The relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability in Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4620325/v1

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The relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability in Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4620325/v1

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Objective

To investigate the relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability and the role of psychological resilience and gender in the relationship.

Methods

The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Capacity Scale (IECS) were used to measure the psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability of 1,007 subjects.

Results

The study found a significant positive relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, with psychological resilience partially mediating this relationship. Furthermore, gender was found to moderate the role of psychological resilience in mediating the relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, as indicated by the moderation of the posterior path in the mediation model.

Conclusion

There is a moderated mediation model between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

Chinese college students

family structure

gender

innovation and entrepreneurship ability

psychological resilience

The concept of innovation and entrepreneurship ability pertains to an individual’s or team’s capacity to recognize, evaluate, and exploit commercial prospects, as well as the aptitude to convert these prospects into sustainable business structures and ventures. This encompasses a diverse set of competencies and attributes including imaginative problem-solving, market acumen, risk mitigation, resource coordination, collaborative work, and effective leadership. Fostering innovation and entrepreneurship ability is essential for both personal career advancement and societal economic advancement, as it enables the emergence of novel industries, enhances job prospects, and stimulates economic expansion. Presently, innovation and entrepreneurship have emerged as pivotal catalysts for societal advancement and growth [1]. College students are commonly perceived as a dynamic and inventive demographic, and it is imperative for societal advancement to foster their development into innovation and entrepreneurship ability who can effectively address the needs of the community [2]. The capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship ability is a fundamental determinant that significantly influences entrepreneurial behavior, serving as a reliable predictor of such conduct [3]. Hence, a comprehensive examination of the determinants of innovation and entrepreneurship ability among college students can elucidate strategies for fostering such abilities. The social environment and cultural context are closely associated with innovation and entrepreneurship, while the family, serving as the primary developmental environment for individuals, significantly impacts their innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities [4].

1.1 Family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

Family structure encompasses the composition of family members, their interactions, mutual influences, and the relatively stable pattern of contact established within this framework. This includes two fundamental components: family demographic elements and family pattern elements. The standard nuclear family, comprising two parents and unmarried children, is considered the most basic and optimal family structure for individual development [5]. Limited research exists on the direct examination of how family structure impacts innovation and entrepreneurship ability. However, existing literature suggests potential pathways through which family structure may influence these outcomes. For example, studies have indicated that family structure can affect children's educational achievement, with those from single-parent households in the United States and Canada facing challenges in attaining higher levels of education [6, 7]. Furthermore, various family parenting styles stemming from diverse family structure decisions may influence children’s entrepreneurial development achievement. Research indicates that parental encouragement, along with democratic and harmonious family upbringing styles, are positively correlated with children's creative development, particularly in two-parent households [8, 9].

Based on these findings, it is hypothesized that family structure positively affects creative entrepreneurship (Hypothesis 1).

1.2 The mediating role of psychological resilience

Ungar et al. (2011) of the Resilience Research Center (RRC) in Canada introduced the concept of the social ecology of resilience, positing that psychological resilience entails an individual's capacity to utilize diverse psychological, social, cultural, and material resources within their environment to effectively navigate adversity and uphold mental well-being [10]. Furthermore, they assert that the family environment plays a significant role in this process, as alterations in family dynamics have been linked to shifts in parenting approaches [11]. Positive attitudes in response to adverse circumstances within a family characterized by nurturing and attentive parents can greatly enhance psychological resilience. Psychological resilience, as a relatively enduring trait and capacity to support the overall well-being of an individual, enables individuals to effectively cope with stress and challenges, thereby facilitating positive development [12]. Innovation and entrepreneurship entail a high-risk endeavor characterized by challenges and exploration. Throughout this process, individuals may encounter various setbacks and pressures, potentially resulting in feelings of discouragement, anxiety, and other negative emotions [13]. The ability to cope with such challenges is contingent upon one’s level of psychological resilience, with higher levels facilitating a more effective and expedited recovery from adversity. This is particularly pertinent for college students navigating the complexities of innovation and entrepreneurship [14, 15].

