21,630 participants with complete data were included from Taiwan's National Physical Fitness Examination Survey Databases (35.38% of men). Demographic characteristics and anthropometric variables are presented in Table 1. The highest proportion of general obesity status was NW (41.69%). All participants were divided into trichotomy groups as NW, OW, and OB by gender. The significant differences were shown between NW, OW, and OB groups on all relevant variables except men's marital status (p = 0.481). In contrast, there were significant differences between NW, OW, and OB groups on all relevant variables except smoking status in women (p = 0.236).
Table 1
Characteristics of the study participants according to general obesity status in Taiwanese elderly
Variables | Men (N = 7,652) | | Women (N = 13,978) |
OB (n = 1,671) | OW (n = 2,840) | NW (n = 3,141) | p | | OB (n = 3,534) | OW (n = 4,568) | NW (n = 5,876) | p |
Age (years) | | | | < 0.001* | | | | | < 0.001* |
65–69 | 32.50 | 30.56 | 27.54 | | | 36.64 | 37.06 | 37.25 | |
70–74 | 25.79 | 25.35 | 24.90 | | | 29.20 | 28.63 | 26.92 | |
75–79 | 23.16 | 20.53 | 21.59 | | | 21.62 | 20.56 | 18.98 | |
80–84 | 11.13 | 14.40 | 14.93 | | | 9.42 | 9.96 | 11.15 | |
≧ 85 | 7.42 | 9.15 | 11.05 | | | 3.11 | 3.79 | 5.70 | |
Height (cm) | 162.17 ± 5.79 | 163.47 ± 5.83 | 163.74 ± 6.11 | < 0.001* | | 151.63 ± 5.60 | 152.69 ± 5.66 | 153.21 ± 5.80 | < 0.001* |
Body weight (kg) | 75.67 ± 5.77 | 67.95 ± 5.31 | 59.25 ± 5.78 | < 0.001* | | 67.74 ± 6.36 | 59.27 ± 4.79 | 51.54 ± 4.99 | < 0.001* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.76 ± 1.43 | 25.40 ± 0.87 | 22.07 ± 1.38 | < 0.001* | | 29.44 ± 2.04 | 25.39 ± 0.86 | 21.93 ± 1.40 | < 0.001* |
WC (cm) | 97.50 ± 6.44 | 90.69 ± 5.83 | 83.14 ± 6.33 | < 0.001* | | 93.40 ± 7.52 | 85.99 ± 7.00 | 79.06 ± 7.08 | < 0.001* |
HC (cm) | 101.69 ± 4.55 | 97.30 ± 4.46 | 92.62 ± 4.51 | < 0.001* | | 102.63 ± 5.24 | 97.21 ± 4.77 | 91.97 ± 4.58 | < 0.001* |
WHR | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | < 0.001* | | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | < 0.001* |
Education level (%) | | | | < 0.001* | | | | | < 0.001* |
Elementary school or lower | 50.89 | 42.28 | 40.96 | | | 72.92 | 66.67 | 57.74 | |
Junior or senior school | 30.19 | 34.83 | 32.54 | | | 21.99 | 25.57 | 30.18 | |
College or higher | 18.92 | 22.89 | 26.50 | | | 5.09 | 7.76 | 12.07 | |
Income level (%) | | | | 0.025* | | | | | < 0.001* |
≦ 20,000 NTD | 81.86 | 78.78 | 78.11 | | | 93.35 | 91.59 | 87.86 | |
20,001–40,000 NTD | 10.04 | 11.94 | 11.23 | | | 4.52 | 5.30 | 7.61 | |
≧ 40,001 NTD | 8.10 | 9.28 | 10.66 | | | 2.12 | 3.11 | 4.54 | |
Marital status (%) | | | | 0.481 | | | | | 0.001* |
Never married | 58.49 | 59.67 | 58.08 | | | 48.40 | 47.18 | 50.85 | |
Married | 30.69 | 30.06 | 30.22 | | | 24.84 | 27.05 | 24.41 | |
Divorced/separation/widowed | 10.82 | 10.28 | 11.70 | | | 26.75 | 25.77 | 24.75 | |
Self-reported health status (%) | | | | 0.038* | | | | | < 0.001* |
Excellent or good | 65.44 | 69.44 | 69.14 | | | 61.93 | 65.08 | 64.22 | |
Fair | 26.55 | 24.28 | 24.32 | | | 28.16 | 26.53 | 28.20 | |
Very bad or poor | 8.02 | 6.27 | 6.54 | | | 9.91 | 8.39 | 7.59 | |
Smoking status (%) | | | | 0.012* | | | | | 0.236 |
Never | 78.74 | 82.20 | 80.27 | | | 97.33 | 97.62 | 97.27 | |
Current | 11.51 | 9.84 | 11.92 | | | 1.60 | 1.71 | 1.95 | |
Former | 9.76 | 7.97 | 7.80 | | | 1.07 | 0.66 | 0.79 | |
Chewing betel nut | | | | < 0.001* | | | | | < 0.001* |
Never | 93.17 | 95.03 | 96.11 | | | 98.33 | 99.11 | 99.12 | |
Current | 2.63 | 1.84 | 1.30 | | | 1.19 | 0.66 | 0.47 | |
Former | 4.20 | 3.13 | 2.60 | | | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.41 | |
Table 2 presented the comparison of inter-group differences by various health-related physical fitness measurements. All the general obesity status groups were significant differences in all the health-related physical fitness measurements in both men and women, and OB individuals got the lowest grade of all measurements except the 30-second arm curl test.
