Analysis of the effects of vehicle emission at heavily used intersections along Asian Highway 47 in Indore, India

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4616029/v1

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Analysis of the effects of vehicle emission at heavily used intersections along Asian Highway 47 in Indore, India

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4616029/v1

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The winter months of November and December 2022 saw simultaneous measurements of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM - PM 10), Gaseous pollutants such as SO₂, NO₂, Total Vehicular Pollution load, and Air Quality Index at the busiest traffic divergence corridor on Asian Highway 47 at Indore city, which is IDTL Toll Manglia & Bicholi Mardana. Utilizing a respirable dust sampler, the sampling process was carried out in accordance with CPCB regulations. With the use of a respirable dust sampler, the morning at IDTL Toll Manglia and Bicholi Mardana Square has the lowest RSPM (101.45 µg/m3) and the highest RSPM (152.78 µg/m3). During the month, the lowest recorded RSPM value in the morning was 100.15 µg/m³, while the maximum was 139.73 µg/m³. During nighttime peak hours, Bicholi Mardana recorded the lowest value of 143.68 µg/m³ and the greatest concentration of 173.38 µg/m³. Conversely, IDTL Toll Manglia recorded the lowest concentration of 168.58 µg/m³ and the highest concentration of 190.82 µg/m³. The concentration of gaseous pollutants was found to be higher at IDTL Toll Manglia and lower at Bicholi Mardana & AQI. Both sampling stations showed signs of moderate quantities in the morning, while heavy concentrations were found at both in the evening. With the appropriate sample sites, this data can be used to assess the current state of vehicular pollution and aid in the formulation of future preventive strategies.

Gaseous Pollutant

PM10

RSPM

CPCB

TVPL

RDS

AQI

The rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increase in vehicular traffic in Central Asia over recent decades have led to significant air pollution issues. The rise in industrial activities, expansion of urban areas, and growing transportation infrastructure have all contributed to the deterioration of air quality in the region. The effects of vehicle emission control programs (VECPs) on the environment have drawn more attention to changes in air pollutants and CO₂ emissions (Xu & Qin, 2023; Mukhitdinov et al., 2024). Vehicle Emission Control Plans (VECPs) are critical in mitigating the environmental impacts of transportation by targeting reductions in air pollutants and CO₂ emissions. These plans typically involve regulations and technological advancements aimed at improving the efficiency of vehicles and reducing their emissions.

Because there are so many cars on the road today, transportation contributes significantly to air pollution in many nations, including India. As the population grew, so did the number of vehicles, which raised the level of vehicular pollution. Absolutely, vehicular emissions play a crucial role in exacerbating air pollution and contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with significant implications for public health and the environment. The impacts are profound, affecting millions of lives and encompassing a range of health problems such as mortality and morbidity, child health, interference in remote sensing data and air quality monitoring (Li et al., 2022). The health issues are particularly severe among vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. Air pollution poses serious risks to children, leading to respiratory problems, impaired lung development, and other health complications. Infants, children, and adolescents, are indeed more vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollutants compared to adults such as developing organs, higher metabolic rate, immature immune systems, outdoor activity, neurological effects, etc. (Flagan and Seinfeld, 2012). Youngsters, with their developing organs and higher intake of air relative to their body weight, are indeed more susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollutants. Protecting children from air pollution requires concerted efforts from governments, communities, and individuals to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and create healthier environments for future generations. Research has also been done with population weighted pollution indexes (Ivy et al., 2008). There are restrictions, nevertheless, in cases where remote sensing data does not provide air pollution risk assessments based on several pollutants. Prior research solely addressed the concerns associated with air pollution, leaving out the integrative analysis of vulnerabilities and risks.

Vehicular emissions are a primary source of air pollution, contributing significantly to various harmful pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Ozone (O₃), Particulate Matter (PM₁₀), and Lead (Andrade et al., 2024). Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that can have harmful health effects by reducing the amount of oxygen transported in the bloodstream to critical parts of the body. Preventing CO exposure through proper ventilation, maintenance of combustion appliances, and awareness of safety practices is essential to protect public health and safety. From 1990 to the present, PM₁₀ and NO₂ have become major concerns due to their adverse health effects, environmental impact, and increasing concentrations in urban areas. Addressing these pollutants requires concerted efforts from governments, industries, and communities to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and protect public health. In addition to increasing the risk of respiratory infections and irritating human respiratory tract airways, NO₂ also plays a role in the creation of fine particulate matter and ground-level ozone. SO₂ can cause respiratory problems in humans and contribute to the formation of acid rain, which can harm ecosystems and man-made structures. Addressing SO₂ emissions requires comprehensive strategies to reduce pollution from various sources and mitigate the adverse impacts on human health and the environment (Jion et al., 2023). In summary, ground-level ozone is a significant component of smog and can cause respiratory problems, cardiovascular effects, and environmental damage. Addressing ground-level ozone pollution requires comprehensive strategies to reduce emissions of precursor pollutants and mitigate the adverse impacts on human health and the environment. VOCs react with NO_x to form ozone, contributing to smog formation. Lead exposure can cause serious health issues, particularly in children, including cognitive impairment and developmental delays.

