Hempcrete housing as a sustainable restoration solution at Novo Mesto, Slovenia: Building towards carbon neutrality performances

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4615616/v1

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Hempcrete housing as a sustainable restoration solution at Novo Mesto, Slovenia: Building towards carbon neutrality performances

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4615616/v1

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Hempcrete is especially attractive to the self-builders and the community groups, because of the relatively low-tech nature of the construction method. It’s now a greater need for the scientific research towards this bio-composite material on its thermal, hygric and carbon sequestration performances. This commercial case study reports the restoration of 80 years old traditional timber structure by hempcrete technology in two phases: 1. Characterization of raw materials adopted for restoration, secondly life cycle analysis performed on the hempcrete and its costing compared with conventional construction. The Slovenian National Building & Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG) reported on the characterization results with the standard U value of 0.085 W/m²K and 0.25 MPa as mechanical strength for the volume hemp lime mix of 260-80Kg/m³. European KIC Climate performed LCA through SIMAPRO software for hemp lime “cradle to door” results revealed the energy consumption, resource cost comparison and carbon neutrality with respect to the conventional methods. Use of Hemp lime predicted the lowest GHG emissions and also to reuse and restore the structure with minimal environmental impacts.

Hemp shives

Tradical thermo lime

Material characterization

thermal conductivity

Life cycle assessment

carbon sequestration

Restored 80 years old timber house to carbon neutral hemp house at Novo Mesto, Slovenia
Hemp-lime combination as sustainable eco-friendly building material towards life time carbon sequestration benefits
Utilization of hempcrete as restoration material compared to conventional mortar has benefited on energy savings and lower thermal conductivity U 0.085 W/m²K.

Natural Hemp is a game changer for the building industry. It is utilized in the textile, automotive, medical, and agricultural industries in addition to construction. With its wide applications and legalization, it is becoming more and more popular. Slovenians are not familiar with hemp as a building material, and not much research has been done to raise public awareness of it. Countries of Southeast Europe have a long history of hemp cultivation. In 1949, ex- Yugoslavia was the third biggest hemp producer in the world, growing a total of 80.000 ha hemp crops. With a breakup of ex-Yugoslavia, the former federal republics – and now independent states – have different laws concerning hemp growing, CBD, and medical cannabis. Medical marijuana is legal in Croatia and North Macedonia, and some other countries might consider the same in the near future. Before the 2nd World War, about 160 ha of the agricultural area in Slovenia was cultivated with hemp. Then it quickly began to decline, and at the end of the 1970s, it was no longer cultivated. Revitalization of industrial hemp in Slovenia with field experiments started in 2000 when hemp was used only for seed production, and hemp ﬁbres were used only as buildings insulation. (Vri{er). In 2004, Slovenia joined the EU and allowed hemp cultivation for food and industrial purposes. Growing hemp is regulated by the Drugs Production and Trafficking Act, with the Ministry of Agriculture providing permits.

A total of 60,000 hectares were covered in hemp, which at the time accounted for 25% of hemp produced in Europe and 6% worldwide. Slovenia has also seen the improvements in the production and use of industrial hemp, thanks to recent changes in the country's strict legislation and the increased public awareness of this prohibited plant. Slovenia's annual increase in the percentage of felling’s per hectare of agricultural land can be attributed to its versatile use and ease of production. Hemp is a very tolerant plant that grows well in most growing conditions, which has led to its widespread distribution throughout the world (Lazič; Stanwix and Sparrow; Updike; Lupu et al. 2022).

Hemp concrete was first used by Charles Rasetti in 1986, when he was renovating in France the historically important building House of the Turk. From that time on, the construction of hempcrete spread all over France and across borders (Lazič; Rhydwen; Shareef and Rauf 2022). It was discovered that the natural flexibility and vapor permeability of hemp-lime complemented the original building materials. Additionally, hemp-lime was seen by the construction industry as having a more consistent quality than the original infill materials. Slovenia has a small but thriving subculture of hemp use. Traditionally, hemp was of crucial importance to the rural farming economy, and now efforts are being made to revive history and local heritage. In fact, in the small Slovenian village of Trimlini, the annual hemp harvest incorporates traditional rituals practiced since ancient times.

