Transcriptome-IPMS analysis reveals a tissue-dependent miR156/SPL13 regulatory mechanism in alfalfa drought tolerance

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-46183/v1

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Research article

Transcriptome-IPMS analysis reveals a tissue-dependent miR156/SPL13 regulatory mechanism in alfalfa drought tolerance

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-46183/v1

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published 19 Oct, 2020

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Background

We previously reported on the interplay between miR156/SPL13 and WD40-1/DFR to improve response to drought stress in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Here we aimed to investigate whether the role of miR156/SPL13 module in drought response is tissue-specific, and to identify SPL13-interacting proteins. We analyzed the global transcript profiles of leaf, stem, and root tissues of one-month old RNAi-silenced SPL13 (SPL13RNAi) alfalfa plants exposed to drought stress and conducted protein-protein interaction analysis to identify SPL13 interacting partners .

Result

Transcript analysis combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed tissue and genotype-specific gene expression patterns. Moreover, pathway analysis of stem-derived differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed upregulation of genes associated with stress mitigating primary and specialized metabolites, whereas genes associated with photosynthesis light reactions were silenced in SPL13RNAi plants. Leaf-derived DEG were attributed to enhanced light reactions, largely photosystem I, II, and electron transport chains, while roots of SPL13RNAi plants upregulated transcripts associated with metal ion transport, carbohydrate, and primary metabolism. Using immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry (IPMS) we showed that SPL13 interacts with proteins involved in photosynthesis, specialized metabolite biosynthesis, and stress tolerance.

Conclusions

We conclude that the miR156/SPL13 module mitigates drought stress in alfalfa by regulating molecular and physiological processes in a tissue-dependent manner.

Epigenetics & Genomics

alfalfa

drought

IPMS

Medicago sativa

miR156

SPL13

transcriptome

The frequent and extreme weather events in present-day are correlated with climate change, which aggravates crop losses (Olesen et al., 2011; Ray et al., 2015). To cope with these weather events, plants respond by developing different resilience strategies at the phenotypic, physiological, and molecular levels (Theocharis et al., 2012; Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013). Among the molecular strategies, the role of microRNAs in regulating various plant processes to enhance stress tolerance has been reported in a variety of crops (Hannoufa et al., 2018). Of the hundreds of plant microRNAs, microRNA156 (miR156) is highly conserved across species and regulates plant development as well as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013; Aung et al., 2015a, 2015b; Arshad et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2018; Hannoufa et al., 2018; Feyissa et al., 2019; Matthews et al., 2019).

Recent findings showed moderate levels of miR156 overexpression enhances drought tolerance in alfalfa by silencing SPL13 (Arshad et al., 2017) and enhancing the downstream dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) which mediates flavonoid biosynthesis (Feyissa et al., 2019). Low to moderate levels of miR156 and WD40-1 overexpression (Feyissa et al., 2019), and silencing of SPL13 (Arshad et al., 2017) and WD40-2 (Arshad et al., 2018) resulted in drought tolerance with enhanced anthocyanin levels, and improved photochemistry and physiological adjustments. A recent plant microRNA profiling study revealed that the previously known 21 highly conserved microRNA families (Sunkar and Jagadeeswaran, 2008) were present in three alfalfa genotypes, in addition to 79 present in both alfalfa and Medicago truncatula (Pokoo et al., 2018). Furthermore, two microRNAs (miR160 and miR408) were expressed in a tissue-specific manner, whereas six (miR156, miR159, miR166, miR319, miR396, and miR398) were abundantly expressed in all tissues (Pokoo et al., 2018).

Despite the conserved presence of miR156 in different tissues, previous findings showed that increased miR156 expression affected alfalfa plant parts in different ways, including an increased number of lateral branches, improved root development, delayed flowering time and reduced plant height (Aung et al., 2015a, 2015b; Gao et al., 2018). Hence, we hypothesize that the miR156/SPL13 module is regulated in a tissue-specific manner to orchestrate the necessary adjustments needed to cope with drought stress in alfalfa. We sought to investigate this hypothesis by using high throughput techniques of mRNA-based global transcriptomic analysis in leaf, stem, and root tissues of SPL13RNAi compared to empty vector alfalfa plants. Moreover, immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry (IPMS) combined with filter-assisted proteomics (FASP) was performed using 35S::SPL13-GFP alfalfa plants to identify SPL13-interacting proteins that may contribute to drought stress.

To identify miR156/SPL13-regulated genes contributing to drought tolerance, high throughput transcriptomic analysis was conducted on alfalfa plants with reduced expression of SPL13 (SPL13RNAi-5), compared to empty vector (EV) plants. On average, seven million exon-region library sizes were generated from each replicate (Fig. S1a,b). Uniformly distributed DEG (corrected p value of p<0.05 and an at least 2-fold changes) were observed across the eight chromosomes of the reference Medicago truncatula genome for each tissue type (Fig. 1a). Of the differentially expressed genes (DEG) derived from leaf, stem, and root tissues of drought-stressed SPL13RNAi and EV, more coverage was observed in leaf tissue followed by stem and root, respectively (Fig. 1a). The fold-changes from leaf tissues were greater towards increasing while stem and root tissues showed more decreased values in SPL13RNAi plants (Fig. 1a). Tissue-specific gene expression patterns were determined using total mRNA obtained from leaf, stem, and root tissues of these alfalfa genotypes (Fig. 1b). The major difference for the changes in transcript abundance is contributed by tissue type as explained by 63.7% of the variance in the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (Fig. 1b).