The significant traffic density along Asian Highway 47 (AH47) in Indore, India, presents major vehicular emissions and air pollution challenges, particularly at heavily used intersections such as High Vehicle Registration Rate, Traffic Composition and Intensity, Vehicular Emissions, Public Interest Litigation (PIL) (Singh et al., 2023). Asian Highway 47, which begins in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, and travels via Banglore to Matara, Sri Lanka, is part of the Asian Highway Network (AH), a collaborative initiative among Asian nations (Alam and Khan, 2020). Asian Highway 47, which runs through the Indore region for 34.5 km and passes through many residential townships, commercial complexes, and institutional buildings, is a heavily traveled route (Majumdar et al.). Indore has the second-highest vehicle registration rate in India, with 560 vehicles per 1,000 population, exacerbating traffic congestion and emissions. Two-wheelers dominate the traffic, accounting for 54–67% of vehicles, while passenger cars constitute 22–33% (Kapse et al., 2023). Traffic intensity surges by 40–60% during peak hours, indicating severe congestion on AH47, particularly in the mixed vehicle lanes of the Indore BRT corridor. Vehicular emissions, especially PM₁₀, are a significant contributor to air pollution in Indore. Studies show PM₁₀ levels are highest at intersections, with the Manglia intersection having the maximum concentration. The poor traffic conditions led to a PIL demanding the scrapping of the BRT system in favor of mixed lanes for buses, highlighting the severe congestion issues. Upgrading AH47 to a paved 2-lane divided carriageway is expected to increase capacity and reduce travel time. However, traffic is projected to grow from 4,308 vehicles per day to 14,852 by 2029, which will continue to drive emissions.

The sources of local air pollution were identified in the current study, and the analysis concentrated on the effects of changes in traffic load on vehicle pollution levels. The study area was chosen as IDTL toll Manglia and Bicholi Mardana on Asian Highway 47 corridor at Indore. Together with the overall vehicle pollution load on each divergence on Asian Highway 47, the air quality index for each location was computed. In the future, this data can assist in the formulation of policies pertaining to road infrastructure, traffic management, and significant traffic volume reduction strategies. In compliance with the CPCB's recommended limit, it may also be used to examine the present level of vehicular pollution with the matching traffic divergence sites.

A methodical and exacting sampling technique must be used in order to track and evaluate pollution concentrations in accordance with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) regulations.

Sampling Frequency

Samples were collected twice a week.

Duration

Sampling was conducted for up to one month.

Sampling Schedule:

Daily Sampling Time: Each site was sampled twice a day.

Morning Session: Four hours in the morning.

Evening Session: Four hours later in the day.

Sampling Location:

Single Station: A specific station was selected for sampling to ensure consistency and reliability in data collection.

Sampling and Analysis Method

Principles Used

Gravity Principle: Utilized for collecting particulate matter such as PM10.

Absorption Principle: Used for assessing gaseous pollutants.

Sampling Devices

High Volume Samplers (HVS): For collecting particulate matter using the gravity principle.

Gas Absorption Tubes: For collecting gaseous pollutants.

Respirable dust sampler (RDS).

Figure 1 depicts the methodology used to monitor and analyse pollution concentrations.

Site Selection Standards

The site selection standards for monitoring sites in commercial or traffic areas should take into account several criteria to ensure accurate representation of air quality in these zones:

Distance from High Traffic Emission Areas: Monitoring sites should be located at a sufficient distance from areas with high levels of traffic emissions to avoid localized pollution hotspots. This ensures that the monitoring data reflects the overall air quality in the commercial or traffic zone rather than being skewed by nearby sources of pollution.
Proximity to Commercial Hubs: Ideally, monitoring stations should be situated near hubs of commercial activity, such as shopping centers, business districts, or industrial zones. These areas typically experience high levels of human activity and vehicular traffic, making them important locations for monitoring air quality.
Traffic Volume: The monitoring station should be positioned near roadways with a substantial daily traffic volume, preferably exceeding 10,000 cars. This ensures that the monitoring site captures the emissions from a significant number of vehicles, providing a representative sample of air quality in areas with heavy traffic.

