The Impact of Comprehensive Physical Activities on the Physical Fitness, Personality and Mobile Phone Dependence of Female College Students

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The Impact of Comprehensive Physical Activities on the Physical Fitness, Personality and Mobile Phone Dependence of Female College Students

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4622460/v1

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This study explores the impact of physical activity on the health and psychological well-being of female college students, focusing on the prevalent issues of sedentary lifestyles and mobile phone addiction. The objective was to assess the influence of a comprehensive physical activity program on physical fitness, mental health, and mobile phone usage patterns. Employing a cluster sampling method, 50 female students were divided into an experimental group (4 times a week of intervention) and a control group (1 time a week) over three months. The results showed significant improvements in the physical fitness of the experimental group, with increased vertical jump and sit-and-reach scores, and enhanced vital capacity. Psychologically, the intervention fostered resilience. Economically, it reduced mobile phone expenses and improved time management regarding phone usage. The conclusion emphasizes that regular physical activity can significantly benefit the health and resilience of female college students and promote more rational mobile phone use, providing a valuable strategy for the digital era.

Biological sciences/Neuroscience

Biological sciences/Physiology

Biological sciences/Psychology

Health sciences/Neurology

Physical fitness

Personality

Mobile phone dependence

Exercise intervention

College students

Physical fitness, a critical indicator of an individual's physical condition beyond the demands of study and work, encompasses aspects such as body composition, muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility, and is essential for managing everyday life challenges and maintaining overall health (Chen et al., 2012; He, 2002; Zhai & Xu, 2011; Zhang et al., 2017). Concurrently, a resilient personality, characterized by optimism and perseverance in the face of adversity, is a positive psychological trait that can significantly influence one's ability to cope with difficulties (Erbes et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012). Research has indicated that improper or excessive mobile phone use can lead to dependence, which has been recognized as one of the primary non-substance dependence issues of the 21st century (Ahmed et al., 2011).

In the information age, smartphones have become indispensable tools in our daily lives and learning. However, excessive use can lead to addictive behaviors, with studies indicating that the rate of mobile phone dependence (MPAI) among Chinese college and vocational students is as high as 23% (Tao et al., 2018), posing threats to both physical and mental health (Shi, 2009). Fortunately, a multitude of studies have confirmed the significant positive impact of sports activities on physical and mental health and have found a notable negative correlation between sports activities and mobile phone dependence (Huang, 2021; Li, 2020; Gong & Yang, 2023). Interventions such as Tai Chi have shown positive effects on improving cardiorespiratory function, speed, endurance, and flexibility, effectively reducing mobile phone usage time and dependence scores among college students (Zhang, 2018). Thus, sports activities are considered an effective means of intervention for mobile phone dependence among college students (Xiao, 2022). The mediating role of self-control ability in the impact of sports activities on mobile phone dependence cannot be overlooked (Yang et al., 2019; Fu et al., 2020). A resilient personality, as a key factor in enhancing self-control, also plays a significant role in reducing mobile phone dependence (Dai, 2018). Although some progress has been made in exercise intervention research for substance dependence (Zhang & Liu, 2022), further research on mobile phone dependence interventions is needed. Notably, studies have shown that female students have a significantly greater rate of mobile phone dependence than male students, indicating that females are more susceptible to the impacts of mobile phone dependence (Jenaro et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2018).

Therefore, it is hypothesized that comprehensive physical activities can not only significantly improve the physical health levels of female college students but also positively affect their psychological states and help alleviate mobile phone dependence. Targeted sports interventions are expected to promote improvements in health fitness and resilient personalities among female college students and effectively reduce excessive dependence on mobile phones, thereby shaping a healthier and more active lifestyle. This could provide a more comprehensive health promotion plan for female college students and offer a scientific basis for higher education institutions in formulating relevant health policies and intervention measures.