Latest developments in green building design integrate passive as well as active technology designed to increase a building's energy efficiency. While adopting such energy-efficient construction is certainly advantageous, using conventional building materials has a negative impact on the environment. To minimize building energy usage, phase change materials, passive house approaches, and other comparable strategies are being investigated. On a related note, scientists have been researching a relatively new concept known as geo engineering, which entails the intentional, large-scale modification of the environment in order to mitigate certain symptoms of anthropogenic climate change. It was proposed that this environmental manipulation may be accomplished via the use of carbon dioxide reduction (CDR) measures and albedo modifications (AM). Reforestation and afforestation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and accelerated weathering are just a few of the CO₂ reduction techniques that have proved the potential to capture or remove several gigatons of CO₂ from the atmosphere, thereby minimizing the effects of anthropogenic climate change. Thus, commercial cultivation of fast-growing crops/plants such as hemp, sisal, jute, flax, kenaf, and hazelnut must be considered.

Several studies have stated that Hempcrete is an enviro-friendly building material that reduces waste and decreases natural resources and energy use. Despite its many benefits, Hempcrete does have a few disadvantages that make it less than ideal as a building material. For instance, the porous structure of the Hempcrete decreases its mechanical performance and increases its ability to retain water due to its porous structure (Rhydwen; Updike; Hirst et al. 2012; Sahmenko et al. 2021; Shareef and Rauf 2022). Though these issues are not so befouling as to prevent the use of Hempcrete within the construction sector altogether, they do provide substantial limitations regarding what it can be used for. Although Hemp does not increase structural strength by what we had assumed, it does exhibit structural properties like fiberglass. Hence, to overcome the limitations, this article will deliver hempcrete is best opted for restoration purposes along with material properties on selecting of type of hemp shives and lime. Additionally, the Life cycle assessment on the hemp lime is performed to compare how efficient and energy saving when compared to the conventional mortar.

Materials

COGREEN d.o.o the commercial builder adopted the mix proportions by volume based on the previous trail mixes performed at laboratory conditions and formulated to produce the density range between 260-280kg/m³. Hence, the binder selected was Tradical thermo lime with aerial lime of 70%, 15% hydraulic and 10% pozzolans, followed by fractions of clay deposits and Hemp Shiv of size range 15-20mm as the natural filler material. The binder Tradical thermo lime of (150 kg/m³ and 160 kg/m³) and (110kg/m³and 120 kg/m³) of shives with water 300 liters represented by 1HS:1. 5BL:3W as mix ratio by weight achieve the optimum volume mixes as shown in Figure 1 .

Method of Preparation

We adopted the planetary mixer for Mortar S 240 with also suitable for semi dry process. Drum size of 240 liters, electric motor 220V, net weight around 177 kg. Length: 92 cm, width 85 cm and height of 114/136 cm. Initially the empty run of the mixer was performed and further by adding water. Once, the mixer was ready, we added required water of 8 liters primarily followed by adding up the lime of 8 Kg for the primary mix. The mix took almost 2 minutes and stopped to add the Hemp shives of 40 liters by volume and allowed to mix with lime together for 6-8 Minutes with continuous grinding. Further the mixer was stopped to add the remaining proportion of lime of 1.5Kg and hemp shiv of 10 litres together for final mix for about 6 Minute. Once the mix is performed, we initially make the hand compressed ball out of the mix to see its consistency (Pressing between two hands). If the ball doesn’t break easily by passing from one hand to other hand on repeated counts, that confirms the stiffness of the mix is achieved for the construction. If the mix breaks on two to three repetitions, we need additional lime for binding.

Wall & roofing adopted at Site:

The proportions by volume mixes have differed for walls, flooring and roofing to counteract the load bearing factors. But in this case, we adopted the uniform mix considering the built-up area for individual sections of the house.

The wall thickness of 15 cm, filled hempcrete with interior clay boards of 16mm and exterior wall of oak wood with height of 3 m followed by 40m²of floor area surfaced with hempcrete of thickness 20 cm. Roofing is layered with hemp insulation (Combi Jute) of dual layers range between 14 &16 cm with water vapor proof at exterior and interior zones followed by clay boards of 16 mm and 3-5 mm fine finish with the roofing tiles of 10.3 cm as shown in the Figure 2 .