Table 2
Health-related physical fitness measurements according to general obesity status in Taiwanese elderly
Variables | OB | OW | NW | p | Tukey’s post hoc test |
Men | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | 85.33 ± 23.70 | 88.33 ± 23.01 | 87.68 ± 23.98 | < 0.001* | OB < OW, NW |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | 17.92 ± 5.44 | 17.90 ± 5.68 | 17.37 ± 5.69 | < 0.001* | OB, OW > NW |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | 14.67 ± 4.58 | 15.33 ± 4.94 | 15.35 ± 4.92 | < 0.001* | OB < OW, NW |
Back scratch test (cm) | -15.14 ± 12.73 | -11.90 ± 12.54 | -8.47 ± 12.31 | < 0.001* | OB < OW < NW |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | 2.12 ± 8.17 | 2.69 ± 8.45 | 2.80 ± 8.32 | 0.035* | OB < NW |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | 7.46 ± 1.88 | 7.11 ± 1.86 | 7.04 ± 1.88 | < 0.001* | OB > OW, NW |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | 14.11 ± 11.17 | 15.93 ± 11.64 | 16.62 ± 11.63 | < 0.001* | OB < OW, NW |
Women | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | 81.97 ± 24.43 | 84.77 ± 23.82 | 86.50 ± 23.84 | < 0.001* | OB < OW < NW |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | 17.33 ± 5.47 | 17.50 ± 5.33 | 17.05 ± 5.61 | < 0.001* | OB, OW > NW |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | 13.83 ± 4.42 | 14.65 ± 4.49 | 15.05 ± 4.78 | < 0.001* | OB < OW < NW |
Back scratch test (cm) | -8.79 ± 11.28 | -5.26 ± 10.48 | -2.49 ± 10.12 | < 0.001* | OB < OW < NW |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | 4.64 ± 7.73 | 5.56 ± 7.90 | 5.82 ± 8.10 | < 0.001* | OB < OW, NW |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | 7.89 ± 1.86 | 7.38 ± 1.74 | 7.18 ± 1.82 | < 0.001* | OB > OW > NW |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | 11.84 ± 10.40 | 14.21 ± 10.91 | 16.01 ± 11.45 | < 0.001* | OB < OW < NW |
Table 3 represented the multivariate adjusted ORs for OW in relation to health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders. Statistical significant was found on the back scratch test in both men and women groups before adjustment (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.98; OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.97–0.98). The significant of 30-second arm test, 30-second chair stand test and one-leg stance with eye open test was founded in women particularly (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.04; OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99; OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.99–0.99). After confounders adjusted back scratch test were still significantly in both men and women (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99; OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.98–0.99), and 30-second arm curl test were significant too in women (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03). Particularly, Chair sit-and-reach test become significantly in both men and women (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03; OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01–1.02). Table 4 represented the multivariate adjusted ORs for OB in relation to health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders. Statistical significant was found on the 30-second arm curl test and back scratch test in both men and women groups before adjustment (men OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03–1.06; OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95–0.96; women OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03–1.05; OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.94–0.95). The significant of 30-second chair stand test, 8-foot up-and-go test and one-leg stance with eye open test was founded in women particularly (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99; OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05–1.12; OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.98–0.99). After confounders adjusted 30-second arm curl test and back scratch test were still significantly (men OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.06; OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.98; women OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05; OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.97), and ORs of the chair sit-and-reach test increased and became significant in both men and women (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03–1.06; OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02). Additional, ORs of the one-leg stance with eye open test increased and still significant after adjusting in women (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98-1.00).