2.1 Participants and Measures

The study targeted first-year female college students as participants. Using a cluster sampling method, two first-year classes were randomly selected from a general university, and a total of 55 female students from these classes were divided into an experimental group of 23 and a control group of 32.The experimental group received comprehensive physical activity intervention four times a week, with each session lasting 100 minutes, including activities such as track and field, rhythmic gymnastics, and ball games; the control group engaged in the same duration of comprehensive physical activity once a week. The study lasted for three months, during which the participants' health fitness, resilient personality, and mobile phone dependence were measured twice, before and after the intervention, to analyze the effects. Due to leave or health reasons, five participants did not complete the second measurement, resulting in an effective sample size of 50 participants, with 22 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group. The inclusion criterion was being in good health and able to participate normally in the physical intervention activities, while the exclusion criterion was the inability to complete the physical activities as planned or to participate in the tests on time. The flowchart is shown in Fig. 1.

2.2 Tools and Data Acquisition

The measurement of health fitness indicators was conducted using specialized equipment that complies with the national physical fitness standards, including a stadiometer (SGJ-Ⅱ) for height, a scale (TZJ-Ⅱ) for weight, a simple reaction time tester (FYS-Ⅱ), a sit-and-reach tester (TQQ-Ⅱ), a hand dynamometer (WCS-Ⅱ), a vertical jump tester (ZTY-Ⅱ), and a spirometer (FHL-Ⅱ) to measure height, weight, simple reaction time, hand grip strength, vertical jump, sit-and-reach, and vital capacity, respectively.

The assessment of resilient personalities utilized the "College Students' Resilience Scale" developed by Lu Guohua et al. (Dai, 2015), which is based on international resilience theories and adapted to Chinese conditions, to establish a structure of resilient personalities that includes four dimensions: tenacity, engagement, control, and challenge. The tenacity dimension primarily reflects the individual's steadfastness in pursuing goals; the control dimension reflects the individual's proactive control over events; the engagement dimension reflects the individual's focus on the activities they are involved in; and the challenge dimension reflects the individual's ability to draw strength for growth from challenges. Each item is scored on a 4-point scale (1 = not at all, 4 = completely), with higher scores indicating more pronounced characteristics. The internal consistency of the scale's baseline measurement, as measured by Cronbach's α coefficient, was 0.95, with the internal consistency of the four dimensions being 0.78, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.83, respectively.

The assessment of mobile phone dependence employed the "Mobile Phone Dependence Index" (MPAI) developed by Leung et al. and revised by Huang Hai et al. (Leung, 2008; Huang Hai et al., 2014), which includes four dimensions: compulsivity, withdrawal, avoidance, and inefficiency. Compulsivity refers to the individual's inability to control the extensive time spent on mobile phones; withdrawal refers to the adverse emotions experienced when the individual cannot use their mobile phone normally; avoidance refers to the behavior of using mobile phones to escape pressures from the real world; and inefficiency refers to the reduced learning or work efficiency due to excessive mobile phone use. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale (1 = almost never, 5 = always), with higher scores indicating more pronounced characteristics. The internal consistency of the scale's baseline measurement, as measured by Cronbach's α coefficient, was 0.88, with the internal consistency of the four dimensions being 0.64, 0.82, 0.77, and 0.77, respectively.

The collection of health fitness indicators was completed by specially trained testers in a professional laboratory, while the questionnaire surveys were conducted online via mobile phones at the same time before other tests, ensuring a 100% response rate.

2.3 Data Analysis

The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Descriptive statistics were applied to the participants' basic information, and independent sample t-tests were used to compare the baseline data between the different groups. To assess the impact of exercise intervention on the indicators of health fitness, resilient personality, and mobile phone dependence in female college students, the study utilized a 2 (testing time: pretest, Posttest) × 2 (group: experimental group, control group) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). This was done to compare the differences in within-group (pretest, posttest) and between-group interactions. Prior to conducting the repeated measures ANOVA, a sphericity test was conducted. If sphericity was not met (P < 0.05), the data were adjusted using the Greenhouse-Geisser method. When a significant interaction effect was identified, post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction were employed, and simple effect analysis was used to compare the differences within and between groups. In the statistical analysis, to more accurately reflect the trial effects, the effect size indicator η² was also reported. The criterion for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

2.4 Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.The study was approved by the academic committee of Heze University with ethics approval number 2022003,and the study was registered with the China Clinical Trial Registry, with registration number ChiCTR2000039041,14/10/2020.All participants signed an informed consent form before the study began.

