Groundwater Quality and Associated Risk in Bhatinda District (Punjab, India)

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4615510/v1

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Groundwater Quality and Associated Risk in Bhatinda District (Punjab, India)

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4615510/v1

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Today’s most serious threat of world is the water pollution. This is because it impacts flora and fauna of our earth. It is impacting human health in various ways. Pollutants which mainly impact human health are inorganic and organic pollutant as most of them are non-biodegradable and accumulate in the living organism for long time. Due to prolong accumulation, these pollutants exert more hazardous effect compare to biodegradable substances. Major source of contamination of water can be summarized as the dumping of waste in water bodies, excessive use of agricultural chemicals like pesticides, insecticides etc. Today we are facing crucial challenge to consume this polluted water and continues consumption causes potential threat as many of these pollutants are carcinogenic in nature. Today’s lifestyle already facing many health issues and water pollution adding more issues as cancer is prolong chronic disease. Although the issue is worldwide yet we can’t ignore high exposer in developing countries as these countries are seeking for more and more industrialization with less or moderate medical facilities as exposure with carcinogens requires persisting strategy for control of cancer. Thus, we aim to review the wide spread carcinogenic pollutants along with their origin and health risks associated with them. We also provided experimental results of detection of metal ions in ground water of Bhatinda region by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique.

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP MS)

Radioactive element

Carcinogenic

Antioxidant

Endangering the environment and producing waste water from various industrial and societal activities that contaminate ground water and lead to global health problems. Another need for survival in the planet is water. The health of humans is also at risk from heavy metals. These are also the cause of tumours and chronic diseases like cancer. Heavy metals are mostly present in the crust and various layers of the earth. The soluble heavy metal seeps out of the soil, which is composed of various minerals mixed with both organic and inorganic compounds.

Potable water is an essential requirement for human health and aquifers are the major sources of it. Because of soil bed, ground water is always less effected by pollutants compare to surface water as soil bed acts as filters. Its sediments the contaminants effectively. Heavy metals, such as Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mo, Co, Mn, Cr, As, and Ni found in water and cereal grains [5]. They entered in the water and nourishment derived from the crust of the planet.

Heavy metal ions like Co, Cr, Mo, Hg and Fe also part of cofactors in the metabolism of living organisms. They are also part of vital minerals, antioxidants and many nutrients. Therefore, the lack of these cofactors can lead to disruption in body functions [6].

In the barren region with limited access of water, the consequences of water contamination are severe due to poor sanitation infrastructures that invites many waterborne diseases such as fever, typhoid, cholera etc. It raises the requirement of addressing the water pollution issue that requires investment in development of infrastructure of water treatment and sanitation plants. It needs mainly collaboration between governments and non-government organisations which can effetely handle this complex problem and can confirm the access to safe water for all.

Nowadays the existence of radioactive elements like uranium (U) and radon (Ra) in water beneath the surface is an alarm for our future generation [7]. Although water pollutants can pose serious health issues but the presence of radioactive elements as water pollutant can be lethal for more than one generation as radioactive elements show bioaccumulation and carcinogenic in nature [10].

Discussion on their sources, distribution, and potential remedial measures is essential for communicate this issue. The impact of heavy metal ions can be seen in agricultural practice by using treated and untreated industrial waste water for irrigation. It shows a significant number of heavy metals in cereals and green vegetables. In India, we are having lack of comprehensive study of carcinogenic and heavy metal ions therefore this work will charge the gap in the literature. With the help of research findings and existing data, we can provide information on the severity of this issue and need for investigation and action.

The remedial measures must be essential to relieve the health risks from contaminated groundwater that includes the implementation of advance treatment plants with regulatory framework and raising public awareness. The integration between research, technology and communities will definitely address the issue on large platform that will provide safeguard to public health. The concentration of heavy metals in milk was found to be greater than the Indian Standards recommended limit and WHO permissible values. These heavy metals were present in the soil when the cattle ate the fodder, and as a result of their metabolism, the metals disintegrated in the milk. Out of most of the heavy metals like nickel, copper, chromium, zinc, lead and cadmium was recognised in the highest concentration [8]. The most common reason is its easy transfusion from one person to another like it can easily transfer from mother to baby by breast feeding. Soil, water and air are some other ways for its transfer from one place to other and accumulate it natural resources.