Table 3
Multivariate adjusted ORs for overweight in relation to health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders
Variables | Model 1 (unadjusted) | | Model 2 (adjusteda) |
OR | 95% CI | p | | OR | 95% CI | p |
Men | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.358 | | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.802 |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | 0.002 | | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.449 |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.412 | | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.515 |
Back scratch test (cm) | 0.98 | 0.97–0.98 | < 0.001* | | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.235 | | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | 0.001* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.594 | | 0.98 | 0.92–1.03 | 0.392 |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.392 | | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.070 |
Women | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.121 | | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.586 |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | < 0.001* | | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | < 0.001* |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | 0.011* | | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.714 |
Back scratch test (cm) | 0.97 | 0.97–0.98 | < 0.001* | | 0.98 | 0.98–0.99 | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.104 | | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | < 0.001* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.916 | | 0.97 | 0.93–1.01 | 0.113 |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | 0.99 | 0.99–0.99 | < 0.001* | | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.223 |
Table 4
Multivariate adjusted ORs for obese in relation to health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders
Variables | Model 1 (unadjusted) | | Model 2 (adjusteda) |
OR | 95% CI | p | | OR | 95% CI | p |
Men | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.928 | | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.443 |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | 1.04 | 1.03–1.06 | < 0.001* | | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.009* |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.163 | | 1.01 | 0.98–1.05 | 0.536 |
Back scratch test (cm) | 0.96 | 0.95–0.96 | < 0.001* | | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.363 | | 1.04 | 1.03–1.06 | < 0.001* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | 1.05 | 0.99–1.10 | 0.054 | | 1.00 | 0.92–1.09 | 0.976 |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | 0.99 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.069 | | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.359 |
Women | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | 1.00 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.818 | | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.445 |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | 1.04 | 1.03–1.05 | < 0.001* | | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | < 0.001* |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | 0.97 | 0.96–0.99 | < 0.001* | | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.895 |
Back scratch test (cm) | 0.95 | 0.94–0.95 | < 0.001* | | 0.97 | 0.96–0.97 | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.453 | | 1.01 | 1.00-1.02 | 0.014* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | 1.08 | 1.05–1.12 | < 0.001* | | 1.05 | 0.99–1.11 | 0.108 |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | 0.98 | 0.98–0.99 | < 0.001* | | 0.99 | 0.98-1.00 | 0.008* |
According to this, Table 5 presented the results of the logistic regression analyses. The quartile with the best performance was appointed to be a reference for all regression for analysis (OR = 1.00), except the 8-foot up-and-go test appointed the lowest performance as a reference. After factor adjusted by potential confounders, statistic evidence pointed that men participants who performed in the first level of the 2-minute step test (< 73 steps) and 30-second arm curl test (< 14 rep) were associated with the risk of the OW (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.98; OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.64–0.99) compared with the reference group, whereas all the level of chair sit-and-reach test were associated with the risk of the OW and third level had the highest risk of the OW (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67–0.99), and all the level of back scratch test were associated with the risk of the OW and first level (< -21) had the highest risk of the OW (OR = 2.55, 95% CI: 2.04–3.18) compared with the reference group. In females, participants with the lowest performance on the 30-second arm curl test had the highest risk of the OW (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.90–0.95). Specifically, females in the best performance group on chair sit-and-reach test (4–11) had the highest risk of the OW (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75–0.99). Performed in the second level of the back scratch test (-12~-2) and one-leg stance with eye open test (4.4–10.7) had the highest risk of the OW compared with the reference group (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.75–2.37; OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02–1.37).