Genotype–specific transcript response of alfalfa to drought stress

Previous reports showed that the miR156/SPL13 module regulates physiological, metabolic and phenotypic adjustments in alfalfa under drought (Arshad et al., 2017; Feyissa et al., 2019). To understand SPL13-driven drought stress tolerance strategy, the global transcriptomic profile of leaf, stem, and root tissues of RNAi-silenced SPL13 and EV plants were investigated under drought stress. More than 5900, 2100, and 1500 DEG were found in leaf, stem, and root tissues, respectively (Fig. 2a). Of the DEG, 74 were commonly increased in SPL13RNAi plants regardless of tissue source, while 154 transcripts were commonly decreased (Fig. 2a). A list of the DEG is available in the supplementary file Table S1. Among the commonly increased 74 genes, the highest fold-change corresponds to vacuolar ion transporter-like protein (Medtr2g008110) followed by gibberellin-regulated family protein (Medtr6g007897), fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein (FLAP) (Medtr5g098420), proline dehydrogenase (PDH) (Medtr7g020820), Pmr5/Cas1p GDSL/SGNH-like acyl-esterase family protein (Medtr4g079700), LRR receptor-like kinase (Medtr5g090100), and abscisic acid receptor (Medtr7g070050) (Table S1). Contrariwise, ABC transporter family protein (Medtr2g095440), plasma membrane H+ ATPase (Medtr3g108800), and PLAT-plant-stress protein (Medtr3g087490) were among the commonly reduced 154 genes in SPL13RANi plants under drought, irrespective of tissue source (Table S1).

To understand the drought-responsive transcript plasticity reflected by genotype, transcripts of drought-stressed and non-stressed tissues of SPL13RNAi and EV plants were analyzed. It was determined that SPL13RNAi had 998, 1195, and 587 DEG, whereas a considerably higher number (an average 4.5 fold) of DEG were observed in EV plants with 5521, 4426, and 2607 DEG in leaf, stem and root tissues, respectively (Fig. 2b,c; Table S2, S3).

Leaf-specific transcript profile of alfalfa plants under drought

To understand the gene co-expression pattern upon drought stress across tissues and genotypes, exon read-counts from both genotypes and all tissues were subjected to weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) (Fig. S2c) followed by principal component analysis (PCA) (Fig. 1). Transcript profiles from leaf, stem, and root tissues of SPL13RNAi and EV responded to drought in a tissue-specific manner; presenting different clusters based on tissue type (Fig. 1). Of the 5908 DEG present between drought-stressed SPL13RNAi and EV leaf tissues, 47% of the genes were significantly increased and were leaf-specific in SPL13RNAi plants (Fig. 2a). On the other hand, considering tissue plasticity between well-watered and drought-stressed leaf tissues, 38% (of the 998) of DEG were increased in SPL13RNAi leaves (Fig. 2b) while 37% (of 5521) of DEG were increased in EV leaves (Fig. 2c). Moreover, 49% (494 of 998) of leaf-specific DEG were decreased in SPL13RNAi leaf tissues while 33% (1827 of 5521) were decreased uniquely in EV leaves (Fig. 2b,c). GO-terms of the DEG were analyzed and categorized into molecular function, biological process, and cellular components to understand the role of DEG between leaf tissues of drought-stressed SPL13RNAi and EV plants. GO-term analysis from leaf tissues showed 85% corresponding to molecular function followed by 10% and 5% to biological process and cellular components, respectively (Fig. 2d). Graphical representation of the components of GO-term analysis is provided in supplementary file Fig. S3. The top three highly represented leaf-derived GO-terms for the molecular function category correspond to transcription activity (phosphorelay response regulator activity, sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, and transcription cofactor activity) (Table S4.1). Likewise, the most highly represented three biological processes correspond to telomere maintenance, translation and alcohol metabolic process in addition to glutamine catabolic process and porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process (includes chlorophyll biosynthesis) (Table S4.1).

The differentially regulated genes were mapped to the M. truncatula genome using MapMan pathway analysis tool to understand their functional associations. Accordingly, leaf-specific DEG between drought-stressed SPL13RNAi and EV showed that various metabolic pathways were significantly affected, including carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis (mainly light reaction), and primary metabolism-related genes (Fig. 3a). Most importantly, photosynthesis-associated transcripts were highly increased in SPL13RNAi plants (Fig. 3a). Further investigation of transcripts associated with photosynthesis revealed that light-dependent reaction centers, namely of photosystem I and photosystem II, were expressed higher in SPL13RNAi (Fig. 3b). Unlike the light-dependent reaction centers, the Calvin cycle (Fig. 3c) and photorespiration-associated transcripts (Fig. 3d) were either slightly increased or not altered. Specifically, the carboxylation- and photorespiration-associated transcript of Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) was slightly increased in SPL13RNAi plants under drought stress (Fig. 3c,d).

Stem-specific transcript changes in alfalfa plants under drought

Expression levels of 27% of the 2114 DEG between drought-stressed stem tissues of SPL13RNAi and EV plants were increased exclusively in stems of SPL13RNAi plants (Fig. 2a). On the other hand, genotype- and stem-specific drought stress-responsive transcript plasticity revealed 39% of the 1195 DEGs in SPL13RNAi plants were increased while EV plants showed a 25% increase out of 4426 DEGs (Fig. 2b,c). Comparable to DEG in leaf tissues, the majority (83%) of the DEG in stem are associated with molecular functions followed by biological processes (12%) and cellular components (5%), despite DEG profile composition differences between leaves and stems (Fig. 2e; Fig. S4). The most represented three molecular functions which are differentially affected between SPL13RNAi and EV stem tissues are acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity, and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity (Table S4.2). On the other hand, the highly enriched categories of the affected biological processes include ATP catabolic process, response to stress, defense response, intercellular signal transduction and response to desiccation (Table S4.2).

