 % energy efficiency 565 In both the public and private sectors, Pakistan has a multi-tiered electricity Independent distribution entity since 2012 due to consolidation. There are three Rental Power Projects to 568 choose from (RPPs). Pakistan's gross installed power generating capacity will exceed 3.4 GW 569 in 2020, compared to a requirement of 2.5 GW from primary customers which can only carry 570 out 2.2 GM energy during peak hours requirement, it would be unable to close the 3000 MW 571 deficit difference. As a result of machine inefficiency, NTDC has 17.53 % line losses and KEL 572 has 25.30 %. As a consequence, there is a significant difference between production and 573 demand [41]. Furthermore, the majority of hydroelectric plants are operating at 50% potential 574 and are affected by seasonal water supply. The working capability of thermal plants that 575 contribute more than 60% of overall power production is a pitiful 65 %. Notably, increasing 576 generating capability and relying too heavily on hydrocarbon supplies does not help to mitigate 577 energy shortages where usable resources are underutilized or misused [42]. Increasing the 578 country's power generating capacity by constructing new plants is an unworkable option for 579 increasing availability. Repairing improperly run generation plants and dysfunctional 580 transmission and dispatch networks, on the other hand, will accomplish the same goal. 581 Distribution losses ranged from 9.47 % to 33.40 %, and no DISCOs were able to hit 582 NEPRA's loss goals, with some also seeing an improvement over the previous year. Another 583 issue is the lack of long-term, organized, and integrated policymaking, as shown by the fact 584 that programs were started. The schemes that were found to be infeasible in the middle of the 585 project. Due to geopolitics, despite its significant hydropower capacity, it was not given priority. 586 No technological adaptation abused local capital, and after signing the MOU for thermal plants, 587 the China Pakistan Economic Corridor is now responsible for all projects. 588 The Pakistani government, on the other hand, wants to raise wind-generated electricity 589 and has suggested many locations. Pakistan will meet its national demand and export clean 590 electricity by converting its power system to wind and solar energy. Several pathways for widely utilized process due to its reliability and low cost. In comparison, hydrogen production 593 using fossil fuels generated hazardous gases (e.g., GHGs) during the manufacturing phase. 594 595 Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate 596 N/A 597

Consent for Publication 598
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