As a result of our findings, we propose Hypothesis 2: Psychological resilience mediates the relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

1.3 The regulatory role of gender

Individuals with elevated levels of psychological resilience typically demonstrate reduced negative emotional reactions, such as anxiety, depression, and panic, in response to stress, utilizing positive coping mechanisms. These adaptive coping strategies aid in alleviating the adverse impacts of stress and fostering mental health and overall well-being [16, 17]. Research indicates a significant correlation between mental fortitude and responses to stress. Additionally, existing models suggest that males may be more vulnerable to early life stressors, whereas females exhibit varying degrees of resilience [18]. Prior research has demonstrated notable disparities between men and women in their motivation for innovation and entrepreneurship, influenced by factors including economic status, family background, and educational attainment [19]. Motivation for innovation and entrepreneurship is identified as a crucial precursor and predictor of innovative and entrepreneurial behavior, directly impacting outcomes in innovation and entrepreneurship, thus contributing to gender-based variations in these domains [3].

Hypothesis 3

suggests that gender plays a moderating role between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

In the context of the current era characterized by “Mass entrepreneurship and innovation”, there is a growing societal expectation for college students to possess innovation and entrepreneurship skills. This study aims to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience and the moderating role of gender in the relationship between family structure and college students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability by utilizing Chinese college students as the study subjects. Additionally, a moderated mediation model (Fig. 1) will be constructed for this purpose. The aim of this research is to enhance understanding of the determinants of innovation and entrepreneurship abilities and provide theoretical guidance for improving the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students.

2.1Procedure and participants

This study employed a randomized questionnaire survey to collect data from undergraduate college students in Shandong Province, utilizing the Questionnaire Star platform. The research protocol obtained approval from the Ethics Committee of Jining Medical University. To participate in this study, each individual was obligated to complete an informed consent form. Informed consent and parental/guardian consent were obtained for participants under the age of 18. The volunteers in the trial did not receive any financial compensation. A total of 1,132 questionnaires were distributed, with 1,007 deemed valid, resulting in an 88.96% effective recovery rate between January and February 2024. The sample included 487 male students (48.36%) and 520 female students (51.64%), with 902 having both parents (89.57%) and 105 being single parents (10.43%). Furthermore, 693 participants (68.82%) were non-only children, while 314 participants (31.18%) were only children.

2.2 Measurements

2.2.1 Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC)

The revised Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, which was revised by Yu and Zhang in 2007 [20], contains a total of 25 questions, such as “I am able to adapt to things when they happen”, “I have at least one close and safe person who can help me when faced with stress”, and “Sometimes fate and chance can help me when my problems cannot be clearly solved”. Specifically, the resilience dimension includes 13 items, the self-improvement dimension comprises 8 items, and the optimism dimension is represented by 4 items. dimension is represented by 4 items. This questionnaire is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating better levels of psychological resilience. The Lombach’s alpha coefficient of the scale is 0.947, and the KMO value is 0.976, which has good reliability and validity.

2.2.2 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Capacity Scale (IECS)

The Self-Assessment Scale for Innovative and Entrepreneurial Abilities of College Students, selected by Chinese scholar Yang (2025) [21], includes 43 questions, such as “I am a person who is brave enough to take risks,” “I am brave enough to stick to the viewpoints that I believe to be correct when taking part in discussions,” “I am a person who is not afraid of difficulties and dangers”. This scale utilizes a 5-point scoring system, with scores ranging from 1 to 5 in descending order, where a higher score indicates greater individual innovation and entrepreneurship abilities. he scale Lombach's alpha coefficient was 0.953 and the KMO value was 0.974 having good reliability and validity.

2.3Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and product-difference correlation analysis were conducted using SPSS 22.0, as well as mediating effects tests and moderated mediating effects tests using Model 4 and Model 14 of Hayes’ PROCESS macro program.

