Marine Spatial Planning Connects Digital Technology, Excavation Equipment with Articial Intelligence, Internet of Things for Underwater Heritage Investigation

Background Problem Purpose The purpose of paper attempts to identify signicant issues about UCH providing standard operating procedures (SOP), One-Stop service for a comprehensive investigation, and nds a way for international UCH disputes. Method The research brainstorming, and the Chi-Squared test. six participants statistical and Results issues no difference and conversion into seven groups with a difference. The top three groups, MSP, Digital Technology, Excavation Equipment were identied and contributed to better UCH investigation. The nding transnational, regional level regimes, and community collaborative governance offer UCH better preservation are similar to Martin (2019) view. Finally, suggestion assets UCH research center through digital technology with equipment and link AI, IoT to improve UCH investigation and international


Introduction
When misfortune led to the wrecking vessels, the result was a type of accidental time capsule, many thousands of objects came to rest in one location, undisturbed for centuries (Pearson, 2019). Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) management and maritime archaeology yield interdisciplinary framework, information communication technologies to build intelligent systems and applications. Underwater archaeological sites submerged settlements and shipwrecks are not accessible due to marine environment and depth (Malliri, Siountri, Skondras, Vergados, & Anagnostopoulos, 2019). UCH sites widely spread from ruins in coastlines to deep, documentation, and preservation is obligation and dictated by international treaties such as the Convention on the Protection of the UCH to encourage the non-destructive techniques and survey methods of objects recovery (Skarlatos & Agra otis, 2020). Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have advanced in unreachable environments. An integrated interactive framework for exploring the underwater shipwrecks in situ via AR, or remotely via VR (Nomikou et al., 2020). The survey can be carried out by scuba divers, underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) or autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The UCH analysis from views of history, archaeology, environment, geology, biology along with data recording is useful for three-dimension (3D) reconstruction and mapping. A robotic solution for the UCH inspection, documentation, and monitoring systems of the underwater environment through the Arti cial Intelligence (AI) realization platform . The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential capacity to be integrated into any complex system. Due to sensing technologies development, wireless sensors network is considered as key technologies, and IoT is emerging as an important technology for monitoring systems (Tokognon, Gao, Tian, & Yan, 2017).
Anyone discovers suspected UCH shall terminate any activities immediately, maintain the completeness of the site, and promptly report competent authority the discovery (Ministry of Culture, 2015). Under legal regulation of the Coastal Zone Management Act and UCH, competent authority should identify stakeholders and arrange a public hearing to prohibit any harmful action and proposes plans of heritage site protection. The underwater investigation leads to tensions and con icts between scienti c archaeological research and regulations resources available to protect and manage UCH ( Despite digital technology VR, AR, 3D, IoT, AI associates with equipment ROV, UAV assistance to investigate archaeological sites. The UCH wildly involves multifaceted expertise and has accumulated marine ecological biological resources for decades naturally forming an ecosystem. The shipwreck habitats in the conservation area and accumulated biological resources as arti cial reefs. Where commercial shing detects a signi cant signal location (Scotland, 2015). In situ preservation con icts UCH excavation, coastal country establishing diplomatic project performs sovereignty and jurisdiction to treat foreign states UCH claim as an international political event. The paper attempts to identify signi cant issues of the UCH investigation providing SOP, One-Stop service for a comprehensive investigation, and nds a way for international UCH disputes. The research collected relevant UCH issues from six participants brainstorming, statistical analysis, and the Chi-Squared test. Results showed 13 issues with no signi cant difference and conversion into seven groups with a signi cant difference. The top three groups, MSP, Digital Technology, Excavation Equipment were identi ed and contributed to better UCH investigation. The nding transnational, regional level regimes, and community collaborative governance offer UCH better preservation are similar to J. Martin (2019) view. Finally, suggestion MSP activating idle assets construct UCH research center through digital technology with excavation equipment and link AI, IoT to improve UCH investigation and international collaboration.

Methods
The UCH total six members were majoring in the Master Degree course "Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) Investigation" weekly three hours from Feb till Jun 2017 at the Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management, National Taiwan Ocean University (NTOU). In the last class, research requested each member brainstorming to write down three important topics about the UCH investigation for data collection. Each member cast 10 votes preference resulting in a total of 60 votes. Grouping a total of 18 topics into 13 issues further gathered 13 issues into seven groups for conducting statistical summary and the Chi-Squared test whether the seven group results showed a signi cant difference from the UCH investigation. As a result, showing UCH investigation involves multifaceted issues, competent agents are consistent with Kyvelou & Ierapetritis (2020) view, relevant authorities ensure harmonization and integration of interests into multifaceted and competitive MSP procedure to manage con icting sea uses and creates synergies (Kyvelou & Ierapetritis, 2020). Therefore, the research produces the general standard operating procedures (SOP) and collaboration forming a One-Stop service for UCH investigation.