Furthermore, to understand the association of DEG of stem with metabolic pathways, the DEG were subjected to MapMan-based pathway analysis (Fig. 4a). DEG of stem tissues corresponded mainly with increased flavonoid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and response to desiccation in SPL13RNAi plants (Fig. 4a, Table S1). On the other hand, DEG associated with photosynthesis were decreased significantly in SPL13RNAi plants (Fig. 4a). Transcriptomic analysis of DEG obtained from stem tissues combined with MapMan-based pathway analysis revealed an activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway in SPL13RNAi plants under drought stress (Fig. 4b).

Root-specific transcript profile of alfalfa plants under drought

A total of 1543 DEG were detected between roots of drought-stressed SPL13RNAi and EV plants, with 24% and 28% of them increased and decreased, respectively, exclusively in the roots (Fig. 2a). Further analysis of the plasticity between well watered and drought-stressed root samples showed 52% of 587 DEG in SPL13RNAi roots were upregulated while 24% of 2607 DEG were increased only in EV roots (Fig. 2b,c). Moreover, GO-term analysis of the root-specific DEG showed a similar proportion of components to that of stem and leaf tissues where the majority (82%) of transcripts belong to molecular function followed by biological process (13%) and cellular components (5 %), but with a varied profile composition (Fig. 2f; Fig. S4). The top highly represented biological processes encompass ATP catabolic process, response to stress, defense response, intercellular signal transduction, phosphorelay signal transduction system, metabolic process, metal ion transport and transmembrane transport (Table S4.3). On the other hand, the major representation from molecular functions are attributed to phosphorelay response regulator activity, sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, catalytic activity, GTPase activity, secondary active sulfate transmembrane transporter activity (Table S4.3). Moreover, to further understand the DEG association, the DEG were subjected to MapMan-based pathway analysis. We found that metal ion transport, carbohydrate and primary metabolism were significantly and differentially affected between SPL13RNAi and EV plants in response to drought (Fig. 5). Moreover, cell wall and lipid biosynthesis were increased in roots of SPL13RNAi plants as compared to EV.

Identification of SPL13 interacting proteins in alfalfa

IPMS was used to identify candidate proteins that interact with SPL13 in alfalfa under drought stress. In this experiment, alfalfa plants overexpressing SPL13 tagged with a green fluorescent protein, 35S::SPL13-GFP (Gao et al., 2018) and wild-type plants grown under control and drought stress conditions were used. Isolation of SPL13-interacting proteins followed by Coomasie staining showed the presence of unique protein bands in 35S::SPL13-GFP plants that were lacking in wild-type (Fig. 6a). There were some prominent and many faint bands. Therefore to identify all the proteins present, a FASP proteomics method was employed on the total IP eluent. Subsequently, the precipitated proteins were digested with trypsin and identified by mass spectrometry. To account for the lack of a complete M. sativa proteome database, a combined use of contig database and partial Uniprot database identified unique candidate proteins that would have been missed by the M. truncatula database alone. We were able to identify candidate SPL13-interacting proteins involved in the photosynthesis process, specialized metabolite biosynthesis, ROS scavenging, and abiotic stress tolerance in addition to normal cellular activity-involved peptides (Table1; Table S6).

SPL13 interacts with photosynthesis- and phenylpropanoid pathway -related proteins

The identification of SPL13-interacting proteins indicated proteins involved in photosynthesis are among the top candidates. For example, there were multiple occurrences of both small and large chains of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), photosynthesis I p700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2, and phytochrome A (Table1; Table S6).

A previous report indicated a direct binding of SPL13 to DFR promoter (Feyissa et al., 2019) to enhance anthocyanin biosynthesis. Using the current IPMS analysis, we were able to identify DFR and other candidate proteins interacting with SPL13, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase1(PAL1) which catalyses the first step in the phenylpropanoid pathway by converting phenylalanine to cinnamate (Nuñez-Palenius and Ochoa-Alejo, 2005). Other candidate peptides interacting with SPL13 from this pathway are chalcone synthase1, 2 and 4 (CHS1, CHS2, CHS4), which catalyzes the specialization from the general phenylpropanoid pathway into flavonoids converting 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA (Dao et al., 2011). Other specialized metabolite biosynthesis mediating proteins such as cafeic acid-3-o-methyltransferase (COMT1) and isoflavone reductase (IFR) were also found to interact with SPL13 (Table1).

SPL13 interacts with proteins involved in stress signal transduction and resilience

Perception of environmental changes followed by signal transduction are a prerequisite for orchestrating the necessary measures to alleviate the stress effects through various kinases. In our study, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Mitogen-activated protein kinase homologs were detected in 35S::SPL13-GFP plants under drought stress (Table1). Moreover, N+/H+ antiporter, which is involved in ion balance to mediate stress tolerance and cellular activity (Xu et al., 2010), was also detected by IPMS analysis as an interacting partner of SPL13 under drought stress (Table S6).

Genotype-specific gene expression patterns in response to drought stress

Silencing of SPL13, a target of miR156, in alfalfa affected a plethora of genes leading to improved drought tolerance (Arshad et al., 2017). Among the commonly and significantly increased transcripts across the different tissues of SPL13RNAi alfalfa, FLAP was reported to have primarily a cell adhesion function and to play a role in abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis (Johnson et al., 2003; Zang et al., 2015). Moreover, proline dehydrogenase (PDH) was increased in SPL13RNAi. PDH is known for its role in drought tolerance by either scavenging ROS, balancing the carbon to nitrogen ratio through GABA shunt (Ghafoor et al., 2019), or serving as an osmolyte (Hare and Cress, 1997). Proline and its catabolic products, mediated through PDH, are more important to drought tolerance than the high accumulation of proline itself (Bhaskara et al., 2015). The other commonly increased transcripts with higher fold-changes were transcripts of ABA receptors known for their role in abiotic stress tolerance (Li et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019). Accordingly, the increased transcript levels of FLAP, PDH, and ABA receptors along with other transcripts across the three tissue types (leaf, stem and root) in SPL13RNAi alfalfa relative to EV suggests that these proteins play a major role in the response of SPL13RNAi plants to drought stress.