3.1Common method bias test

The presence of common method bias in the data was assessed through the application of Harman’s one-way factor analysis. The findings revealed the existence of 8 factors with eigenroot values surpassing 1, and the initial factor accounted for 24.97% of the explained variance (which falls below the 40% threshold). Consequently, it can be concluded that this study did not exhibit any significant common method bias.

3.2Correlations among family structure, psychological resilience, gender and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis was utilized to examine the relationships among the variables of gender, family structure, psychological resilience, innovation and entrepreneurship ability. Descriptive statistics were also conducted for gender, family structure, psychological resilience, and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, with the results presented in Table 1. The results show that there is a positive correlation between family structure and entrepreneurial innovation ability (r = 0.251, p < 0.01), gender (r = 0.064, p < 0.05) and psychological resilience (r = 0.177, p < 0.01). There is a positive correlation between psychological resilience and gender (r = 0.141, p < 0.01) and innovation and entrepreneurship ability (r = 0.275, p < 0.01).

Table 1

Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables.
	M	SD	Gender	Family structure	Psychological resilience	Innovation and entrepreneurship ability
Gender	0.480	0.500	1
Family structure	0.900	0.306	0.064*	1
Psychological resilience	3.514	0.811	0.141**	0.177**	1
Innovation and entrepreneurship ability	3.495	0.690	0.132**	0.251**	0.275**	1
Note: p < 0.05, *p < 0.01

3.3Mediating effect of psychological resilience between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

Simple mediation effect test using model 4 of process v4.1 macro program developed by Hayes (2013) [22], with psychological resilience as the mediating variable, family structure as the independent variable and innovation and entrepreneurship ability as the dependent variable. The results of the analysis are shown in Table 2. From the results of the stepwise regression method to test the mediating effect, it can be seen that in Model 1, the independent variable family structure has a significant positive effect on the dependent variable innovation and entrepreneurship ability (β = 0.566, t = 8.204, p < 0.001), indicating that the total effect is significant; in Model 2 and Model 3, the independent variable family structure has a significant positive effect on the mediator variable psychological resilience has a significant positive effect(β = 0.469, t = 5.698, p < 0.001), indicating that the first half path of the mediator is significant. There is a significant positive influence relationship of family structure on the dependent variable innovation and entrepreneurship ability (β = 0.469, t = 6.919, p < 0.001), and a significant positive influence of psychological resilience on innovation and entrepreneurship ability (β = 0.203, t = 7.915, p < 0.001), which can be seen: the mediator’s second half of the path is significant, and the direct effect is significant, which indicates that psychological resilience plays a partly mediating role in the relationship between the family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

Table 2

Intermediary model testing.
Variable	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Innovation and entrepreneurship ability			Psychological resilience			Innovation and entrepreneurship ability
	b	t	95%CI	b	t	95%CI	b	t	95%CI
Family structure	0.566	8.204***	[0.43,0.701]	0.469	5.698***	[0.469,5.698]	0.470	6.919***	[0.337,0.604]
Psychological resilience							0.203	7.915***	[0.153,0.253]
R	0.251			0.177			0.343
R²	0.063			0.031			0.118
F	67.305***			0.638***			67.040***
Note: p < 0.05, p < 0.01, **p < 0.001

The mediating role of psychological resilience between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability is tested by bootstrap method, and the results are shown in Table 3, the trust interval of the bias correction of the bootstrap of family structure → psychological resilience → innovation and entrepreneurship ability is [0.049, 0.152 ] does not contain 0, which indicates that the mediating effect is established. The trust interval for the direct effect deviation correction is [0.295, 0.651 ] not containing 0 and the trust interval for the total effect deviation correction is [0.394, 0.746 ] not containing 0, indicating that psychological resilience plays a partially mediating role between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

The integration of the aforementioned mediation effect tests indicates that the analytical finding supporting the full mediating role of psychological resilience between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability is more robust and reliable. Therefore, H2 is supported.