Table 5
Multivariate adjusted ORs for overweight in relation to quartiles of health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders
Variables | Model 1 (unadjusted) | | Model 2 (adjusteda) |
OR | 95% CI | p | | OR | 95% CI | p |
Men | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | | | | | | | |
< 73 | 0.84 | 0.71–0.99 | 0.037* | | 0.79 | 0.64–0.98 | 0.031* |
73–89 | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 | 0.962 | | 0.87 | 0.71–1.08 | 0.204 |
90–103 | 0.99 | 0.85–1.15 | 0.840 | | 0.89 | 0.74–1.08 | 0.255 |
> 103 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.037* | | 0.029* |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 14 | 0.72 | 0.61–0.85 | < 0.001* | | 0.80 | 0.64–0.99 | 0.039* |
14–17 | 0.85 | 0.72-1.00 | 0.0497* | | 0.87 | 0.70–1.08 | 0.198 |
18–22 | 0.89 | 0.76–1.04 | 0.148 | | 0.98 | 0.81–1.20 | 0.873 |
> 22 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | 0.021* |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 12 | 1.02 | 0.85–1.22 | 0.826 | | 0.94 | 0.75–1.19 | 0.599 |
12–14 | 1.02 | 0.86–1.20 | 0.854 | | 1.04 | 0.83–1.30 | 0.731 |
15–18 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.21 | 0.645 | | 0.97 | 0.80–1.18 | 0.754 |
> 18 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.985 | | 0.652 |
Back scratch test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< -21 | 2.84 | 2.40–3.36 | < 0.001* | | 2.55 | 2.04–3.18 | < 0.001* |
-21 – -11 | 2.01 | 1.72–2.35 | < 0.001* | | 1.73 | 1.41–2.12 | < 0.001* |
-10–0 | 1.86 | 1.60–2.15 | < 0.001* | | 1.81 | 1.50–2.19 | < 0.001* |
> 0 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< -2 | 0.86 | 0.74-1.00 | 0.057 | | 0.63 | 0.52–0.78 | < 0.001* |
-2–0 | 0.81 | 0.68–0.96 | 0.015* | | 0.64 | 0.51–0.79 | < 0.001* |
1– 8 | 0.90 | 0.77–1.04 | 0.161 | | 0.81 | 0.67–0.99 | 0.036* |
> 8 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.050 | | < 0.001* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 5.8 | 1.01 | 0.86–1.19 | 0.923 | | 1.07 | 0.86–1.33 | 0.530 |
5.8–6.8 | 1.11 | 0.94–1.32 | 0.228 | | 1.12 | 0.90–1.41 | 0.307 |
6.9–8.3 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.28 | 0.303 | | 1.08 | 0.88–1.34 | 0.456 |
> 8.3 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.624 | | 0.767 |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 5.0 | 1.02 | 0.71–1.46 | 0.923 | | 0.64 | 0.39–1.04 | 0.069 |
5.0–12.7 | 1.04 | 0.73–1.49 | 0.836 | | 0.74 | 0.46–1.19 | 0.219 |
12.8–30.0 | 0.90 | 0.63–1.27 | 0.537 | | 0.68 | 0.43–1.07 | 0.094 |
> 30.0 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.159 | | 0.314 |
Women | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | | | | | | | |
< 69 | 1.06 | 0.94–1.21 | 0.356 | | 0.97 | 0.83–1.13 | 0.668 |
69–87 | 1.10 | 0.98–1.25 | 0.107 | | 1.01 | 0.88–1.18 | 0.850 |
88–101 | 1.09 | 0.97–1.22 | 0.168 | | 1.04 | 0.90–1.20 | 0.598 |
> 101 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.604 | | 0.469 |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 14 | 0.73 | 0.64–0.82 | < 0.001* | | 0.81 | 0.70–0.95 | 0.008* |
14–16 | 0.84 | 0.74–0.96 | 0.012* | | 0.98 | 0.83–1.15 | 0.761 |
17–21 | 0.93 | 0.83–1.04 | 0.211 | | 0.99 | 0.86–1.14 | 0.838 |
> 21 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | 0.002* |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 11 | 1.10 | 0.95–1.28 | 0.219 | | 0.96 | 0.80–1.16 | 0.693 |
11–13 | 1.16 | 1.01–1.33 | 0.032* | | 1.00 | 0.85–1.19 | 0.974 |
14–18 | 1.16 | 1.03–1.30 | 0.013* | | 1.06 | 0.92–1.23 | 0.393 |
> 18 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.578 | | 0.310 |
Back scratch test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< -12 | 2.50 | 2.19–2.86 | < 0.001* | | 1.73 | 1.46–2.04 | < 0.001* |
-12 – -2 | 2.39 | 2.11–2.70 | < 0.001* | | 2.04 | 1.75–2.37 | < 0.001* |
-1–3 | 1.60 | 1.43–1.80 | < 0.001* | | 1.44 | 1.25–1.66 | < 0.001* |