Photosynthesis-related DEG are upregulated in leaves of SPL13RNAi plants during drought

Physiological investigation of SPL13RNAi plants under drought stress showed maintenance of vital physiological processes, such as photosynthesis and leaf water holding capacity (Feyissa et al., 2019). This was accompanied by an upregulation of photosynthesis-related genes (PSI and PSII) in SPL13RNAi plants (Feyissa et al., 2019). In the current study, comparison of transcript profiles of leaves of both genotypes under control and drought conditions revealed that various metabolic pathways were affected, with photosynthesis being predominantly higher in SPL13RNAi plants. The observed upregulation of photosynthesis-associated DEG was mainly in the light-dependent reaction, consistent with the physiological data report of the previous study (Feyissa et al., 2019) which showed that SPL13RNAi plants maintained the photosynthesis process during drought stress, while photosynthesis was reduced in EV plants. Other studies have shown that the light-dependent reaction centers were significantly affected by drought in maize (Zhang et al., 2018; Zenda et al., 2019). The maintained or slightly increased photorespiration-associated transcripts in SPL13RNAi plants may serve as an energy sink to prevent over-reduction of NADPH and photo inhibition in SPL13RNAi plants. Moreover, an increased level of photo-inhibition; unreduced NADPH with lower photosynthetic assimilation rate, was reported previously in drought-stressed barley plants (Wingler et al., 1999). A higher level of photosynthesis assimilation rate reported in the previous study (Arshad et al., 2017; Feyissa et al., 2019) along with the current transcript-based evidence in SPL13RNAi plants suggest a mechanism to potentially lower the reductive power of NADPH that could affect the photosynthesis otherwise.

Specialized metabolism-related DEG are upregulated in stems of SPL13RNAi plants during drought

Specialized metabolites are important in plant growth and development, and their association with reduced ROS levels was reported in in vivo (Agati et al., 2012) and in vitro assays (Ramya et al., 2015). Accordingly, increasing the abundance of specialized metabolites and associated primary metabolites, such as ascorbates and proline, are considered as a marker for enhanced biotic and abiotic stress tolerance (Hayat et al., 2012). In our earlier study, we observed enhanced levels of primary and specialized metabolites related to stress tolerance, such as anthocyanin, in miR156 overexpressing alfalfa genotypes (Feyissa et al., 2019). This suggests anthocyanin and possibly other ROS scavenging metabolites are regulated by SPL13 in a miR156-dependent manner involving DFR. To further investigate the involvement of SPL13 in regulating levels of specialized metabolites, especially phenylpropanoids, the global transcript levels in leaf, stem and root tissues of SPL13RNAi plants was investigated relative to tissues from EV. Importantly, stem-derived samples showed an enhanced abundance of transcripts associated mainly with the phenylpropanoid pathway, unlike leaf and root tissues that showed an increase in mainly photosynthesis- and ion transport- associated transcripts, respectively. The enhanced abundance of transcripts associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway is consistent with the observed colour development in stems of miR156 overexpressing plants (Feyissa et al., 2019). An earlier study showed that the accumulation of anthocyanin was positively correlated with the level of DFR expression in potato in a non-tissue specific manner (Wang et al., 2013). The ChIP-qPCR analysis revealed that while SPL13 indeed binds to DFR promoter presumably to regulate its expression (Feyissa et al., 2019), enhanced anthocyanin accumulation was observed only in the stem. RNAseq analysis also indicated upregulation of transcripts belonging to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and other polyphenols from the phenylpropanoid pathway mainly in stem tissues during drought stress. Whether SPL13 also regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway in tissues other than the stems remains to be investigated further.

The upregulated root-specific DEG are mainly attributed to ion transport in SPL13RNAi plants during drought stress

Roots are the first to encounter low moisture in the soil, but maintenance of plant water potential is not completely dependent on roots but rather on a continuum that involves soil, root, leaf, and the atmosphere via the transpiration stream (Elfving et al., 1972; Meinzer et al., 2001). To maintain water potential, drought tolerant plants use different strategies to affect the osmotic balance and/or hydrostatic force governed by the transpiration stream. Osmolytes, such as sugars and proline, have been reported to adjust osmotic balance in different plants (Hayat et al., 2012; Slama et al., 2015). Previously, we showed drought tolerant genotypes of miR156OE had higher levels of the osmolytes proline and sugars (Arshad et al., 2017; Feyissa et al., 2019). To understand the involvement of SPL13 in maintaining water potential under drought, transcripts from SPL13RNAi and EV root tissues were profiled under control and drought conditions. The DEG showed increased levels of transcripts associated with GABA shunt and membrane integrity, such as GDSL, in SPL13RNAi plants. Primary metabolites, such as ascorbate and glutathione, and phenylpropanoid specialized metabolites known to scavenge ROS were also significantly increased. To validate the transcript-based metabolite pathway analysis and identify non-enzymatic metabolite conversions (Keller et al., 2015), primary and specialized metabolite analysis in SPL13RNAi plants is important. The eventual release of the alfalfa genome sequence should allow for pathway analysis to potentially identify novel metabolite pathways unmapped to the M. truncatula genome in the current study, but which may contribute to drought stress response in alfalfa.