Data Collection
The 18 topics of UCH were collected from each member writing down three topics multiplied by a total of six members brainstorming. These topics widely covered historical record data, restoration, preservation, material technology analysis components of heritage through an advanced facility. Database of human resources about expert authentication, nancial budget, corporate social responsibility (CSR) fundraising is an alternative approach. A global trend trans-boundary needs an integrated ecosystem with digital technology, AI, IoT. The research categorized 18 topics into 13 issues indicating no signi cant difference and identi ed the top three issues rst MSP, second MPA, third Digital Technology as Fig. 2.
Research conducting 13 issues the Chi-Square test was based on the degree of freedom (DF) 12, Chi-Square value 3.70 less than critical value 21.026, and the CHIDIST(3.70,12) P-Value 0.99 greater than signi cant interval 0.05 indicated no signi cant difference from UCH. The result was consistent with the top three issues, rst MSP, second MPA, and third Digital Technology 3D, VR, AR from 13 issues as Table 2. This illustration MSP, MPA, Digital Technology are important issues for UCH investigation and are supported by previous studies. Such as MSP under a place-based approach creates better chances for UCH since MSP is assumed the key procedure to tackle competition among sea users and mitigating pressure on the marine environment (Papageorgiou, 2019). A different regional or national tool complying with the principle of in situ preservation is related to MPA establishment (Noon, 2020). Technological developments, social awareness, many coastal regions promoting coral reef assets in different planned with hundreds of wildlife marine reserves and MPA (Bideci & Cater, 2019). Digital technologies are intensively used for tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Interactive digital applications become parts of museum exhibitions, VR, and AR. The 3D reconstructions of cultural sites, virtual presentations, and traditions offer the users travel to the past (Rizvic, Okanovic, & Boskovic, 2020).

Top Three Groups. MSP, Digital Technology, Excavation Equipment
Research assembled 13 issues into seven groups with a signi cant difference as Table 4. The top three groups' rst MSP, second Digital Technology, third Excavation equipment at the same equal observation total 13 votes, are consistent with the top three issues MSP, MPA, Digital Technology, and supported by previous studies. For instance, MSP-related challenges safeguarding UCH sites, sustainable tourism management, and joint scienti c research programs require transboundary cooperation (Kupusović et al., 2019). Digital technologies allow users to receive archaeological, historical, biological information, and the augmented diving through an underwater tablet provides geological localization multimedia for the divers to visit the underwater archaeological site (F. Bruno et al., 2019). Conducting underwater survey clearance operations, the scuba diving, training, technical survey, excavation, demolition, emergency medical, geographic information system (GIS), ROV and AOV equipment are needed (Demining, 2016).

SOP and One-Stop
As a result, UCH wildly involves interdisciplinary diverse issues of material, technique, assessment, expertise, elds, trans-cross sectors in con icts with one another. Creating a general SOP formulates various elds at convenient operation and assessment. The daily products fully tested the revised work ow to make sure SOP worked right. The updated daily product SOP is working great, quicker, and easier to complete work ow (Sowers, Wagner, Wilkins, & Baechler, 2020). The mapping team is working on developing SOP but relevant points require the operator to extend themselves, check function, detailed and user friendly (

International Politics
Maritime archaeological research the potential for interpreted public access to submerged cultural resources as a way of preserving wrecks in situ and also availing the public. The potential for UCH to be used as a political tool in disputes over national sovereignty (Campbell 2015) (Pearson, 2019). When foreign countries claim UCH ownership resulting in international laws competes with coastal states jurisdiction of UCH in inland water with sovereignty. International disputes impact on international organization, national legislation, adoption of solutions, principles, and policies. The most common issues of judicial procedure and alternative dispute resolution, the best appropriate solutions, and protective measures should adopt to minimize the arising disputes and safeguard not only interests but culture as well (Kesisoglou, 2019). The principle of in situ preservation, the convention on UNESCO, competent agencies organize experts of international law, political relations, foreign policy, and legal framework. Encouraging an international legal instrument regulates the protection of underwater archaeological sites to coordinate cooperation among states (Cheng, 2017

Discussion
Cultural property disputes always caused international discussion, countries, and international organizations to deal with the protection of the relevant right. The continuous change and evolution raised several con icts and led to cases resolution in various ways as well as cases still pending (Kesisoglou, 2019). The strategic alliance of synergy integrates transboundary resources to UCH preservation in the ecological area. Any kinds of heritage activities for marine inspection should be based on the principle of UNESCO in situ (Scotland, 2015). Article 12 of the Coastal Zone Management Act, Taiwan, important shoreland, or UCH zone shall be designated as rst-grade coastal conservation zone (AGENCY, 2015).

Top Three Groups
The management tools MSP coordinate users con icts with a speci c time, zone, area delimitation for coexistence. AI detect anomalies and generate alarms in the VR environment. IoT for remote monitoring by a wireless sensor network (WSN) and UAV allows inspecting the critical structural damage (Bacco et al., 2020). The research categorized 13 UCH issues converting into seven groups with a signi cant difference and identi ed the top three groups MSP, Digital Technology, Excavation Equipment at equal importance for analysis.

