Optimal timing of ureteroscopic lithotripsy after the initial drainage treatment and risk factors for postoperative febrile urinary tract infection in patients with obstructive pyelonephritis: a retrospective study

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-46783/v2

Abstract

Background: A history of preoperative obstructive pyelonephritis has been reported as a risk factor for febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) after ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL). But there is no clear evidence of risk factors for developing fUTI including the optimal timing of URSL after obstructive pyelonephritis treatment. Methods: Of the 1361 patients, who underwent URSL at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2017, 239 patients had a history of pre-URSL obstructive pyelonephritis. The risk factors were analyzed by comparing the patients’ backgrounds with the presence or absence of fUTI after URSL. The factors examined were age, gender, body mass index, comorbidity, presence or absence of preoperative ureteral stent, stone position, stone laterality, stone size, Hounsfield unit (HU) value on computed tomography scan, history of sepsis during obstructive pyelonephritis, period from antipyresis to URSL, ureteral stenting period, operation time, and presence or absence of access sheath at URSL. In addition, the stone components and renal pelvic urinary culture bacterial species during pre-URSL pyelonephritis were also examined. Results: Post-URSL fUTI developed in 32 of 239 patients (13.4%), and 11 of these 32 cases led to sepsis (34.4%). Univariate analysis showed that stone position, stone maximum HU value, presence of sepsis during obstructive pyelonephritis, period from antipyresis to URSL, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement, operation time were risk factors of fUTI. Stone components and urinary cultures during pyelonephritis were not associated with risk of fUTI. Multivariate analysis showed that renal stone position, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement > 21 days, and operation time > 75 minutes were independent risk factors of fUTI following the URSL. Conclusions: F-UTI following the URSL could be avoided by ureteral stent placement period 21 days or less and operation time 75 minutes or less in patients with obstructive pyelonephritis.

Background

Obstructive pyelonephritis related to ureteral stones can be a fatal urological emergency [1,2]. Obstructive pyelonephritis is often severe and can lead to severe sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation [3]. The mortality rate of patients with sepsis due to acute complicated pyelonephritis has been reported to be about 2% [4]. Emergency urinary drainage using a ureteral stent or nephrostomy and subsequent stone treatment is crucial in treating these patients [1,2]. However, a history of preoperative obstructive pyelonephritis and ureteral stent placement has been reported as a risk factor for febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) after ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) [5,6].  

It has not been established whether URSL can be safely performed after renal drainage; there are concerns that URSL may cause post-URSL fever or sepsis due to increased renal pressure. Furthermore, the optimal timing of URSL after drainage and risk factors for post-URSL fUTI has not been established. The elucidation of patient-, stone-, and operative-factors associated with increased risk of post-URSL fUTI is important to be able to identify high-risk patients, advise on individual risks before operation, and reduce the incidence of fUTI. The purpose of this study is to establish the optimal timing of URSL and risk factors for fUTI following URSL in patients with obstructive pyelonephritis.

Methods

Patient Data Collection

The methods and procedures for this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Hirao Hospital (project identification code: 2019-4). The retrospective analyses evaluated data from 1361 patients who underwent URSL at Hirao Hospital from January 2011 to December 2017. There was no history of pre-URSL pyelonephritis, ureteral stone of ileal conduit, or transplant renal stone in 1122 of these patients, leaving 239 patients with a history of pre-URSL obstructive pyelonephritis eligible for this study. All patients underwent urinary drainage by insertion of a ureteral stent or nephrostomy.

The diagnosis of obstructive pyelonephritis was based on computed tomography (CT) and laboratory data, such as bacteriuria and leukocyturia. According to criteria established by the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference Committee [7], systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was defined by the presence of ≥ 2 of the following features: (1) body temperature lower than 36°C or higher than 38°C (2) heart rate > 90 beats per minute; (3) respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute or PaCO2 less than 32 mmHg; (4) a white blood cell count higher than 12,000 per mm3 or lower than 4,000 per mm3. In this study, fUTI accompanied with SIRS were defined as sepsis based on an international definition [8].

Treatment policy of obstructive pyelonephritis

The first line treatment for obstructive pyelonephritis is urinary drainage, which is mainly performed by ureteral stenting. Retrograde placement of a 6 Fr ureteral stent was performed using a flexible cystoscope under transurethral local anesthesia. In case with highly viscosity of the renal pelvic urine, we used a single J stent that can clean the renal pelvis because of a high risk of ureteral stent occlusion. If retrograde placement was not possible, nephrostomy using an 8.3 Fr pigtail stent (Jinro, Boston Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) was performed under ultrasound and fluoroscopy. In most cases, renal pelvic urine cultures were submitted, and empirical antibiotic treatment was administered for at least 14 days. The period between pyelonephritis treatment and URSL was based on the judgment of each physician. The day of antipyresis was defined as the first day of body temperature less than 37°C, which continued for two or more days.