Pigments, plastics, batteries, paints, and metals manufacturing and processing units are major sources of cadmium compounds and the waste that these companies release into the environment is harmful to the ecosystem. Furthermore, natural resources become contaminated as a result of mining activities. The IARC states that when breathed, it can result in abnormalities in lung cells and deposits in the lungs, which can lead to cancer [4]. It is present in cigarette and tobacco smoke. As per the IARC's classification, it falls within Group 1 carcinogens.

Consumers in the food chain in various tropical levels were consuming contaminated vegetables and grains, which resulted in the transfer of harmful effects of heavy metals to each tropic level zinc, lead, cadmium and copper were discovered in the vegetables and cereals of the marketplace in Varanasi, India, following production [8]. When the current metal concentration in wheat and plants is compared to the allowable limit set by various regulatory authorities like the Indian Standard or WHO. According to [8], there is an interrelationship between the concentration of heavy metals and metals present in the soil.

The drinking water sample's uranium concentration ranges from 0.5 to 579 µg/l, with an average concentration of 73.5 micrograms per Liter in 68% of the samples from Nawanshahr and Rupnagar of Punjab [9]. Southwest Punjab was rich in uranium rocks that also causes uranium leaching in ground water of this area [12, 13]. At the same time, it would be the major reason of cancer outbreak in this region of Punjab.

The incomplete combustion of crude oil and other organic chemicals releases many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which can cause cancer. There are about 100 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that occur in nature, but benzo[a]pyrene is the most often occurring carcinogenic substance there is. Additionally, these PAHs are used as a preservative in meat, fish, oils, and confections. Humans' respiratory systems absorb benzo [a] pyrene, which can cause lung and mouth cancer in affected individuals [11]. Over the past ten years, Punjab has been met with a great deal of suspicion. It was formerly known as the "Grain Bowl of India," but more recently, it was dubbed "the Cancer Bowl of India." The honour of being known as "a state with maximum per capita income" came at the cost of cancer as a result of the industries and agriculture fields which are free to use of chemicals such as Agricultural Chemicals like pesticides, fertilizers, PAH, and many pharmaceutically active hydrocarbons, etc. Cancer Express is the name of a train that runs between the impacted area and the nearby city of Bikaner, which is home to a cancer hospital.

We gather the sample in a 500 mL polyethylene bottle, add few drops approx. 2 mL of concentrate HNO₃ as a safeguard to the metals, and then store it in an ice box. A small amount of water is drawn out of the bore well or hand pump for 5 minutes prior to sample collection. We have gathered samples from the designated site shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Sampling sites
Sampling Sites	Location
Bambiha	30.1312° N, 74.7096° E
Bathinda	30.2110° N, 74.9455° E
Bhai Rupa	30.4284° N, 75.2217° E
Dayalpur Mirza	30.4004° N, 75.1312° E
Dhupali	30.3674° N, 75.2669° E
Ganga	30.3615° N, 74.8218° E
Gill Kalan	30.2723° N, 75.2727° E
Lehra Mohabbat	30.2430° N, 75.1653° E
Mandi Kalan	30.2130° N, 75.2552° E
Mehma Sarja	30.3097° N, 74.8434° E
Nasibpura	30.0766° N, 75.0005° E
Nathana	30.3162° N, 75.0918° E
Pitho	30.2498° N, 75.2858° E
Rampura Paul	30.2701° N, 75.2398° E

Some of the most common analytical tools that can be used to detect the trace metal ions in water are listed below in Fig. 1.

FAAS, GFAAS, ETAAS, ICP-OES and T-XRF are some most common and advance technologies for the measurement and detection of heavy metal ions in given water samples.

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) includes a highly sophisticated device that is capable of measuring trace metal concentrations even in very low concentration; approx. lesser than part per trillion (ppm) level. Yet results are with the utmost precision and accuracy [14].

The heavy metals that cause cancer were found using the ICP-MS. A water sample is transformed into an aerosol or mist by the argon gas. At a maximum temperature of 7000–10000K and 27 MHz, the plasma breaks down the mist and ionizes the metal ions [15]. Based on the m/z ratio, the metal ions separate from one another by electrostatic forces. The ions are successively bombarded on the detector, producing creation of a limb graph and an electrical signal unique to metal ions. The concentration of metal in the water is shown by the region beneath the graph. The high limb indicates a high elemental concentration [16].