Raw material Composition

The analysis was performed by powder X-ray diffraction, on an X-ray powder diffractometer EMPERYAN, PAN Analytical. The analysis was performed at a voltage of 45 kV and a current of 40 mA, with a Cu Ka anode, in the angular range of 5-70° (20), with a step of 0.01° 29 and an integration time of 150 s. The interpretation of the results was performed using the High Score v.4.x LTU software and the PDF-4 database. Quantitative composition was determined by Rietveld analysis procedures and the use of an external standard (Eddy; Brzyski and Fic 2015; Pietruszka et al. 2019).

The accuracy of the analysis method is estimated at ± 3-5%. The sample was crushed to a size of 63 µm for examination. Semi-quantitative chemical analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (Oxford Instruments), on a JEOL 5500 LV apparatus. Backscattered electrons (BSE) were used at a voltage of 20 kV and a working pressure of 12 - 15 Pa. The EDS analysis was carried out at a working distance of 20 mm. The sample for the investigation was not specially prepared beforehand. Tradical thermo lime maker: Saint-Gobain weber France certified the physico-chemical composition as shown in the Table 1 . and Hemp Shiv fiber composition presented on Table 2 & Table 3 (Eddy; Sekolovnik 2016; Pietruszka et al. 2019).

Table 1 . Tradical Thermo Binder physico-chemical composition (Saint Gobain)

Essential Features	Performance	Technical specification harmonized
Compressive strength (28 days)	≥ 3.5 MPa to ≤ 10 MPa	EN 459-1: 2015
Setting time (initial)	> 1 hour
Setting time (final)	≤ 30 hrs.
Tests on mortars
- Air content	≤ 25%
- Penetration	> 10 mm and < 50 mm
SO₃	≤ 2%
Free lime	≥ 40% to < 80%
Stability (reference method)	≤ 2mm
Particle size, refusal at 0.2 mm	≤ 5%
Particle size, refusal at 0.09 mm	≤ 15%
Free water content	≤ 2%
Sustainability	Assessment based on the provisions in force on the place of use

Table 2 . Phase compositions of Tradical Thermo lime.

Mineralogical Phase	Chemical formula	Composition %
Portlandite	Ca(OH)₂	58.3
Alite	Ca₃SiO₅	23.2
Belite	Ca₂SiO₄	10.5
Brownmillerite	Ca₂(AL, Fe)₂O₅	3.5
Anhydrite	CaSO₄	2.7
Calcite	CaCO₃	1.0
Quartz	SiO₂	0.6
lime	CaO	0.2

Table 3 . Hemp shiv physico-chemical composition (Hungaro Hemp holding KFT)

Properties	Composition (%)
Particle length:	0,3-20 mm average
Humidity:	~ 10%
Ingredients: Shives	> 98%
dust shives etc.	2%
Components:	Cellulose: 35%
Hemicellulose:	18%
Lignin	21%
Rest	Protein, pectin, tec 18%
Origin	Hungary

Note: used 20mm sized shives from segregation

Thermal conductivity:

Increasing the amount of fiber derived from plants in insulation products is one of the goals of eco-friendly material design. This can reduce the environmental impact, increase sound absorption, and decrease thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity was measured on the In-situ cast sample according to the SIST EN 12664:2002 standard at Zavod Za Gradbenestivo (ZAG), Ljubljana Slovenia. 75x75x10cm the size of the samples submitted for the testing’s. The ambient temperature during measurement range at 23℃ ±5℃, the relative humidity of the surroundings during the measurement around 50%RH. During the measurement, the test pieces were installed horizontally in the measuring device. The temperature difference between the hot and cold side of the test pieces was measured with T-type thermocouples, embedded in the hot or cold plate, with an electronic thermometer HP 8532A/44701A. The connected direct current was measured with the same meter. The current through the hot plate heater was measured using a 0.1 Ω resistor. The sample was not sealed in vapor-tight foil during the measurement (Poletanović et al.; Collet et al. 2014; Rijavec et al. 2017; Marrot et al. 2022) . All measured parameters are defined in the same way as in SIST EN 12664:2002 (2013).

Mechanical testing:

Test specimen dimensions: 200 mm (L) × 200 mm (W) × 150 mm (H) Before testing, the samples were conditioned for 24 hours under standard laboratory conditions, (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity. During testing, the samples were placed between two plates Noi of the ZWICK Z030 testing machine, the upper one was equipped with a flexible joint, which ensured an even distribution of forces on the surface of the test piece. The test piece was first preloaded with a pressure of (250 ± 10) Pa, and then it was loaded with a constant speed of movement, equal to 10% of the thickness of the test piece/minute, until the end of the test. (Poletanović et al.; Sinka et al. 2014; Barnat-Hunek et al. 2015; Abdellatef et al. 2020).