Table 3

Bootstrap based mediation effect test.
Effect type	Effect	BootSE	BootLLCI	BootULCI
Direct effect	0.470	0.091	0.295	0.651
Indirect effect	0.095	0.026	0.049	0.152
Total effect	0.566	0.089	0.394	0.746

3.4The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

The moderating role of gender between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability was analyzed using Model 14 in the process v4.1 macro program developed. In order to reduce non-intrinsic multicollinearity and improve the interpretation of the results, gender, psychological resilience were centered. And the interaction term between the centered mediating variable psychological resilience and the moderating variable gender was calculated. The results are shown in Table 4.

Model 2 shows that family structure has a significant positive effect on innovation and entrepreneurship ability (B = 0.466, t = 6.895, p < 0.001), psychological resilience has a significant positive effect on innovation and entrepreneurship ability (B = 0.197, t = 7.634, p < 0.001), and gender has a significant negative on innovation and entrepreneurship ability (B = 0.119, t = 2.889, p < 0.01); the interaction term of gender and psychological resilience gender*psychological resilience has a significant effect on innovation and entrepreneurship ability (B = 0.119, t = 2.889, p < 0.01). It indicates that gender plays a moderating role between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

Table 4

Moderated mediation model tests.
Variable	Model 1			Model 2
	Psychological resilience			Innovation and entrepreneurship ability
	b	t	95%CI	b	t	95%CI
Family structure	0.469	5.698***	[0.308,0.631]	0.466	6.895***	[0.334,0.599]
Psychological resilience				0.197	7.634***	[0.146,0.247]
Gender				0.119	2.889**	[0.038,0.2]
Psychological resilience*Gender				0.124	2.428*	[0.024,0.223]
R	0.177			0.361
R²	0.031			0.130
F	32.461***			37.567***
备注: P<0.05, P<001, **P<0.001

Table 5 demonstrates that for female participants, the mediating effect value of psychological resilience was 0.064 (BootSE = 0.025), with a 95% confidence interval of [0.020, 0.120], indicating a statistically significant mediating effect. Conversely, for male participants, the mediating effect value of psychological resilience was 0.122 (BootSE = 0.031), with a 95% confidence interval of [0.065, 0.186], also indicating a significant mediating effect. It can be seen that the moderated mediation model proposed in this study is supported, and the mediating effect of gender moderated psychological resilience between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability. H3 is established.

Table 5

The mediating role of psychological resilience at different genders
Gender	Effect	BootSE	BootLLCI	BootULCI
Female	0.064	0.025	0.020	0.120
Male	0.122	0.031	0.065	0.186

In order to elucidate the moderating influence of gender comprehension on the association between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, a simple slope test was carried out by categorizing psychological resilience based on a deviation scale of plus or minus 1 standard deviation. Subsequent simple slope analysis (Fig. 2) revealed that family structure had a statistically significant positive impact on psychological resilience for females (simple slope = 0.137, t = 3.956, p < 0.001) and for males (simple slope = 0.260, t = 6.880, p < 0.001). This indicates that the influence of psychological resilience on innovation and entrepreneurship ability gradually increases in males compared to females.

4.1The impact of family structure on innovation and entrepreneurship ability

While previous studies have shown that children in two-parent families have higher levels of education and creative development [7, 23], this study extends this finding to the effect of family structure on innovation and entrepreneurship ability. Research has indicated that family structure plays a crucial role in influencing innovation and entrepreneurship ability, with two-parent families demonstrating higher levels of such ability compared to single-parent families. Prior studies have shown that nurturing, supportive, and democratic family environments are conducive to fostering children’s autonomous creativity and innovation [24]. These favorable conditions are more commonly observed in two-parent families, primarily due to two key reasons. In two-parent families characterized by good health, parents typically invest more time in child-rearing and strive to cultivate a nurturing familial atmosphere conducive to providing children with adequate understanding and support [25]. This nurturing environment plays a crucial role in children’s ability to adapt and thrive socially in their later years [26]. Conversely, single-parent households frequently experience inter-parental conflicts and exhibit lower-quality parenting practices, highlighting the absence of the positive family dynamics typically found in two-parent households [27]. Schooling is also an important stage in the development of innovation and entrepreneurship ability in young people. Inequality in access to education and opportunities for advancement is a fundamental issue, making education a recognized social determinant of health [28]. Single-parent families, often facing limited economic resources, may struggle to provide adequate support for their children’s education [29, 30]. Research indicates that children from single-parent households tend to achieve lower levels of educational attainment compared to those from two-parent households [6, 29–32]. This disparity in educational opportunities can hinder the development of adolescent values, autonomy, and innovation.