URSL procedure

All URSLs were performed under general anesthesia in the lithotomy position. Ureteral stent was removed at the beginning of URSL. A semi-rigid 6.4/7.8 Fr ureteroscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted into the ureter along with a flexible 0.035 inch guidewire. If there were only distal ureteral stones, they were broken up with a holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser (VersaPulse; Lumenis, Tel Aviv, Israel) using a semi-rigid ureteroscope and collected with basket forceps. If there were renal stones, a ureteral access sheath (UAS) (Flexor, 12/14 Fr, COOK, Tokyo, Japan; Bi-Flex, 12/14 Fr or 10/12 Fr, ROCAMED, Mclean, VA, USA) was inserted into the proximal ureter along with the guidewire under fluoroscopy. A part of upper ureteral stones were pushed back into the renal pelvis during URSL, and a UAS was inserted to perform intrarenal surgery. The flexible ureteroscope (URF-P5, Olympus) was then inserted through the UAS, and stones were crushed by the same methods of semi-rigid ureteroscopy. Ureteral stents and urethral catheters were placed after all ureteroscopic procedures. If there was no fever after URSL, urethral catheters were removed the day after operation, and ureteral stents were removed 7-14 days after operation outpatiently. Pre-URSL antibiotic prophylaxis was based on the judgment of each physician. Mostly perioperative antibiotics were infused with second or third generation cephems for 3 days from the operation date. Based on the results of preoperative renal pelvic urine culture, the antibiotic was appropriately changed to a sensitive antibiotic. Post-URSL fUTI was defined as a fever of 38°C or higher accompanied by pyuria or bacteriuria within 7 days of surgery.

Analysis of potential risk factors

The parameters investigated as potential risk factors included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia), presence or absence of pre-URSL ureteral stent, stone position at URSL, stone laterality, stone size, Hounsfield unit (HU) value, history of sepsis during obstructive pyelonephritis, renal pelvic urine culture at urinary drainage, period from antipyresis to URSL, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement period, operation time, and presence or absence of UAS at URSL. In addition, the stone components and renal pelvic urinary culture bacterial species at urinary drainage during pre-URSL pyelonephritis were also examined.

Statistical Analysis

Data are shown as bar charts or dot plots and were evaluated using the Student t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, or the χ2 test, as appropriate. Multivariate analyses were used to identify independent prognostic variables based on logistic analysis (p < 0.05 in the univariate analyses). Multivariate analyses were performed using StatMate (version 5.0; Tokyo, Japan) and other data were analyzed using PRISM software (version 7.00; San Diego, CA, USA). A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of the 239 patients with pre-URSL obstructive pyelonephritis, 222 (92.9%) had a ureteral stent, of which 205 were double J stents and 17 were single J stents, and 17 (7.1%) had a nephrostomy during urinary drainage. Pre-URSL pyelonephritis with concurrent SIRS was detected in 86 of 239 patients (36.0%). Post-URSL fUTI developed in 32 of 239 patients (13.4%). Post-URSL fUTI led to SIRS in 11 of these 32 patients (34.4%). Table 1 shows the perioperative characteristics of the 239 patients and a comparison between those with post-URSL fUTI and those without. 8 patients had stones with a diameter of 2 cm or more and recommended PNL, but URSL was performed due to patient preferences such as limited hospital stay for work. There were no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, or stone size between the two groups. 149 patients used UAS during URSL, 140 patients (94.0%) were 12/14 Fr, 9 patients (6.0%) were 10/12 Fr, and there was no significant difference in post-URSL fUTI incidence with UAS size. The fUTI group presented with renal stones at URSL, had a higher maximal HU value, higher incidence of concurrent sepsis during obstructive pyelonephritis, longer period from antipyresis to URSL, longer period of pre-URSL ureteral stent placement, and longer operation time than the non-fUTI group. However, the initial stone-free rate was similar between the two groups (90.8% versus 90.6%). There was no significant difference in the number of patients administered pre-URSL prophylactic antibiotics between the two groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in fUTI between nephrostomy or ureteral stent, and also between single J stent or double J stent. Table 2 compares the perioperative characteristics of 239 patients, divided into ureteral and renal stones. 164 patients (68.6%) had ureteral stones and 75 patients (31.4%) had renal stones.  UAS was used in all 75 cases of renal stones. In 74 of 99 cases of upper ureteral stones, the stones were pushed back into the renal pelvis from the ureter and were performed intrarenal surgery. Patients with renal stones were significantly older, and had more DM and HT comorbidities, higher stone sizes and HU values than those with ureteral stones. Moreover, operation time of URSL was significantly longer for renal stones than for ureteral stones. The initial stone-free rate of renal stones was significantly lower than ureteral stones (78.7% versus 96.3%)