Experimental analysis:

Thermal performances (λ):

As shown in Table 4 . thermal performances of investigated hemp-lime composite used at the construction depended on the material densities and its moisture content. In this study we have reported the density of 260-280 kg/m³ as constant proportions. The results varied with set temperature at 10℃ reporting the conductivity value in the range of 0.0882-0.0857 W/mK for the mix proportions adopted. Higher the density of the mix, lower the thermal performance value is been reported. Pure Hemp shiv (without binder) has reported lowest thermal conductivity of 0.046 W/mK. Compared to the conventional houses, the hempcrete has higher “U” values of (0.58 w/m²/K Control Homes 0.35 w/m²/k). We also bring down the density between 260-280 Kg/m³for sprayed hempcrete compared to conventional filling type. Apart from, thermal performances the other factors like thermal bridging and air tightness have been substantially worked out with timber framings to reduce the heat losses (Hirst et al., 2013; Collet et al. 2014; Sinka et al. 2014; Barnat-Hunek et al. 2015; Abdellatef et al. 2020; Marrot et al. 2022).

Table 4 . Thermal conductivity (U) value of the hemp composites.

Thermal conductivity of the target - measured values date measurements	Medium temperature the target [°C]	Temperature the difference the target [K]	Thermal density flow through target [W/m²]	Thermal resistance the target [m²K/W]	Thermal conductivity the target [W/m²K]
03.6.2023	10.2	10.2	8.701	1.176	0.0882
10.6.2023	10.0	10.1	8.573	1.176	0.0878
13.6.2023	10.0	10.2	8.462	1.201	0.0857
Standard deviation (S)	±0.119 ±0.0144 ±0.00134
Average	8.57 1.18 0.085

Compressive strength:

The samples tested under mechanical press after 90 days. The adopted hemplime composites reported the change in the final strength as expected compared to the standard mixes in the range between 0.25-0.40Mpa. With the higher density mixes the samples reported with the slightly higher mechanical strength and lower density with lower hempcrete strength as shown in

Table 5 Table 5 . Hempcrete added with nominal shiv size range at 20mm has obtained the better “U” values with the high strength to take the necessary loads on the structure. Post construction the structure is visually inspected to check the joints and supports and they were completely moisture free and reduced capillary action from the surfaces. The damp course layers across the flooring has brought down the demerits to the structure (Hirst et al.; Poletanović et al.; Sinka et al. 2014; Abdellatef et al. 2020).

Mineralogical and morphological Interpretation:

The chemical composition

Table 2. and X-Ray diffraction reported the elemental and mineralogical composition with binder as hydraulic rich. The portlandite peak between 58.3% and CaO at 68-70% has reported the sign of earlier calcite formation in the prepared hempcrete mixes. Further, the bogues compound has its wide range and its role of setting properties with Alite 23.2%, Belite (10.5%), Anhydrite (2.7%) and minor fractional range of quartz and free lime less than 0.5% as shown in Figure 3 . Similar peaks are reported on the SEM-EDX from Figure 4. The EDX graphs reports the calcite with higher range peaks followed with clay minerals. The overall mineralogical deposits explain the role of individual minerals in hemp composite and its interactions for improving the strength and thermal performances on durable structure (Hirst et al.; Pietruszka et al. 2019).

Natural resource consumption between Concrete and Hempcrete:

The production of raw materials is the most impacting phase, mainly due to lime binder production. The balance of the climate change indicator is favorable as CO₂ uptake by photosynthesis and carbonation is higher than emissions. Moreover, compared to concrete walls, hemp concrete appears as relevant. This underlines the high environmental quality of such walls what also show results in Table 6 .

Table 6 . Comparison between the utilization of natural resources and energy consumption/m³.