During procedure, calibrates the device using a reference sample of 5 mL, 50 mL or 500 mL of measured metals. Next, the inlet pipe is inserted into the water sample after being dipped into distilled water and sucking distilled water. When the water sample comes into touch with the argon gas in the nebulizer, it turns into mist. The ICP The mist's torch-form linked plasma reaches temperatures between 7000 K and 10000 K. Mist disintegrates, atometes, and ionizes; an off-axis lens separates the metallic ions from the neutral sepsis.

A collision between metallic ions and helium gas occurred. A bar graph is formed when ions assault a detector in serial after a heavy metal pass, forming an ions series through electrostatic quadruple. This electrical signal corresponds to metallic ions [17]. The graph's limb shows the amount of metal in the water. concentrate beam, create an ion concentration mass spectrum, and then use this mass spectrum to create a leg graph on a computer screen. High element concentration was indicated by the high limb in the graph [18].

1.1. Acidity and Alkalinity-

The pH of solution indicates the acidity or alkalinity of it. Therefore, it widely used for determination of chemistry of water[19,20]. In S-W Punjab, the pH range detected approximate 6.65–7.35. The pH is 7.12 on average as collected from various places of Bhatinda [21, 22, 23].

The sample from Ganga village had the greatest value (7.40), whereas Dayalpur Mirja village had the lowest value (6.65). The pH of each of these water samples was well within the appropriate range. The recommended by WHO (2011) and BIS (2012) for a range of water uses, including drinking and other domestic supplies. According to the pH guidelines provided by IS 10500:2012, the groundwater in every village in the Bathinda district is safe to drink, as illustrated in Fig. 2[8] .

High and low value of pH indicates more ions in groundwater that can be connected with the presence of metal ions in groundwater.

1.2. Electrical conductivity:

Since EC indicates the presence of impurities (ions) in the water, its mobilization is temperature-dependent and depends on the concentration of impurities. In addition to being directly correlated with the number of ionized substances in the water, electrical conductivity and dissolved salt concentrations can also be linked to issues with excessive hardness and other mineral contaminants [24]. The electrical conductivity of all the water samples (from sources such tube wells, dug wells, hand pumps and water delivery schemes) ranged from 435 µS/cm to 2500 µS/cm overall. Figure 3 sheds light on the electric conductance of various sample sites in Bhatinda. Maximum electrical conductance is observed Bambiha and least conductance is found in Dhupali with 430 µS/ cm.

1.3. Total dissolved Solid:

The electrical conductivity and value of total dissolves solid in water are directly related to each other. This relation can be used to detect as the indicator of water pollution [25]. In the north-south region of Bhatinda the TDS value ranges from 455–3630 ppm whereas the permission limit suggested by WHO,2004 it should be 500 ppm for potable water. Hence it indicates high TDS for Bhatinda groundwater. The major source of groundwater is handpump and borewells in this region. Weathering and industries can be the main reason of TDS in groundwater of Bhatinda [26].

1.4. Chromium (Cr):

Chromium, one of the most important heavy metals that is even part of many cofactors in living organism. It also imposed threat if ingested in high concentration. Therefore, presence of chromium ions in groundwater is not safe and can cause various health issue if present above permissible level [27,28]. Although today we have different technologies to sense this metal ion like electrochemical sensing [29]. The major source of chromium metal in ground water is urbanisation and industrialization of chemical and microplastic industries. It is considered as the most mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant as it shows adverse effect on cardiovascular and respiratory system of living organisms. Different chemical processes like ion-exchange, solvent extraction, chemical precipitation are used to removal Cr^+ 6 ions although these methods are not environmentally friendly as they release many toxic substances in environment. Nowadays bioremediation is used to manage its concentration in groundwater [30].

The range of chromium concentration lies between 0.07–0.6 ppm in the sample water with maximum concertation of it in Lehra-Mohabbat village. As per IS 10500:2012, the permissible limit for chromium in ground water is 0.05 ppm whereas Bhatinda region reached to 0.09 ppm.

Overall, all the analysed water sample have the Cr content beyond the recommended limit. Figure 4 indicates the level of chromium metal in SW region of Bhatinda that confirms high amount of heavy metal ion in ground water.

Study by IARC confirms that Cr^+ 6 shows more carcinogenic effect compare to Cr^+ 3, thus, the subsurface water of the Bathinda district contains good amount of chromium ion therefore it is not fitted for drinking.