SPL13 interacts with proteins involved in photosynthesis, specialized metabolite biosynthesis, stress signalling and ROS scavenging processes

Previously, we showed that silencing of SPL13 in alfalfa led to the maintenance of photosynthesis under drought stress by affecting genes involved in this process (Feyissa et al., 2019). In the current study, an enhanced level of transcripts associated with photosynthesis, mainly light reaction, was observed in leaf tissues. Consistent with this finding, IPMS analysis showed that SPL13 interacts with photosynthesis- related proteins such as RUBISCO (small and large chain) and PSI. Rubisco is composed of eight small sub units encoded by the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit (RBCS) and eight large subunits encoded by RBCL (Suzuki and Makino, 2012). Posttranslational modification of both the small and large subunits of RUBISCO is required for functional activity (Houtz and Portis, 2003) and functional-holoenzyme assembly (Dhingra et al., 2004). Accordingly, modifications to either subunits of RUBSICO result in reduced photosynthetic activity and retarded growth (Spreitzer and Salvucci, 2002), and any interactions these subunits have may influence the enzyme activity. In this regard, the increased binding of the small and large chains of RUBISCO to SPL13 under drought stress in SPL13 overexpressing genotypes may interfere with the subunits assembly. Furthermore, alfalfa plants with reduced level of SPL13 (SPL13RNAi plants) were previously reported to have a higher level of maximum rate of rubisco carboxylase activity (V_cmax) under drought stress (Feyissa et al., 2019). Investigating SPL13 binding sites in both small and large chain subunits of RUBISCO would provide knowledge on how the miR156/SPL13 module maintains photosynthesis efficiency under drought stress.

PAL, DFR and CHSs were among the protein candidates identified that interact with SPL13 as detected by IPMS in the current study. These enzymes mediate the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway, and alteration of their expression levels affects abundance of these metabolites in plants. For examples, Arabidopsis plants with reduced expression of PAL (PAL1 to PAL4) had reduced content of proanthocyandins in the seed coats, and developed ultraviolet light sensitivity (Huang et al., 2010). Likewise, enhanced levels of CHS, which mediates the step-wise condensation of malonyl-CoA with coumaroyl-CoA to form naringenin chalcone (flavonoids), was associated with increased accumulation of anthocyanin abundance and stress tolerance in plants (Deng et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2015). The regulation of PAL, DFR, and CHSs, may explain the enhanced biosynthesis of phenolic compounds needed to scavenge ROS in miR156OE and SPL13RNAi alfalfa plants (Feyissa et al., 2019).

Plants use various stress signal transduction mechanisms, which among others involve mitogen-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Fiil et al., 2009; Hahn and Harter, 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2010). In the current study, we detected the Glycogen synthase kinase-3 homologs (GSK3_1, 2,and 3) along with one of its phosphorylated target Serine/threonin-protein phosphatase (PP1 and PP2A) as an interacting partner of SPL13. Brassinosteroid-involving GSK3s are involved in cell signalling (Dal Santo et al., 2012; Youn and Kim, 2015; Sun et al., 2018) and regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase during abiotic stress response for stomatal regulation (Kim et al., 2012; Khan et al., 2013). The IPMS data showed that the above stress signal transduction pathway and its regulators interact with SPL13, suggesting a strategy used by alfalfa plants to respond to drought.

Based on previous reports on the role of miR156/SPL13 module in regulating drought response in alfalfa (Feyissa et al., 2019), we investigated whether the role of miR156/SPL13 in drought response is tissue-specific. In this study, the global transcriptomic profiles of SPL13RNAi plants showed tissue-specific regulation of transcripts and associated pathways. In leaf tissues, there was an increase in the transcript levels of mainly photosynthesis- and photorespiration-related genes in SPL13RNAi plants. On the other hand, the stem tissues of SPL13RNAi plants exposed to drought showed an increase in transcripts related to the phenylpropanoid pathway. Furthermore, roots of SPL13RNAi plants under drought had an increase in transcripts associated with ion transporters, as well as primary and specialized metabolism, presumably to transport osmolytes and scavenge ROS while maintaining membrane integrity through GDSL. Moreover, SPL13 was found to interact with proteins involved in photosynthesis process, stress tolerance, and specialized metabolite biosynthesis.

We propose a model for a drought tolerance mechanism in which moderate levels of miR156 overexpression regulate SPL13 in a tissue-dependent manner (Fig. 6b). miR156 is induced by drought stress, which in turn silences SPL13 (Arshad et al., 2017). Reduced expression of SPL13 driven by miR156 and enhanced level of WD40-1 enhances DFR (Feyissa et al., 2019), resulting in the accumulation of anthocyanins mainly in stem tissues. Similarly, silencing of SPL13 would allow for continued activity of GSK3 signalling along with PAL, CHS, and DFR due to reduced interaction of these proteins with SPL13, further fueling the biosynthesis of drought stress-alleviating specialized metabolites, and facilitating ROS scavenging in SPL13RNAi and miR156OE alfalfa plants under drought stress. Future structural and enzymatic investigation on the candidate SPL13-interacting proteins could elucidate the proteins active cites and their modifications needed in regulating drought stress in alfalfa.

Plant material

SPL13 overexpressing and SPL13RNAi alfalfa plants

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) genotypes with reduced expression levels of SPL13, SPL13RNAi-6 genotypes (Arshad et al., 2017), empty vector control (EV) (Aung et al., 2015b), 35S::SPL13-GFP (Gao et al., 2018), and wild-type (WT) were used in this study. The transgenic alfalfa plants were generated previously in Dr Hannoufa’s laboratory using the WT clone N4.4.2 (Badhan et al., 2014) that was obtained from Dr. Daniel Brown (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada). The transgenic alfalfa plants are not deposited in a public herbarium, so requests for any plant material should be directed to the corresponding author. The plants were grown in a fully automated greenhouse with 16-hour light (380–450 W/m²), relative humidity (RH) of 70% and temperature of 25±2⁰C at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada London Research and Development Center, London, Ontario, Canada. Given that alfalfa is an obligatory outcross, we used vegetative cuttings for propagation according to Aung et al (2015b) to maintain genotypes throughout the study.