> 3 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< 0 | 0.81 | 0.72–0.92 | 0.002* | | 0.69 | 0.59–0.81 | < 0.001* |
0–3 | 0.97 | 0.87–1.09 | 0.619 | | 0.87 | 0.76-1.00 | 0.054 |
4–11 | 0.95 | 0.85–1.07 | 0.425 | | 0.86 | 0.75–0.99 | 0.036* |
> 11 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.003* | | < 0.001* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 6.0 | 0.89 | 0.78–1.01 | < 0.001* | | 0.93 | 0.79–1.09 | 0.376 |
6.0 − 7.0 | 1.08 | 0.95–1.23 | 0.064 | | 1.13 | 0.96–1.32 | 0.137 |
7.1–8.6 | 1.08 | 0.95–1.22 | 0.230 | | 1.05 | 0.90–1.22 | 0.578 |
> 8.6 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.002* | | 0.168 |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 4.4 | 1.20 | 1.06–1.36 | 0.005* | | 0.99 | 0.84–1.16 | 0.868 |
4.4–10.7 | 1.34 | 1.19–1.50 | < 0.001* | | 1.18 | 1.02–1.37 | 0.028* |
10.8–27.0 | 1.24 | 1.10–1.38 | < 0.001* | | 1.10 | 0.96–1.26 | 0.188 |
> 27.0 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.004* | | 0.933 |
The results of the logistic regression models for the risk of OB were shown in Table 6. After factor adjusted by potential confounders, the result showed that participants who performed in the first level of the 30-second arm curl test (< 14 rep) and back scratch test (< -21 cm) had the highest risk of the OB (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.93; OR = 3.49, 95% CI: 2.40–5.09) compared with the reference group, whereas all the level of chair sit-and-reach test were associated with the risk of the OB and third level had the highest risk of the OB (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47–0.91) in men. Performed in the second level on 30-second chair stand test (12–14 rep) and one-leg stance with eye open test (5.0-12.7 s) were associated with the risk of the OB and had the higher risk of the OB (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.01–2.11; OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20–0.89) than the reference group in men. In the case of females, participants with the lowest performance on 30-second arm curl test (< 14) and 30-second chair stand test (< 11) had the highest risk of the OB (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63–0.98; OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55–0.94) compared with the reference group. Conversely, the best level of the 8-foot up-and-go test (< 6) had the highest risk of the OB (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53–0.82). Performed in the second level on chair sit-and-reach test (0–3), back scratch test (-12- -2) and one-leg stance with eye open test (4.4–10.7) had the higher risk of the OB (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66-1.00; OR = 3.47, 95% CI: 2.75–4.38; OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01–1.56) compared with the reference group.
Table 6
Multivariate adjusted ORs for obese in relation to quartiles of health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders
Variables | Model 1 (unadjusted) | | Model 2 (adjusteda) |
OR | 95% CI | p | | OR | 95% CI | p |
Men | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | | | | | | | |
< 73 | 1.02 | 0.84–1.25 | 0.814 | | 0.69 | 0.48-1.00 | 0.051 |
73–89 | 1.16 | 0.95–1.41 | 0.146 | | 0.92 | 0.65–1.31 | 0.651 |
90–103 | 1.05 | 0.86–1.27 | 0.649 | | 0.91 | 0.66–1.27 | 0.578 |
> 103 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.705 | | 0.096 |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 14 | 0.62 | 0.51–0.77 | < 0.001* | | 0.65 | 0.45–0.93 | 0.020* |
14–17 | 0.74 | 0.61–0.91 | 0.004* | | 0.64 | 0.44–0.92 | 0.015* |
18–22 | 0.90 | 0.75–1.09 | 0.287 | | 0.87 | 0.62–1.22 | 0.423 |
> 22 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | 0.007* |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 12 | 1.07 | 0.86–1.33 | 0.535 | | 0.94 | 0.64–1.39 | 0.765 |
12–14 | 1.16 | 0.94–1.42 | 0.170 | | 1.46 | 1.01–2.11 | 0.045* |