Air Quality Index (AQI)

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a valuable tool that plays a crucial role in communicating air quality information effectively to the public, raising awareness about the importance of clean air, and guiding actions to protect public health and the environment. Its simplicity, comprehensiveness, and real-time monitoring capabilities make it an essential resource for individuals, communities, and policymakers alike. It simplifies complex data on various air pollutants into a single, easy-to-understand number and corresponding color code, reflecting the health impacts of air quality on a scale from 0 to 500 (EPA, 2010).

Total Vehicular Pollution Load

The CPCB reported that the quantum of pollutants emitted by vehicles is directly proportional to The number of automobiles circulating in the city. The three and four-wheelers were observed to be highly polluting, which may be due to poor fuel quality, adulteration of kerosene in 3-wheelers, as well as poor maintenance of these vehicles. A correlation (r = 0.975) between Total Vehicular pollution load (TVPL) and Total no. of vehicles plying in an area. It indicates a straight-line relationship (CPCB Revised Draft Report, 2010; Waghela, 1998)

The locations of the air monitoring stations along the Asian Highway 47 corridor in the Indore region's busiest divergence point.

This study's goal was to evaluate the degree of air pollution at two significant traffic-diversion locations along AH47 in Indore, India. These points, IDTL Toll Manglia and Bicholi Mardana, are known for their high traffic volumes, especially of two-wheelers and passenger cars. Using a respirable dust sampler (RDS) and following CPCB guidelines, the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and particulate matter (PM₁₀) were measured for this evaluation.

Locations and Traffic Data

IDTL Toll Manglia

Location: Busy traffic divergence point surrounded by residential townships.

Traffic Volume: Approximately 40,224 cars per 24 hours.

Bicholi Mardana

Location: Congested traffic divergence junction surrounded by large residential townships.

Traffic Volume: Approximately 36,197 cars per 24 hours.

The study discovered that, in comparison to midblock sections, the concentrations of RSPM (PM10) were much greater at the busy crossroads along Asian Highway 47 (AH47) in Indore. The following are the two main reasons:

IDTL Manglia Toll: The greatest PM10 levels were found at this intersection, which varied from 103.17 µg/m3 in the morning to 190.82 µg/m3 in the evening. In the morning, the concentration was the lowest at 103.17 µg/m3, while in the evening, it was the greatest at 190.82 µg/m3.
Though not as high as IDTL Toll Manglia, Bicholi Mardana showed excessive PM10 levels as well. In the morning, the concentrations were 100 µg/m3, and in the afternoon, they were 135 µg/m3. Additionally, the study discovered that at both crossings, PM10 levels were consistently greater in the evening peak hours than in the morning peak hours. This is probably because there are more vehicles on the road, particularly two-wheelers and passenger cars, which make up 54–67% and 22–33% of all vehicles, respectively.

The main reason for the higher PM10 levels at these crossroads along AH47 in Indore is the exceptionally high traffic volumes, with about 40,224 automobiles passing through IDTL Toll Manglia and 36,197 cars going through Bicholi Mardana per day. Compared to free-flowing traffic, the poor traffic conditions and congestion result in increased emissions. Overall, it was discovered that the IDTL Toll Manglia intersection and Bicholi Mardana had the highest RSPM (PM10) concentrations, both of which were over the permissible limits. Because of the increased traffic in the evening, PM10 levels were at their highest at peak hours. The high PM10 levels at these intersections are attributed to the extremely high traffic volumes. The presence of a large number of vehicles, especially during peak hours, leads to significant emissions of particulate matter. This pollution poses a serious public health hazard as PM10 can cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.

Table 1 provides the average RSPM concentration level for Bicholi Mardana (evening and morning peak hours). Figures 2 and 3 show the fluctuation trends with respect to time for the same site, and Table 1 also provides the average RSPM concentration levels for IDTL Toll Manglia. Table 2 shows the evening and morning peak hours, while Figs. 4 and 5 demonstrate the variation patterns over time for the location IDTL Toll Manglia.