Imposing drought stress

Drought stress was imposed on alfalfa plants devoid of water for two weeks at 30 days post vegetative propagation (juvenile vegetative stage) during which time plants were kept in a completely randomized design. Equal soil moisture levels were maintained before starting the experiment using a SM 100 soil moisture sensor (Spectrum Technologies Inc., Jakarta, Indonesia). Three biological replicates were used per genotype per treatment for transcript analysis (each replicate being an individual plant). Leaves (newly developed upper leaves), stems (lower 5 cm internode close to soil) and roots (7.5 cm of main and auxiliary root tips) were harvested from SPL13RNAi and EV plants for total mRNA extraction. Samples were flash frozen with liquid nitrogen and kept at -80 ⁰C for later transcriptomic analyses.

RNA extraction

Lower basal stem internode, young top leaves and root tip samples were collected and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept in a -80⁰C freezer until used for qRT-PCR analysis and RNA sequencing. Approximately 50 mg fresh weight was used for total RNA extraction using a PowerPlant® RNA isolation kit (Cat # 13500) for leaf samples, a QIAGEN RNeasy® Plant mini kit for stem and root tissues (Cat # 74904), and a PowerLyzer®24 bench top bead-based homogenizer (Cat # 13155) following manufacturers protocols. Total RNA quality was verified using BioRad Bioanalyzer for integrity and Nanodrop concentration before RNAseq analysis.

RNAseq analysis

mRNA stranded library preparation followed by Illumina HiSeq 2500 RNA‑sequencing with pair end of 126 nucleotide bases were performed as a fee-for-service at The Center for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick children, Toronto, ON, Canada. RNAseq data was analyzed according to Trapnell et al (2012) on biocluster with shell scripts of Linux. The scripts used for the analysis are provided as supplementary file (Table S7). To identify expression pattern of genes and module identification, R-software (V.4.0) environment-based network analysis with weighted gene co-expression network, WGCNA, in ‘BiocManager’ package was performed according to Langfelder and Horvath (2008). Using the ‘featureCounts’ (Liao et al., 2013), the exon read counts were obtained from ‘.bam’ extension files of RNA sequenced samples followed by Principal Component Analysis in R-software.

Visualization of differentially expressed genes-based pathway analysis was carried out using MapMan free software V3.6 (https://mapman.gabipd.org/) with a M. truncatula reference genome sequence, Mt4.0 V2 (http://www.medicagogenome.org/downloads). Using an online free gene ontology analysis tool (http://revigo.irb.hr/), lists of differentially expressed genes with significance p values between genotypes and tissue types, the corresponding tree map codes for molecular function, biological process and cellular components were exported. Subsequently, the codes for generating the tree maps were visualized using R-software. Raw RNA sequencing reads can be accessed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI, BioProject PRJNA598830.

qRT-PCR analysis to validate RNAseq results

To validate the results from RNAseq analysis, the extracted RNA was treated with Ambion®TURBO DNA-free^TM DNase (Cat # AM1907) followed by iScript^TMcDNA synthesis (Cat # 1708891). Medtr3g498825: basic helix-loop-helix 137bHLH137 (F:- CAGGATAATGCAGCAGAAGG, R:- GGGCTCATCCAAACACTTTC); Medtr7g109510: basic leucine zipper bZIP (F:- AGTTCGGGTTCTGATGGTGT, R:- CTCCAACAGTTTCTGCTTCC); Medtr5g048850: flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase F3H (F:- TTGTTCTAGGTGTGCCTCCA, R:- GAATGACAAGGGCATTAGGG); Medtr3g091350: flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase F3H-2 (F:- TCTCTCCTGGTTCCTTCTGT, R:- GGTCGATAACAGGAACTTGT); Medtr5g081860: MYB transcription factor MYB51 (F:- GATGGCTTAAGGTTGCTGAG, R:- GATAGCCAGGAATCGGAACA); Medtr5g090620: UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase UDPFG (F:- CGTGATAACCGTCTCCGAAT, R:- TGATGACCTGGAGAGAATCG); Medtr7g071050: UDP-glucosyltransferase family protein UDPGT (F:- CTTCTGGAAAGGCAAGATGG, R:- GCTCCTTCTTTGGTTGTTGG) genes were used for validation. The gene primers were designed using publicly available Primer3 software (http://primer3.ut.ee/) based on M. truncatula genome sequence and amplified product was sequenced for an identity check. Primer efficiency was checked before proceeding using for qRT-PCR analysis. qRT-PCR was performed using the CFX96^TMReal-Time PCR detection system and SsoFast™ EvaGreen® Supermixes (Bio-Rad Cat # 1725204). Specifically, 2 µL cDNA (equivalent to 200 ng cDNA), 1 µL forward and reverse gene-specific primers (10 µM each), 5 µL SsoFast Eva green Supermix, and 2 µL of nuclease-free water was used to make the final reaction volume of 10 µL. PCR amplification was performed at: cDNA denaturation at 95⁰C for 30 sec followed by 40 cycles of 95⁰C for 10 sec, 58⁰C for 30 sec and 72⁰C for 30 sec (denaturation, annealing and extension, respectively) followed by a melting curve that runs from 65⁰C to 95⁰C with a gradual increment of 0.5 per 5 sec. All reactions were performed with three technical replicates. Transcript levels were analysed relative to acetyl-CoA carboxylase1 (F:- GATCAGTGAACTTCGCAAAGTAC, R:- CAACGACGTGAACACTACAAC) and ACTIN (F:- TCAATGTGCCTGCCATGTATGT, R:- ACTCACACCGTCACCAGAATCC) housekeeping genes designed based on alfalfa sequence (Feyissa et al., 2019). The selected differentially expressed genes from the RNAseq result were subjected to fold-change in different tissues of SPL13RNAi-6 and EV plants and compared to qRT-PCR results as described in Wang et al., (2019). The values are presented with regression analysis (Fig. S5) indicating a positive correlation (R²= 0.74) with some differences associated with sensitivity of the two platforms.