1m³ Concrete	1m³ of Hempcrete
120 Kg of Cement	160kg of TL Thermo Lime
1800 Kg aggregates (Gravel, sand and crushed rock)	120 kg of Hemp Shives
80 Liters of water	103.4 Kg of Spruce wood
0.5 Kg of Plasticizers or other SCM’s	100 Liters of Water
Total: 2000.5 Kg of Natural materials	443.4 Kg of Material
To Build a average European 7m² area 2009 kg	7m²area requires 886.8kg of Material
Assuming one brick 20x14x10cm, so 350 bricks in 1m³, hence of 1m² construction 50 bricks (5x20cm) x(10x10cm) is m³.	Assuming insulating material 100cmx100cmx4cm, follows 25 units of insulating material for 1m²
Recyclable but higher cost high for the technology	Recyclable and restored with low energy cost
Highly load bearing Material	Low load bearing and light weight for Fastrack construction
Time of 140m² average European standard housing takes 6-8 Months	Time of 140m² average European standard housing takes 3 Months, if Panels just 2 Months.
1m³ of hempcrete uses 1000 liters of hemp hurds which weighs ~120kg, meaning that ~160kg of CO₂ dioxide will be locked up per 1 m³ of wall in the hemp shiv (LCA).

LCA data Concrete (m³/m²): 1 m x 1m x 0,3m= 0,3 m³ Plasticizers(kg/m²) (0,5 % on cement mass which is approx. 350 kg/m³): 0,5 % x 350= 1,75 kg/m³ 0,3X 1,75= 0,525kg/m² Gravel (kg/m²): 2200 kg/m³ (concrete) - 350 kg/m³ (cement) = 1850 kg/m³(gravel) 0,3 x 1850= 555 Wood (m³/m²) 3,5 m² = 1,05 m³ 1m² = 0,3 m³/m².

Hemp limecrete (m³/m²) 280kg/m³= 120 kg(shives) + 160kg(lime). Ratio: 39 % + 61 % 0,39x 1,05m³= 0,409 m³ 3,5m²=0,409 m³ 1m²=0,12m³/m² Hydraulic Lime Binder (m³/m²) 0,61x 1,05m³= 0,64 m³ 3,5m²=0,64 m³ 1m²=0,183m³/m² (of Indian Standards, [CSL STYLE ERROR: reference with no printed form.], [CSL STYLE ERROR: reference with no printed form.]; Klüppel 2005; Ip and Miller 2012).

Energy consumption:

Energy is saved due to better insulation of hempcrete than concrete. Thermal conductivity for a hempcrete is approx. 0,085 w/m²K and for concrete is thermal conductivity 2,25 W/m²K. Therefore, concrete needs additional insulation 15 -20 cm thickness (rock wool, Styrofoam) compared to hempcrete where is already construction wall and insulation in one. Because of better insulation there is less electrical energy needed and for domestic heating is enough low temperature heating like heat pump. Low energy house uses according to standards from 20 kWh – 50 kWh per surface/m² where 30 cm hempcrete panel fits in (23,04 kWh = 82,96 MJ). No data is available for wall made of concrete because there has to be additional insulation added on the wall. Estimation is usage of energy between 90kWh – 115kWh (Florentin et al. 2017; Marrot et al. 2022).

Carbon neutrality performances on the restored structure:

The LCA analysis ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards on the restored structure Figure 5 reported through the global warming indicator-(GWP-total), the use of hemp (hemp fiber) and wood represents an environmental benefit. This is only due to the fact that plants (hemp) and trees (source of wood) absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere during their growth and embeds it in biomass (of Indian Standards; Klüppel 2005; Ip and Miller 2012; Florentin et al. 2017; Saridhe and Selvaraj 2021; Rivas-Aybar et al. 2023). Due to the so-called carbon sequestration in biomass products, they show the opposite effect on the GWP total indicator. Hemp and wood as raw materials therefore demonstrate a mitigation of global warming potential as shown in Table 7 ,Table 8 & Figure 6. As a result, the production of the hempcrete it shows an environmental benefit in terms of the GWP-total indicator (more carbon is stored in the product than CO₂released during its production) (of Indian Standards; Klüppel 2005).

Table 7. Global warming indicator on various natural resources compared to hempcrete (LCA)

GWP: Global warming potential, ODP: Ozone depletion potential, ADP: Abiotic depletion potential, EP: Eutrophication Potential, WDP: water deprivation potential.