These numbers show the amount of RSPM (PM10) present at IDTL Toll Manglia on the designated dates throughout the morning and evening peak hours.

With the exception of two days in a row, monitored data at 24-hour, 8-hour, or 1-hour intervals must be gathered 97% of the time in a year and 3% of the time (Table 3).

The average SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations at Bicholi Mardana (morning and evening) were found to be below the CPCB's permitted limits. During morning traffic peak hours, SO₂ concentrations ranged from 17.36 µg/m³ to 29.88 µg/m³, while NO₂ concentrations ranged from 23.22 µg/m³ to 37.91 µg/m³. However, both gaseous pollutants were lower than during evening traffic peak hours. At Bicholi Mardana in the evening, SO₂ concentrations range from 25.59 µg/m³ to 38.18 µg/m³, while NO₂ concentrations range from 33.25 µg/m³ to 46.87 µg/m³.

The study indicates that the extremely high traffic volumes at these intersections are the primary cause of elevated PM₁₀ and NO₂ levels. The congestion and poor traffic conditions lead to higher emissions compared to free-flowing traffic. The highest pollution levels occur during evening rush hours when there are more cars on the road. The findings demonstrate that PM₁₀ and NO₂ concentrations at IDTL Toll Manglia and Bicholi Mardana intersections exceed safe limits, posing a significant public health risk. The report emphasizes how vital it is to take action at these crucial AH47 locations to reduce vehicle emissions and enhance air quality. The average concentration level of gaseous pollutants at Bicholi Mardana (evening and morning peak hours) is presented in Table 4, and the variation patterns relating time for the above site are displayed in Figs. 6 and 7.

Average Concentration of SO2and NO2 at IDTL Toll Manglia

The average SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations at IDTL Toll Manglia (morning and evening) were found to be below the CPCB's permitted limit. Morning traffic peak hours saw concentrations of SO2 µg/m³ ranging from 20.89 µg/m³ to 33.91 µg/m³ and NO₂ µg/m³ ranging from 29.41 µg/m³ to 41.50 µg/m³. However, both gaseous pollutants were found to be lower in the morning than in the evening. At IDTL Toll Manglia in the evening, SO₂ concentrations range from 28.72 µg/m³ to 39.64 µg/m³, while NO₂ concentrations range from 36.89 µg/m³ to 48.86 µg/m³. Table 5 shows the mean concentration of Gaseous Pollutants throughout the evening and morning peak hours at IDTL Toll Manglia, along with the time-varying trends for the same. Additionally, it has been noted that the concentration of SO₂ is lower than that of NO₂ due to a higher proportion of gasoline-powered vehicles going through the divergence point than diesel-powered vehicles.

The average SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations at Toll Manglia (morning and evening) were found to be below the CPCB's permitted limits (Figs. 8 & 9). During morning traffic peak hours, SO₂ concentrations ranged from 21.36 µg/m³ to 30.93 µg/m³, while NO₂ concentrations ranged from 39.33 µg/m³ to 46.21 µg/m³. However, both gaseous pollutants were lower than during evening traffic peak hours. At Toll Manglia in the evening, SO₂ concentrations range from 29.66 µg/m³ to 33.48 µg/m³, while NO₂ concentrations range from 49.24 µg/m³ to 52.51 µg/m³.

However, The Air Quality Index at both traffic divergence points on the AH 47 was observed to show moderate pollution in the morning and heavy pollution in the evening at both sites (Table 6). And the total vehicular pollution load was found to be more in Toll Mangalia than Bicholi Mardana (Table 7).

The study on vehicular pollution at IDTL Toll Manglia and Bicholi Mardana on Asian Highway 47 provides valuable insights into the sources and impact of traffic-induced air pollution. By quantifying pollution levels and understanding their correlation with traffic load, the findings can guide effective policy and infrastructure decisions to mitigate pollution and improve public health in the Indore region. Following the conclusions reported:

The morning and evening RSPM concentrations at the Bicholi Mardana divergence site exceeded the CPCB's allowed limits.

The morning RSPM concentration at IDTL Toll Manglia divergence point exceeds the allowed limit. Palasia has the greatest concentration of RSPM in the evening, exceeding the CPCB's permissible limit.The SOx concentration pattern in IDTL Toll Manglia Square is within the permitted level in both the morning and evening, but it may exceed the limit if traffic pollution continues to increase.

SOx concentrations in Bicholi Mardana are within the acceptable limit in the morning and evening, but may exceed the limit if traffic pollution continues to increase.