Isolation of SPL13-interacting proteins

To determine SPL13-interacting proteins, we used alfalfa plants expressing SPL13 tagged with GFP proteins (35S::SPL13-GFP) and wild-type alfalfa plants. Plants were subjected to drought stress for two weeks prior to protein extraction. Subsequently, samples were immediately flash frozen using liquid nitrogen and kept in -80 ⁰C until use. µMACS GFP Isolation Kit (product number 130-091-125) was used to separate SPL13 interacting proteins using the manufacturer’s instructions (Miltenyi Biotec, USA). In brief, plant tissue was ground using a mortar and a pestle in liquid nitrogen and 1 g tissue was used for analysis. Two ml of pre-cooled lysis buffer was added along with 50 µL proteinase inhibitor cocktail and kept on ice for 30 min with occasional mixing. The samples were centrifuged at 10000 g for 10 min and 50 µL of anti-GFP tag microbeads was added to the supernatant to magnetically label the epitope-tagged SPL13, mixed and kept on ice for 30 min. A total of 50 µL of the extract was kept as input control while the rest of the sample was eluted on µMCAs separator. After four rounds of stringent wash to remove non-interacting proteins with 200 µL of wash buffer 1, a final 100 µL wash buffer was used to remove the remaining unbound proteins and the eluent was used as the negative control. Finally, 20 µL of elution buffer (heated at 95 ⁰C) was added to the column, and the column was incubated for 5 min before adding the final 50 µL of heated elution buffer and recovering the eluent.

SDS-PAGE electrophoresis

Proteins were resolved using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Samples were heated at 80 ⁰C for 5 min to better resolve proteins. The electrophoresis was set for 30 min with 110 V followed by 125 v until the loading dye reached the bottom of the gel (~1.5 hour) using vertical Mini-PROTEAN® Tetra cell system (BioRad, Catalog # 1658000, Mississauga, Canada). Gels were washed twice with distilled water and treated with Coomasie solution (Acetone: Methanol: distilled water 10:45:45 with 0.25% Brilliant Blue G-250), de stained with de-staining solution (Acetone: Methanol: distilled water 10:45:45) until protein bands were observed. The protein gels were then visualized using Gel DocTM EZ imager system (BioRad, Catalog # 1708270).

FASP – LC-MSMS protein identification

Proteins pulled down by immunoprecipitation were identified by LC-MS/MS with filter aided sample preparation (FASP), according to Wiśniewski et al., (2009) with modifications. Briefly, 50 µl of the proteins eluted in the IP step were loaded onto a 10 kDa size exclusion Amicon® pro filter (Millipore Sigma Catalog # ACS501024). The solvent was exchanged with 150 µl of 8 M urea (Sigma, U5128), incubated at 40 ⁰C for 25 minutes followed by centrifugation (14000 G, 15 min). The elute was reduced with 100 mM DTT in Urea and alkylated with 100 µl of 50 mM iodoacetamide in a dark for 20 min. The proteins were washed twice with 100 µl of 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water and digested with 2 µg trypsin overnight at 34 ⁰C. The digested peptides were then pulled through the molecular weight cut-off filter and recovered by washing with 1 ml 0.1% formic acid in LC-MS grade water. Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) was performed using Waters OASIS HLB cartridge (Waters, SKU: 186003365) in a vacuum chamber. Subsequently, peptides were dried on a centrivap and reconstituted in 100 µL acetonitrile:water (95:5) with 0.1% formic acid and analyzed by a Thermo Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer coupled to an Easy-nLC 1000 nanoLC system according to Arshad et al., (2020).

Database development and peptide identification for IPMS

To identify peptides in alfalfa, previous reports used either the Medicago truncatula proteome database (Dai et al., 2017; Zeng et al., 2019) or combinations of green plants (viridiplantae) (Rahman et al., 2016; Sergeant et al., 2019), despite relatively low identity matches. In the current study, we took a different approach by constructing a new peptide database derived from alfalfa transcriptomic contigs, followed by confirmation with a partial (2201 amino acid sequences) M. sativa database and M. truncatula protein database. Due to the absence of information on where the contig sequences are located relative to the genes transcription start sites (TSS), first, we translated 112,626 alfalfa transcript contigs followed by two additional frameshifts. When the translation process reached an early stop codon, the following sequences were assigned to the same contig but with a unique extension number (e.g. contig_1, contig_1_2). Moreover, any contig, or its extension, containing less than five amino acids were removed from the database. Subsequently, we were able to generate a 5,859,496 alfalfa peptide sequence database, from now onwards referred to as ‘contig database’ (Table S5). Peptide identity search from the samples was performed using the contig database and candidates containing at least three peptides and six spectra were considered for further analysis. The top SPL13-interacting candidate peptides were functionally annotated using the M. truncatula and M. sativa protein databases, by best fit. To confirm the results, peptide identification was repeated with the candidate peptide contigs replaced by M. truncatula homolog sequences in the contig database. Additionally, as of January 8, 2020, there are 2201 M. sativa protein sequences on the Uniprot protein database (https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/) derived from manual annotation (140) and computational analysis (2061). Hence, we used the Uniprot database to determine whether the contig database-identified peptides are detectable with this analysis, and also to search for other SPL13-interacting proteins.