Table 8. Cost and Energy comparison between conventional and traditional hempcrete restoration

Sl No	Resources	Conventional Construction (Masonry)	Traditional construction
1	Materials	CLT, Clay Bricks & OSB Boards	Hemp shives+lime+water
2	Cost/m3	315	400
3	Density (Kg/m3)	850	280
4	Strength	10 Mpa	0.4-0.6 Mpa
5	U Thermal conductivity (w/m2k)	0.18	0.088
6	R value (BS EN 1365-1)	1.7-5.4	2.5-3/Inch
7	Carbon footprint	Minimal	Maximum sequestration
8	Wall thickness	340 mm	400 mm
9	Overall costing/m2	1372 €	1850 €
10	Cost savings	1.15%	Higher than conventional

The innovation has set the context in this article for the application of hempcrete as restoration and sustainable building material. Looking ahead, towards the UN Sustainable development goals, this study has widely reported the importance on benefitting the sustainable cities and communities (Goal 11) and Climatic action and GHG emissions (Goal 13).

Starting from the “cradle to door” the hemp hurds reforms to agro waste so called Hemp Shiv for its valuable inclusion along with binder to form hemp limecrete a carbon negative construction material. Size of the shiv for this research was in the range 15-20mm based on the various trial mixes performed at the laboratory.

The range of shiv size was assigned at 15-20mm that controlled three factors 1. density, 2. thermal conductivity and 3. mechanical strength of the material. Thermal conductivity decreases with increase in shiv content and intern reduces the density of the composite compared with the binder. Higher the shiv percentage also increases the porosity of the composite lowering the mechanical strength.

Selection of natural binder as EN Tradical Thermo Lime is a preformulated binder of 70% aerial lime, 15% hydraulic and 10% pozzolans and this binder has used for its thermal comfort and its ease of using on site. Use of Tradical thermo lime is suggested in this research for its thermal comfort, additional SCM as pozzolans and its ease of use onsite.

The thermal performance (0.085 W/Mk) and mechanical strength (0.245 & 0.250 MPa) of the hemp lime volume in the range 260-280 Kg/m³ for this restoration work has achieved a significant role on hygrometric behavior and breathable nature of the structure leading towards carbon neutral performances.

Curing of hemp lime walls, floors and roofing took 6 weeks from the date of application. The finish layers were directly dependent on its curing time, this time was capitalized by casting the partition walls according to the plan. Further, the walls were finished with lime finish followed by the resin for fine surfacing. Spray and manual fill are time consuming and takes 6-8 weeks to completely cure, hence hemp lime panels are under the design from COGREEN D.O.O for innovation on further projects across Slovenia.

Life cycle assessment on resource optimization, CO₂ uptake of -86.5 kg/m² and GHG emission neutrality performances have enlightened the study of hempcrete as eco-sustainable material compared to conventional building materials to curb the environmental impacts. Hemp with jute fibers (20 cm) as an additional insulation material for ceiling in this study has lowered the moisture condensation from the timber structures.

Thermal conductivity for a hempcrete is approx. 0.085 w/m²K and for concrete is thermal conductivity 2,25 W/m²K and 30 cm hempcrete panel fits in (23,04 kWh = 82,96 MJ). The LCA analysis, similar to the previous studies, showed that hemp concrete is a sustainable construction material with a relatively low environmental footprint.

Acknowledgements

This article was elaborated with the support of the public tender No 303-2-00309/2021/1 “Incentives for research and development projects of NOOs” 2023 (Načrta za okrevanje in odpornost-NOO Slovenija), Financed by the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology, Republic of Slovenia for the promotion of entrepreneurship, internationalization, foreign investments and technology. I also thank the CoGreen d.o.o onsite team for their valuable effort during the construction.

Ethical Approval: Authors confirm that the article is not published elsewhere, original research is carried by the authors. This article also confirms that no involved human participants.

Consent to participate: I, the undersigned, give my consent for the publication of identifiable details, which can include photographs or details within the text (“Material”) to be published in the above Journal and Article. No Human involvement is carried out in any part of this research.

Consent to Publish: This article before the submission to Environmental science and Pollution research is been sent as preprint server.

Data availability statement: No data associated in the manuscript.

Authors contributions: The authors SKM and PZ confirms sole responsibility for the following: study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.

Funding: This article was elaborated with the support of the public tender No 303-2-00309/2021/1 “Incentives for research and development projects of NOOs” 2023 (Načrta za okrevanje in odpornost-NOO Slovenija), Financed by the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology, Republic of Slovenia for the promotion of entrepreneurship, internationalization, foreign investments and technology.

Competing Interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Table 5 is available in the Supplementary Files section.

No competing interests reported.

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Hempcrete housing as a sustainable restoration solution at Novo Mesto, Slovenia: Building towards carbon neutrality performances

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