3.1 Demographic Characteristics of Female College Students

A total of 50 female college students were included in the statistical analysis, with 22 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group. The basic characteristics can be found in Table 1. It is considered that the pre test conditions of the experimental and control groups are balanced.

Table 1 Comparison of Basic Characteristics between the Experimental and Control Groups（`x±SD）

Subjects	Experimental group（n=22）	Control group（n=28）	t	P
Age (years)	19.45±0.80	19.25±0.65	1	0.32
Height (cm)	163.63±4.74	162.83±7.33	0.44	0.66
Body weight（kg）	57.94±8.52	60.01±12.30	-0.67	0.51

3.2 Effects of Comprehensive Physical Activities on the Health Fitness of Female College Students

Independent sample t-tests for the pretest measures of BMI, simple reaction time, hand grip strength, vertical jump, sit-and-reach, and vital capacity showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups (P>0.05). A 2×2 repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the changes in each indicator over time between the two groups, and the results are presented in Table 2.The interaction effect of group and time had a statistically significant impact on the vertical jump (P<0.01). Simple effect analysis for the factors of group and time revealed that the experimental group increased by 4.2 cm posttest compared to pretest, which was statistically significant (P<0.01), while the control group increased by 1.29 cm, which was also statistically significant (P=0.04).The posttest of the experimental group was 4.85 cm greater than that of the control group, showing a statistically significant difference (P<0.01).Similarly, the interaction effect of group and time was statistically significant for the sit-and-reach (P<0.01). The experimental group showed a 2 cm increase posttest compared to pretest, which was statistically significant (P<0.01), whereas the control group decreased by 2.24 cm, also statistically significant (P<0.01). The Posttest of the experimental group was 4.84 cm greater than that of the control group, indicating a statistically significant difference (P<0.01).The interaction effect of group and time was also statistically significant for vital capacity (P=0.02). The experimental group's Posttest showed an increase of 150.09 ml compared to the pretest, which was statistically significant (P<0.01), while the control group's Posttest showed a decrease of 17.11 ml, which was not statistically significant (P=0.71). The Posttest of the experimental group was 367.28 ml greater than that of the control group, a difference that was statistically significant (P=0.01).

Table 2 Comparison of Changes in Health-Related Physical Fitness Between the Two Groups of Female College Students Before and After the Experiment（`x±SD）

	Experimental group（n=22）		Control group（n=28）		Time F value (η²)	Time × group F value (η²)
	Pretest	Posttest	Pretest	Posttest	Time F value (η²)	Time × group F value (η²)
BMI	21.63±2.73	21.31±2.49	22.43±3.27	22.13±3.52	9.27(0.16)**	0.01(<0.01)
Simple reaction time（s）	0.54±0.07	0.52±0.08	0.57±0.05	0.55±0.05	10.84(0.18)**	0.09(<0.01)
Grip strength (kg)	28.04±5.04	30.44±6.69	26.87±4.45	28.42±5.05	19.96(0.29)**	0.92(0.02)
Vertical jump (cm)	23.79±3.89	27.99±5.31	21.85±3.29	23.14±3.19	37.05(0.44)**	10.42(0.18)**
Sitting body flexion (cm)	17.53±5.95	19.52±6.34	16.93±5.47	14.68±5.77	0.08(<0.01)	22.73(0.32)**
Vital capacity (ml)	2920.05±488.14	3070.14±448.74	2719.96±623.47	2702.86±545.57	3.69(0.07)	5.83(0.11)*

Note:*P＜0.05，** P＜0.01

3.3 Impact of Comprehensive Physical Activities on the Resilient Personality of Female College Students

The independent sample t-tests for the total score of resilient personality and its four dimensions—tenacity, engagement, control, and challenge—between the experimental and control groups at pretest showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). A 2×2 repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare the changes in scores over time for each group, with the results presented in Table 3.The interaction effect of group and time was statistically significant for the total score of resilient personality (P=0.03). Simple main effects analysis for the factors of group and time indicated that the experimental group had a significant increase in scores from pretest to Posttest (P=0.03), while the control group experienced a non-significant decrease in scores (P=0.46). However, the increase in scores from Posttest in the experimental group compared to the control group was not statistically significant (P=0.11).Similarly, the interaction effect of group and time was statistically significant for the engagement dimension (P=0.01). The experimental group showed a significant increase in scores from pretest to Posttest (P<0.01), whereas the control group showed a non-significant decrease (P=0.43). The increase in scores from Posttest in the experimental group compared to the control group was not statistically significant (P=0.06).The interaction effect of group and time was also statistically significant for the challenge dimension (P=0.01). The experimental group had a significant increase in scores from pretest to Posttest (P=0.02), and the control group had a significant decrease (P=0.02). However, the increase in scores from Posttest in the experimental group compared to the control group was not statistically significant (P=0.07).