A fixed modification of carbamidomethylation (57.02) and a variable Oxidation modifications (15.99) of the target compounds were considered while undertaking the database search. Moreover, other protease and fragmentation parameters: such as trypsin as a cleavage enzyme; two maximum missed cleavages; precursor m/z tolerance of 12.0 ppm; fragment m/z tolerance of 0.08 Da, precursor charge of 2-4 with one isotope level were incorporated while searching and identifying for the candidate proteins. Peak lists obtained from MS/MS spectra were identified using X!Tandem version X! Tandem Vengeance (2015.12.15.2) [PMID 14976030], Andromeda version 1.5.3.4 [PMID 21254760] and MyriMatch version 2.2.140 [PMID 17269722]. The peptide search was conducted using SearchGUI version 3.3.20 [PMID 21337703] and were inferred from the spectrum identification results using PeptideShaker version 1.16.45 [PMID 25574629] (Vaudel et al., 2015).

Statistical analysis

All statistical data analyses were undertaken using R-software environment 4.0. Shell scripts of Linux and R-software scripts used to analyze and visualize, respectively, the RNA sequence reads are provided as a supplementary file (Table S7).

ChIP, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; CHS, Chalcone synthase; COMT, Cafeic acid-3-O-methyltransferase; DEG, Differentially expressed genes; DFR, dihydroflavonol-4-reductase; EV, Empty Vector construct; FASP, Filter-assisted proteomics; FLAP, Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan Protein; GABA, Gamma aminobutyric acid; GDSL, Gly-Asp- Ser-Leu

lipase; GO, Gene Ontology; GSK, Glycogen synthase kinase-3; IFR, Isoflavone reductase; IPMS, ImmunoPrecipitation-based Mass Spectrometry; miR156, microRNA156; NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information; PAGE, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PAL, Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; PCA, Principal Component Analysis; PDH, Proline Dehydrogenase; PP1, Serine/threonin-protein phosphatase; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; RUBISCO, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; SPE, Solid-Phase Extraction; TSS, Transcription Start Sites; WGCNA, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis.

Ethics approval and consent to participate:

Not applicable

Consent for publication:

Not applicable

Availability of data and materials:

Raw RNA sequencing reads can be accessed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI, BioProject PRJNA598830.

Competing interests:

The authors declare there is not competing of interest

Funding:

The research is funded through grants from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada to AH. The funding agencies had no role in the design of the study; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Authors contribution:

BAF selected the genotypes, performed the experiments and analyzed Omics data; JR helped with FASP-IPMS proteomics; VN assisted in handling plants and physiological data collection; SEK and AH supervised the project; BAF drafted the manuscript; BAF, JR, VN, SEK and AH edited the manuscript.

Acknowledgments:

The authors acknowledge Dr. Chen Chen from AAFC-AAC, London, Ontario, Canada for his help with contig database development. Also, we would like to acknowledge Dr. Margaret Gruber for her help in editing the manuscript and Alex Molnar for his assistance with figures.

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Table 1 Detected candidate proteins interacting with SPL13 by IPMS analysis.

Candidates proteins were considered when at least three peptides with six spectra were present from the protein while undergoing the database search as specified in the method part of the article. Thermo Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer coupled to an Easy-nLC 1000 nano LC system were used to analyze samples.

Protein description	Sequence coverage (%)	# Peptides	# Spectra	Molecular weight (KDa)
50S ribosomal protein L22	18	4	7	21.88
60s ribosomal protein L11	49.72	6	11	20.67
Arginine biosynthesis bifunctional protein	26.72	7	21	48.6
Beta-xylosidase/alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase	25.32	15	30	83.67
Cafeic acid 3-O-methlyltransferase (COMT1)	17.81	6	31	39.92
Cell division control protein 2 homolog 1	17.87	4	11	33.46
Chalcone synthase 1	15.17	5	14	42.74
Chalcone synthase 2	31.62	9	38	42.68
Chalcone synthase 4	28.53	8	34	42.63
Cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucan synthase	15.11	29	86	315.55
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase	33.18	6	12	24.37
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1	32.3	3	32	17.65
Glutamate synthasee [NADH]amyloplastic	19.51	30	99	240.22
Glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozyme	16.85	4	9	39.08
Glutamine synthetase leaf isozyme, chloroplastic	14.95	6	15	47.09
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog -1	21.41	6	11	46.74
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog -2	25.3	7	94	46.03
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 homolog -3	37.23	11	27	46.24
Isoflavone reductase, IFR	13.52	4	5	35.43
Long-distance movement protein	17.93	3	3	26.67
Malate dehydrogenase, chloroplastic	16.87	3	3	35.52
Methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase	38.14	11	15	42.24
Mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog	21.19	6	32	44.37
Nodulation protein D1	15.2	3	3	34.86
Nodulation protein E	26.68	7	9	41.64
Nodulin-25	19.51	3	6	27.51
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase	21.38	12	21	78.82
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	17.08	11	16	110.82
Polygalacturonase	15.44	6	29	43.93
Replication protein 1A	33.13	25	170	111.95
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain	24.05	12	21	52.59
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain	46.67	7	34	20.24
RNA-directed RNA polymerase	15.14	9	34	93.6
RNA-directed RNA polymerase 2a	16.91	9	13	93.46
Serine/threonin-protein phosphatase PP1	29.6	8	97	36.23
Serine/threonin-protein phosphatase PP2A	18.85	3	5	35.69
Sucrose synthase	15.65	8	31	92.27
Tyrosine recombinase XerC	15.72	3	3	33.75
Vacuolar membrane protease	21.96	14	45	112.35
Vacuolar protein sorting/targeting protein 10	18.45	22	67	161.33

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Transcriptome-IPMS analysis reveals a tissue-dependent miR156/SPL13 regulatory mechanism in alfalfa drought tolerance

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