4.2The mediating role of psychological resilience

Psychological resilience plays a stable and significant mediating role in family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, i.e., the composition of family structure affects the psychological resilience of college students further on their innovation and entrepreneurship ability. The study indicates that family structure plays a crucial role in shaping children’s psychological resilience, with those raised in families characterized by normal family structure, parental harmony, and appropriate upbringing demonstrating superior psychological, physiological, cognitive, and stress coping abilities. Additionally, these children exhibit robust psychological endurance in the face of adversity, consistent with prior research findings [11]. Research has indicated that the absence of parents in a child’s growth environment can result in a lack of support resources, leading to potential long-term negative impacts on their psychological development, which may persist into adulthood [33].

Studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, suggesting that individuals with higher levels of psychological resilience tend to exhibit greater levels of innovation and entrepreneurship ability. The study of Cheng et al (2017) pointed out that there is a significant positive correlation between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students [34], which strengthens the credibility of the results of the present study. Innovation and entrepreneurship represent a high-risk endeavor with uncertain rewards, particularly in the context of China’s rapidly evolving economy characterized by market expansion and intense competition. The escalating risk of entrepreneurial failure necessitates a significant commitment of human psychological and temporal resources, leading to considerable psychological strain [13]. Inadequate psychological resilience may result in adverse outcomes such as setbacks, while those who demonstrate the ability to adapt their mindset in the face of challenges are more likely to achieve success, indicating a higher level of innovative and entrepreneurial aptitude [15].

The findings of the aforementioned study suggest that the latter portion of the mediated path and the direct path exhibit greater significance compared to the initial segment of the mediated path. Specifically, family structure plays a crucial role in influencing innovation and entrepreneurship ability. However, the influence is relatively diminished within the pathway of “family structure—psychological resilience—innovation and entrepreneurship ability.” If college students are unable to receive adequate emotional support within the family due to its structure, they may enhance their psychological resilience through alternative means, such as support from educational institutions, society, and other sources. This can ultimately enhance their capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship, as well as facilitate talent development.

4.3The moderating effect of gender

Gender was identified as a moderating factor in the latter stages of the mediation process involving “family structure—psychological resilience—innovation and entrepreneurship ability” in this study. Psychological resilience is commonly acknowledged to be closely linked to responses to stress [16, 17]. Gender, both as a biological trait and a socio-cultural construct, significantly influences the psychological growth and behavioral tendencies of individuals [35]. Studies indicate that males and females may demonstrate distinct adaptive patterns and coping strategies in response to stress, thus exhibiting differing stress responses. Several studies suggest that men tend to prefer problem-solving through competition and independence, while women tend to rely on social support and emotional expression to manage stress [36]. This difference may be attributed to biological factors, such as variations in brain structure and hormone secretion [37]. Additionally, socio-cultural influences also contribute to the varying levels of psychological resilience and creative entrepreneurship observed in men and women [35, 38]. In various societies, individuals are subject to distinct gender role expectations and societal norms that can impact their self-concept, principles, and behavioral decisions. For instance, males may be socialized to embody characteristics of autonomy, daring, and competitiveness, while females may be socialized to embody characteristics of nurturance, collaboration, and prudence [39]. Such gender role expectations have the potential to shape individuals’ attitudes and drives towards innovation and entrepreneurship, consequently influencing their engagement in innovative and entrepreneurial pursuits.

In conclusion, gender plays a significant role in moderating the association between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, with men potentially experiencing a stronger influence of psychological resilience on their innovation and entrepreneurship ability compared to women, whose contribution may be influenced by various external factors such as societal expectations and access to resources.