MSP
Activating idle asset establishes a research center of underwater heritage and incubation of training for marine archaeological education. MSP an emerging multidisciplinary process seeks to prevent con icts among maritime activities, promoting environmental conservation and economic development (Noon, 2020). The rst group "Training in Education & Promotion" combines issues "Census and Condition Evaluation", "Propaganda, Education & Training" of Table 2. Substantial research is present in the cultural heritage of training and education, the evidence of long-term learning could bene t from studies as opposed to the short-term entertaining aspect (Ćosović & Brkić, 2020  Example UCH Ecotourism. Crete island, Greece UCH stands an interesting opportunity for touristy development. Underwater archaeological shipwreck or sunken city are considerably fascinating for the public, a sense of mystery surrounds them (Bruno et al., 2017). Searching for mythical sites becomes a tourist attraction and the process of acculturalization on consumption has created and is creating a new heritage such as the Atlantis Hotel on Paradise Island, in Bahamas (Melotti, 2017). Novel interdisciplinary research combining ecological, environmental, and archaeological perspectives is devoted to changing the way submerged landscapes are treated and protected (Nilsson et al., 2020). MSP is a process of managing human activities in the marine and coastal environment to achieve sustainable development goals (Pyć, 2019) and is a managed tool for UCH in preservation (Harvey, Kelble, & Schwing, 2017). Crete island, Greece the coastal and marine landscape in zoning is a discrete unit in MSP. The Crete island exploitation is signi cant and continues to increase related to identify marine landscape typologies and emerged based on marine spatial visibility. (2)Report 1. Generally, shing vessels, expert divers, or o cial patrol show great probability than general people to nd the possible UCH and reports ONE-STOP service for authentication immediately.
2. An incentive mechanism for discovering UCH, no one reports heritage site even nds it because of no bene t for himself/herself/themselves.
(iii)The reporting system provides open website development of update tracing function.
(3) Authority Implementation 1. Once received a report from One-Stop service, authority establishes a team of projects immediately.
2. Comprehensive data collection of heritage in situ preservation, authority prohibits any intrusive action in the scene.
(4) Analyze Authentication 1. A total score below 70, the central government hands over to the local government in the arrangement at a regular visit written report. 2. The score above 70, arrangement regularly visits the scene to collect data, comparative analysis, and comprehensive integration through technology. 3. Keep going data collection, accumulation, integration, and analysis if the prospect of archeological site report demonstrates a potential value.
(5) Project Team 1. The team members should widely cover diverse aspects from the professor in academic theory, associates with a practical expert, stakeholder, and local community resident participation.

International Politics
Since no one lives beneath the sea, leaders do not nd opportunities for political gains from archaeological sites. Until politicians in Canada, Russia, and China used shipwrecks on the sea oor to project sovereignty into new maritime territories. The politicized abuse of science puts the world on a path toward con ict (Campbell, 2015). Kesisoglou  Underwater shipwreck value accumulated with marine resources and naturally formulated an ecosystem since it was sunk until discovered. The site locates at the seabed in inland waters under state jurisdiction.
The foreign country should apply for an investigation of heritage and commence operation until approval from the state administration (Ministry of Culture, 2015). Allocating resources and risk assessment is an important infrastructure for cultural preservation. The holistic framework of trans-boundary ameliorates the performance of underwater ecological conservation. The archaeology is a tool of peacemaking when cultural heritage meets social activism, politics, and community identity. Using social media builds a community at underwater tourism between myth and reality (Melotti, 2017). The involvement of countries needs to identify common protection approaches, standards, and actions to exchange practices.
Reconciling private and public interests to protect UCH should be governed by international law (Kupusović et al., 2019). Developing a perspective aims to ensure the protection of UCH sites.
Cooperation actions include: (i) the identi cation of UCH sites; (ii) common legal protection; (iii) sharing practices about monitoring, protection, and mitigation measures for endangered UCH.

Conclusion
Domestic regulation and international conventions of any heritage activities would be based principle of in situ preservation on UNESCO. A valuable discovery of historical culture, shipwreck heritage as time capsule since it was sunk until discovered. The coastal states claim UCH jurisdiction in situ protection and foreign countries demand sovereignty to evolve an international political event. Consequently, UCH becomes a political tool. The paper identi es signi cant issues about UCH to provide SOP, One-Stop service, and nds a way for international disputes. Results showed 13 issues with no signi cant difference and conversion into seven groups with a signi cant difference. The top three groups, MSP, Digital Technology, Excavation Equipment identi cation contribute to better UCH investigation, and nding transnational collaborative governance offers better preservation. Finally, suggestion MSP activating idle assets construct UCH research center through digital technology with excavation equipment and link AI, IoT to improve UCH investigation and international collaboration.

Con ict of Interest
No con ict of interest exists.
The author con rms that there are no known con icts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no signi cant nancial support for this work that could have in uenced its outcome.

Funding
No funding was received for this work.

Intellectual Property
The author con rms that has given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there is no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we con rm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.
Ethical Approval and Consent to participate The 13 issues of UCH showed no signi cant difference and were grouped from a total of 18 topics Figure 3 Conducting the Chi-Square Test of the 7 groups showed a signi cant difference