Table 3 Comparison of Resilience Personality Changes in Two Groups of Female College Students Before and After the Experiment（`x±SD）

	Experimental group（n=22）		Control group（n=28）		Time F value (η2)	Time × group F value (η2)
	Pretest	Posttest	Pretest	Posttest	Time F value (η2)	Time × group F value (η2)
Total score	69.00±8.66	74.18±10.24	69.82±12.82	68.29±14.05	1.41(0.03)	4.77(0.09)*
Toughness	15.50±2.72	16.18±2.52	15.50±2.78	15.43±3.38	0.60(0.01)	0.91(0.02)
Concentrate	15.05±1.76	16.64±2.34	15.36±3.03	15.00±3.45	3.29(0.06)	8.20(0.15)*
Control	21.09±3.75	22.31±3.40	20.68±4.11	20.54±4.44	0.77(0.02)	1.22(0.03)
Challenges	17.36±1.99	19.05±2.87	18.29±3.67	17.32±3.54	0.64(0.01)	8.67(0.15)**

Note:*P＜0.05，** P＜0.01

3.4 The influence of comprehensive physical activities on female College students' dependence on mobile phone

Independent sample t-tests for the pretest measures of mobile phone usage time (days), monthly phone bill costs, and the total score and four dimensions (compulsivity, withdrawal, avoidance, and inefficiency) of the Mobile Phone Dependence Index (MPAI) between the experimental and control groups showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). A 2×2 repeated measures ANOVA was employed to evaluate the changes in scores over time for each group, with the results presented in Table 4.The interaction effect of group and time was statistically significant for the impact on monthly phone bill costs (P=0.03). Simple main effects analysis for the factors of time and group indicated that while the experimental group showed a non-significant decrease of 1.64 yuan from pretest to Posttest (P=0.69), the control group exhibited a significant increase of 10.89 yuan (P<0.01). However, the difference in the change in phone bill costs between the Posttest experimental and control groups was not statistically significant (P=0.10).Similarly, the interaction effect of group and time was statistically significant for the dimension of compulsivity in mobile phone use (P=0.02). The simple main effects analysis revealed that the experimental group had a non-significant reduction in scores from pretest to Posttest (P=0.67), whereas the control group's scores remained unchanged. Nonetheless, the Posttest scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P=0.04), indicating a potential positive impact of the intervention on reducing compulsive phone use behaviors.

Table 4 Comparison of Changes in Mobile Phone Dependency Indicators Between Two Groups of College Students Before and After the Experiment（`x±SD）

	Experimental group（n=22）		Control group（n=28）		Time F value (η²)	Time × group F value (η²)
	Pretest	Posttest	Pretest	Posttest	Time F value (η²)	Time × group F value (η²)
Use time	6.1±2.3	6.4±2.0	7.1±2.8	6.4±2.9	0.57(0.01)	2.88(0.06)
Telephone charges	38.8±11.60	37.1±10.1	40.50±27.3	51.4±38.25	2.88(0.06)	5.28(0.10)*
MPAI Total score	40.4±10.0	36.05±9.2	40.9±10.5	40.0±9.8	4.74(0.09)*	1.98(0.04)
Out of control	15.5±0.7	13.4±0.8	15.8±0.7	15.8±0.7	5.48(0.10)*	5.48(0.10)*
Abstinence	9.3±3.9	8.4±3.2	8.9±3.7	8.3±3.5	2.42(0.05)	0.10(<0.01)
Escape	8.3±3.0	7.4±2.7	8.4±3.1	8.0±3.0	2.09(0.04)	0.36(0.01)
Low efficiency	7.3±2.3	6.9±2.0	7.9±2.4	7.9±2.5	0.52(0.01)	0.71(0.02)