1.5. Uranium (U):

Uranium is a radioactive element that can cause serious health issues like leukaemia, bone and lungs cancer etc. The presence of uranium in groundwater is always impose threat due to its radioactive nature. People of Bathinda and Faridkot in the southwest corner of Punjab, India, are at risk for ailments due to concentrations of uranium (U) along with additional potentially harmful substances in the groundwater [31]. Although WHO purposed limit for Uranium in subsurface water is 30 µg L^− 1 yet it is found approximately 88 µg L^− 1 in Bathinda and 61 µg L^− 1 in Faridkot.

According to Fig. 5 in Amritsar Punjab, maximum concentration of uranium is found in Chogawan that is approx. 45.31 µg/L compare to Ram Tirath with minimum concentration of 6.87 µg/L [32]. Other locations which are abundant in uranium were Wadala, Bauli and Sewa Nagar in Amritsar. In Gurdaspur, Punjab maximum concentration of uranium is found in Batala with 24.30 µg/L and minimum is found in Pathankot that is approx. 1.24 µg/L.

In Himachal Pradesh, maximum concentration of uranium is found in Nurpur, Kangara (H.P.) that is approx. 6.14 µg/L whereas minimum is found in Bhararhi Ghaat, 0.61 µg/L. In Bhatinda, Punjab Uranium concentration ranges between 2.3 and 357 µg L^− 1. Bhucho Mandi, near the ash pond of thermal power plant in Lehra Mohabat has the peak average concentration of uranium in groundwater in the Bhatinda district, at 56.95 µg/L [33,34,35].

1.6. Mercury:

Mercury is another heavy metal ion which has tendency to bioaccumulate in living organisms. The bioaccumulation is mainly due to mining and geological conditions [36,37]. The mercury concentrations in the water samples collected varied between 4.6 µg/L -20 µg/L [38]. Figure 6 shads light over the concentration of mercury in groundwater sample in Bhatinda that shows average concentration of mercury as 10 µg/L in groundwater[39].

In south-north Punjab, minimum concentration is found in Nasibpura village samples as 4.5 µg/L whereas maximum was in Bambiha village as 22.4 µg/L. Overall average concentration of mercury was 10 µg/L -15 µg/L although BIS 2012 purposed permissible limit as 1 µg/L [40].

Significant amounts of radioactive elements and heavy metal contamination have been identified in the groundwater of Bhatinda, India, posing significant health hazards to the local populace. Significant findings include higher than allowed amounts of uranium and chromium, both of which have cancer-causing effects. Precise measurements of these pollutants were obtained by using the method of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), which revealed the extent of groundwater pollution in the area.

A multifaceted approach including the latest scientific research, efficient remediation methods, strong regulatory frameworks, and proactive community involvement is needed to address this problem. To fully comprehend the degree of contamination and its impacts on public health, ongoing surveillance and health impact evaluations are essential. Studies on the consequences of climate change and sustainable farming methods are also crucial for ensuring the availability and safety in the future.

Countless directions for additional research and development are offered by the investigation of groundwater contamination in Bhatinda, India. It will lead researcher to new advance technologies to detect the metal ions and real time monitoring the groundwater qualities.

With the help of long-term studies, we can understand the seasonal variations and their impact on agriculture and industrial activities. More research can reduce radioactive and heavy metal contamination in groundwater. Study in different areas like advanced chemical treatments, bioremediation, or phytoremediation can enhance the quality parameter. Performing more detail experiments and assessments on healthcare can help in the development of sustainable policies. It can give better result in agriculture practice that leads the developing countries to more and more development. Some other metal ions like arsenic, mercury and lead are also expected to detect and study for future generation.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author Contribution

1. Jaya Bansal : Writing original draft, Reviewing2. Gagandeep Kaur: Investigation, Resources 3. Sofia Gupta: Reviewing, Methodlogy 4. Preetinder Kaur: Investigation, Reviewing

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Department of Applied Science, CCE, Jhanjeri for provide necessary assistance.

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No competing interests reported.

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Groundwater Quality and Associated Risk in Bhatinda District (Punjab, India)

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Material and Method

Result and Discussion

1.1. Acidity and Alkalinity-

1.2. Electrical conductivity:

1.3. Total dissolved Solid:

1.4. Chromium (Cr):

1.5. Uranium (U):

1.6. Mercury:

Conclusion

Declarations

Conflict of Interest

Author Contribution

Acknowledgement

References

Additional Declarations

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