In the morning, the NOx concentration pattern at IDTL Toll Manglia Point is appropriate. At Bicholi Mardana Square, the NOx content is acceptable in the morning and high but not over the CPCB guideline in the evening. Conversely, it is high in the evening but stays within the CPCB-permitted threshold.Both research areas had moderate air pollution levels. However, both places in the evening had significant air pollution levels.

A separate traffic survey found 40224 cars passing through IDTL Toll Manglia and 36,197 passing through Bicholi Mardana sampling site. As a result, the total pollutant load at the IDTL Toll Manglia sample location was assessed to be 13.68 tons/day, while at Bicholi Mardana it was 10.29 tons/day, indicating a significant TVPL at both locations.

Economic and Technological Barriers

Implementing VECPs can be economically challenging, especially in developing countries where resources are limited. Investments in technology and infrastructure are necessary but can be costly. Continuous research and development are needed to make cleaner vehicle technologies more affordable and accessible.

Sustainable Urban Planning

Integrating VECPs with broader urban planning strategies is essential to create sustainable cities. This includes developing efficient public transportation systems, creating pedestrian-friendly spaces, and reducing urban sprawl.

Policy Formulation

Use the study's data to inform policies related to road infrastructure, traffic management, and strategies for reducing traffic volume.

Traffic Management Strategies: Develop and implement measures to manage and reduce traffic congestion, such as improving public transportation, creating alternative routes, and optimizing traffic signals.

Health Risk Assessment

Conduct further studies to assess the health risks associated with prolonged exposure to high pollution levels at these divergence points.

Infrastructure Planning: Assist in planning future infrastructure projects that consider the impact of vehicular emissions on local air quality.

Emissions Control Measures

Vehicle Emission Standards

Enforcing stricter vehicle emission standards and regular inspections to ensure compliance.

Promotion of Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Incentivizing the use of EVs through subsidies, tax benefits, and charging infrastructure development.

Public Transportation Enhancements: BRT System Improvement: Instead of scrapping the BRT, focus on improving its efficiency and coverage. Dedicated BRT lanes can reduce congestion in mixed lanes.

Mass Transit Solutions

Expanding and improving public transportation options like metro, trams, and buses to reduce the number of private vehicles on the road.

Non-Motorized Transport:

Pedestrian and Cycling Infrastructure

Developing safe and extensive pedestrian pathways and cycling lanes to encourage non-motorized transport.

Urban Planning and Policy

Zoning Regulations

Implement zoning regulations that reduce the need for long commutes and encourage mixed-use development.

Congestion Pricing

Introducing congestion pricing during peak hours to discourage the use of private vehicles and promote public transport.

Ethical Approval

We approve that all the authors mentioned in the manuscript have agreed for authorship, read and approved the manuscript, and given consent for submission and subsequent publication of the manuscript.

Consent to Participate

We, the undersigned, give our consent for the publication of identifiable details, which can include photographs within the text to be published in the Environmental Science and Pollution Research. We confirm that we have seen and been given the opportunity to read both the Material and the Article to be published by Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

Consent to Publish

We hereby provide consent for the publication of the manuscript detailed above, including any accompanying images or data contained within the manuscript that may directly or indirectly disclose our identity.

Competing Interest

We declare that we have no significant competing financial, professional, or personal interests that might have influenced the performance or presentation of the work described in this manuscript.

Funding

There is no funding for this project work from any external sources or agencies. However, Medicaps University, Indore provided all the required facilties for this project work.

Author Contribution

Authors Contribution Manuscript writing, Experimental and Analytical work – Mr. Ruchir Lashkari Manuscript proof reading, editing – Dr. Rohini KaleGuidance and Area Expertise – Dr. Shilpa Tripathi

Acknowledgement

We thank Medicaps University, Department of Civil Engineering for providing all the laboratory facilities and research tools. A Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Dilip K. Patnaik (The Vice-Chancellor, Medi-Caps University ) for his valuable and timely guidance for the research work.

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Tables 1 to 7 are available in the Supplementary Files section.

No competing interests reported.

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Analysis of the effects of vehicle emission at heavily used intersections along Asian Highway 47 in Indore, India

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Methodology Adopted

3. Results & Discussions

4. Conclusions

5. Challenges and Future Directions

6. Future Implications

Declarations

Ethical Approval

Competing Interest

Funding

Author Contribution

Acknowledgement

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

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