The findings of this study validate the research hypotheses and offer valuable insights for comprehensively comprehending the precise mechanism of the correlation between family structure and the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students. However, limitations exist in that the sample only consisted of college students, warranting further investigation to determine the generalizability of the results to junior and senior high school students. Additionally, data pertaining to the primary variables was gathered via self-reports from participants. Subsequent studies may benefit from employing a multi-source data collection approach. Moreover, the correlation between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability is inherently intricate, influenced by various factors beyond the psychological resilience identified in this investigation. Future research endeavors should explore additional mediating variables to offer a more comprehensive understanding of the connection between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability among college students.

This study developed a moderated mediation model to investigate the impact of family structure on the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students, as well as the potential involvement of psychological resilience and gender in mediating this relationship. The findings of the research indicate a significant correlation between family structure and the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students. Family structure is shown to have a direct impact on these capabilities, as well as an indirect influence through its effects on psychological resilience. Additionally, the study reveals that men’s psychological resilience plays a more substantial role in their innovation and entrepreneurship abilities compared to women. Based on these results, the following recommendations are proposed:

Firstly, it is imperative for university educators to comprehend the familial circumstances of individual students, as family structure is an inherent aspect of their lives. This understanding enables educators to provide tailored support and assistance to marginalized groups within the student body, facilitating the development of emotional resilience and ultimately enhancing their innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

Secondly, the intermediary function of psychological resilience suggests that fostering college students’ innovative entrepreneurial capabilities can be initiated by enhancing their psychological resilience, guiding them in effectively managing life setbacks, and strengthening their mental fortitude.

Thirdly, the presence of greater psychological resilience among men may facilitate the enhancement of their innovation and entrepreneurship ability. This gender-specific moderating effect underscores the importance of focusing on male individuals when seeking to enhance the psychological resilience of college students. It is recommended that a range of tailored strategies be implemented to bolster their psychological resilience, thereby fostering an improvement in their innovation and entrepreneurship ability.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the participants of this study for their time completing the survey.

Authors’ contributions

YF: Data analysis and manuscript revision. YS: Data acquisition, drafting and manuscript revision. JG: Drafted the manuscript. JW: Data acquisition. RY: Data acquisition. YY: Data acquisition. QL: Design and manuscript revision. NL: Study conception, design and manuscript revision. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Funding

The writer(s) affirm that they have received financial assistance for the investigation, writing, and/or publication of this article.The study received financial support from the initial funding for doctoral research provided by Jining Medical University (No.6001/600949001), Ministry of Education Industry-University Cooperation Collaborative Education Program (No.220904727062522), Innovative Training Program for University Students (No.cx2024314py). The sponsors did not participate in designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, deciding to publish, or preparing the manuscript.

Competing Interests

The researchers affirm that the study was carried out without any business or monetary affiliations that could be interpreted as a possible clash of interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All participants were provided full information on the study, and provided their informed consent to participate. The research protocol (Code: JNMC-YX-2024-057) obtained approval from the Ethics Committee of Jining Medical University. The study was performed following the standards for medical research involving human subjects recommended by the Declaration of Helsinki for human research.

Consent for publication

No applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in relation to the subject of this study.

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No competing interests reported.

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The relationship between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability in Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model

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Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Figures

1. Introduction

1.1 Family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

1.2 The mediating role of psychological resilience

1.3 The regulatory role of gender

2. Methods

2.1Procedure and participants

2.2 Measurements

2.2.1 Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC)

2.2.2 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Capacity Scale (IECS)

2.3Statistical analysis

3. Results

3.1Common method bias test

3.2Correlations among family structure, psychological resilience, gender and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

3.3Mediating effect of psychological resilience between family structure and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

3.4The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between psychological resilience and innovation and entrepreneurship ability

4. Discussion

4.1The impact of family structure on innovation and entrepreneurship ability

4.2The mediating role of psychological resilience

4.3The moderating effect of gender

5. Limitations

6. Conclusions and recommendations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1