Note:*P＜0.05

The findings of this study reveal the positive impact of comprehensive physical activity intervention on the physical and mental health of female college students. Specifically, the significant improvements in the experimental group's health fitness indicators, such as vertical jump, sit-and-reach, and vital capacity, along with the enhancement in the engagement and challenge dimensions of resilient personality, demonstrate the important role of physical activities in promoting the health and psychological resilience of female college students. These results are consistent with existing literature on the positive effects of physical activities on health and well-being, further emphasizing the potential value of physical activities in improving focus and the ability to face challenges. In addition to promoting health and well-being, exercise intervention also has positive implications for mobile phone dependence. The non-significant difference in mobile phone usage time among female students in this study may be attributed to the uniform course and schedule management at the university. However, the experimental group showed a reduction in the compulsive use of mobile phones, possibly due to effective online course learning and scientific management of mobile phone usage time. The increase in mobile phone expenses in the control group may be due to the purchase of special network services and subsequent loss of control. The experimental group exhibited improved self-control in mobile phone use, which aligns with existing research that physical activities can enhance an individual's inhibitory control abilities, thereby reducing the degree of mobile phone dependence (Yang et al., 2020; Zhao, 2020; Du, 2021). This finding suggests that schools and society should strengthen the management and guidance of college students' mobile phone use, particularly in enhancing students' self-control abilities (Niu & Li, 2017). There is evidence that individuals with lower mobile phone dependence have higher self-control, and they are more likely to spend time on real-life activities, have personal ideals and goals, focus on reality, and have good interpersonal relationships (Wu, 2018). Moreover, older students, who possess certain self-control and discernment abilities, may benefit more from exercise interventions (Liu, 2020).

Physical exercise is a widely applicable and cost-effective intervention activity. Exercise interventions often aim to reduce mobile phone dependence by cultivating the living habits of mobile phone users and regulating psychological and physical indicators (Han et al., 2018). These studies provide a theoretical and practical foundation for further exploration of the potential of physical activities in reducing mobile phone dependence. The study has certain limitations, such as the control group not being completely randomly assigned, which may affect the generalizability of the results. Furthermore, future research could explore the differential impacts of different types and intensities of physical activities on mobile phone dependence.

Comprehensive physical activities have significant positive effects on the physical health and psychological qualities of female college students. As they age, indicators such as BMI, simple reaction time, and hand grip strength naturally tend to improve among female college students. Regular participation in comprehensive physical activities further enhances their performance in vertical jump, sit-and-reach, and vital capacity. Moreover, these activities significantly boost their resilient personality, particularly in terms of focused involvement in activities and the courage to face challenges. Notably, physical activities also play a positive role in addressing mobile phone dependence, aiding female college students in managing their mobile phone usage time more scientifically and controlling their phone expenses reasonably. These findings are of significant importance for advancing knowledge in this field, as they not only confirm the traditional view that physical activities enhance physical fitness but also reveal the potential value of physical activities in promoting mental health and reducing mobile phone dependence.

Conflict of interest

The research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Funding

This study was supported by the Shandong Province Higher Education Undergraduate Teaching Reform Research Project (M2023121).

Author Contribution

Z coordinated the research project and led the drafting and revision of the manuscript. L was involved in the conceptualization of the study, conducted the statistical analysis, and contributed to the writing and editing of the manuscript. Both authors have agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work and have approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.

Acknowledgments

Special thanks are given to the sports and health laboratory and project testers of Heze University for their help in the research.

Data Availability

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

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The Impact of Comprehensive Physical Activities on the Physical Fitness, Personality and Mobile Phone Dependence of Female College Students

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Abstract

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1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1 Participants and Measures

2.2 Tools and Data Acquisition

2.3 Data Analysis

2.4 Ethics approval and consent to participate

3. Results

3.1 Demographic Characteristics of Female College Students

3.2 Effects of Comprehensive Physical Activities on the Health Fitness of Female College Students

3.3 Impact of Comprehensive Physical Activities on the Resilient Personality of Female College Students

3.4 The influence of comprehensive physical activities on female College students' dependence on mobile phone

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

Declarations

Conflict of interest

Funding

Author Contribution

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1