15–18 | 1.08 | 0.89–1.30 | 0.454 | | 1.20 | 0.86–1.67 | 0.297 |
> 18 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.648 | | 0.833 |
Back scratch test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< -21 | 5.24 | 4.24–6.49 | < 0.001* | | 3.49 | 2.40–5.09 | < 0.001* |
-21 – -11 | 3.22 | 2.62–3.96 | < 0.001* | | 2.21 | 1.54–3.16 | < 0.001* |
-10–0 | 2.22 | 1.81–2.72 | < 0.001* | | 1.80 | 1.27–2.54 | 0.001* |
> 0 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< -2 | 0.87 | 0.72–1.04 | 0.130 | | 0.34 | 0.24–0.49 | < 0.001* |
-2–0 | 0.90 | 0.74–1.11 | 0.316 | | 0.49 | 0.34–0.71 | < 0.001* |
1– 8 | 0.90 | 0.74–1.11 | 0.250 | | 0.65 | 0.47–0.91 | 0.012* |
> 8 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.195 | | < 0.001* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 5.8 | 0.81 | 0.67–0.98 | 0.028 | | 1.07 | 0.75–1.53 | 0.701 |
5.8–6.8 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.25 | 0.788 | | 1.01 | 0.70–1.46 | 0.967 |
6.9–8.3 | 1.10 | 0.92–1.33 | 0.290 | | 1.07 | 0.77–1.50 | 0.686 |
> 8.3 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.002* | | 0.838 |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 5.0 | 0.86 | 0.57–1.31 | 0.491 | | 0.32 | 0.15–0.69 | 0.003* |
5.0–12.7 | 0.88 | 0.58–1.33 | 0.543 | | 0.42 | 0.20–0.89 | 0.023* |
12.8–30.0 | 0.66 | 0.44–0.99 | 0.047* | | 0.34 | 0.16–0.70 | 0.004* |
> 30.0 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.033* | | 0.197 |
Women | | | | | | | |
2-minute step test (step) | | | | | | | |
< 69 | 1.08 | 0.94–1.24 | 0.273 | | 0.93 | 0.75–1.16 | 0.517 |
69–87 | 1.01 | 0.89–1.16 | 0.837 | | 0.87 | 0.70–1.07 | 0.188 |
88–101 | 0.87 | 0.76-1.00 | 0.043* | | 0.87 | 0.71–1.07 | 0.198 |
> 101 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.131 | | 0.575 |
30-second arm curl test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 14 | 0.64 | 0.55–0.73 | < 0.001* | | 0.79 | 0.63–0.98 | 0.030* |
14–16 | 0.67 | 0.58–0.78 | < 0.001* | | 0.88 | 0.69–1.11 | 0.276 |
17–21 | 0.81 | 0.94–1.24 | 0.001* | | 0.87 | 0.71–1.06 | 0.161 |
> 21 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | 0.022* |
30-second chair stand test (rep) | | | | | | | |
< 11 | 1.16 | 0.98–1.38 | 0.091 | | 0.72 | 0.55–0.94 | 0.017* |
11–13 | 1.27 | 1.08–1.48 | 0.003* | | 0.91 | 0.71–1.16 | 0.425 |
14–18 | 1.22 | 1.06–1.40 | 0.005* | | 0.92 | 0.75–1.14 | 0.466 |
> 18 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.395 | | 0.009* |
Back scratch test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< -12 | 5.32 | 4.55–6.21 | < 0.001* | | 3.10 | 2.43–3.94 | < 0.001* |
-12 – -2 | 4.13 | 3.56–4.80 | < 0.001* | | 3.47 | 2.75–4.38 | < 0.001* |
-1–3 | 1.84 | 1.59–2.14 | < 0.001* | | 1.64 | 1.31–2.07 | < 0.001* |
> 3 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | < 0.001* |
Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | | | | | | | |
< 0 | 0.83 | 0.72–0.96 | 0.013* | | 0.64 | 0.51–0.80 | < 0.001* |
0–3 | 0.95 | 0.83–1.08 | 0.428 | | 0.81 | 0.66-1.00 | 0.049* |
4–11 | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 0.543 | | 0.94 | 0.76–1.16 | 0.556 |
> 11 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | 0.017* | | < 0.001* |
8-foot up-and-go test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 6.0 | 0.60 | 0.53–0.69 | < 0.001* | | 0.66 | 0.53–0.82 | < 0.001* |
6.0 − 7.0 | 0.82 | 0.72–0.94 | 0.006* | | 0.86 | 0.69–1.08 | 0.193 |
7.1–8.6 | 0.94 | 0.82–1.07 | 0.352 | | 0.91 | 0.74–1.12 | 0.374 |
> 8.6 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | < 0.001* |
One-leg stance with eye open test (s) | | | | | | | |
< 4.4 | 1.78 | 1.54–2.05 | < 0.001* | | 1.17 | 0.93–1.48 | 0.180 |
4.4–10.7 | 1.56 | 1.36–1.79 | < 0.001* | | 1.26 | 1.01–1.56 | 0.038* |
10.8–27.0 | 1.39 | 1.22–1.59 | < 0.001* | | 1.17 | 0.95–1.44 | 0.153 |
> 27.0 | 1.00 | — | — | | 1.00 | — | — |
Test for trend | < 0.001* | | 0.206 |