Multivariate analysis in all patients showed that renal stone position at URSL, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement period > 21 days, and operation time > 75 minutes were independent risk factors (Table 3). In Table 2, it was shown that the operation time was significantly longer in renal stone patients than in ureteral stone patients, so the risk factors were examined only in renal stone patients. Similar to Table 3, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement period > 21 days, and operation time > 75 minutes were independent risk factors for renal stone patients only (Table 4).

The bacterial species found in renal pelvic urinary cultures at urinary drainage during obstructive pyelonephritis and the stone components were not associated with post-URSL fUTI (Tables 5 and 6).

The pre-URSL ureteral stent placement period both in all cases and renal stone cases was significantly longer in the post-URSL fUTI group (Figure 1a and 1b). Furthermore, the incidence of post-URSL fUTI significantly increased when the stent placement period was over 21 days. Similarly, in cases with pre-URSL concurrent with sepsis, the incidence of fUTI increased significantly after 21 days, and increased further after 35 days. No post-URSL fUTI with sepsis was found within 28 days of stent placement (Figure 1c).

With respect to the duration of the operation both in all cases and renal stone cases, the frequency of post-URSL fUTI increased significantly after an operation > 75 minutes, and post-URSL fUTI with sepsis increased following an operation > 90 minutes (Figure 2a and 2b). The length of the operation showed a correlation with the severity of post-URSL fUTI (Figure 2c).

Three risk factors were used to stratify patient groups: renal stone position at URSL, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement period > 21 days, and operation time > 75 minutes. Patients with a higher number of risk factors showed a significantly increased incidence of post-URSL fUTI (Figure 3).

Discussion

Risk factors for fUTI after URSL have been reported as the presence of pre-URSL pyuria, a history of pre-URSL pyelonephritis, pre-URSL ureteral stent placement, and operation duration of 90 minutes or more [5,9-11]. Youssef et al. reported that URSL in patients with a history of pre-URSL pyelonephritis with sepsis resulted in an increase in complications, including post-URSL fUTI, prolonged hospital stays, and prolonged post-URSL antibiotic administration [6]. A ureteral stent is often used for urinary drainage in stone-associated pyelonephritis, but there are no studies examining the relationship between the ureteral stenting period and post-URSL fUTI.

In this study, a risk factor for the development of fUTI following treatment of obstructive pyelonephritis and URSL was identified as > 21 days of ureteral stenting (Figure 1a). Pre-stenting can improve the passive dilation of the ureter and increase the stone-free rate during URSL [12,13]. It has been reported that bacteriuria and bacterial colonization of the stent occurs over time after stent placement [14]. Bacterial colonization of the stent was not observed within 2 weeks but was observed in 23.5-33% of patients after less than 4 weeks, 33.3-50% after 4-6 weeks, and 71.4% after more than 6 weeks [15]. Therefore, the optimal timing of URSL appears to be 7-21 days following stent placement .

An increased duration of operation was correlated with higher the risk of fUTI. Some studies have indicated that the risk of fUTI increases after an operation > 90 minutes [5,11], but in this study the risk increased after operations of 75 minutes (Figure 2). The reason for this may be that URSL performed after pyelonephritis poses a higher risk of bacterial exposure, so shorter operation times would reduce the incidence of fUTI. Furthermore, this study also showed that post-URSL sepsis complications increased with an operation time of > 90 minutes. These results indicate that the optimal duration of URSL after pyelonephritis should be 75 minutes or less, and operations longer than 90 minutes should be avoided in order to prevent severe fUTI.

Regarding the stone position, renal stones were considered to increase the intrapelvic pressure during URSL and cause fUTI regardless of the use of UAS [16]. However, in this study, there was no significant difference in the incidence of fUTI depending on the diameters of the access sheath. The reason for the high fUTI in patients with renal stones is considered to be that they are older than patients with ureteral stones, have many comorbidities such as DM, and have a large stone size and a long operation time, as shown in Table 2.

It has been previously reported that administration of prophylactic antibiotics reduced the rate of post-URSL bacteriuria, but the post-URSL fUTI incidence rate was not significantly different to the control group [17]. In a recent systematic review, it was reported that prophylactic antibiotics showed a certain effect [18]. In this study, no effect of prophylactic antibiotics on fUTI onset was observed, with similar results seen in selective cases of pre-URSL pyelonephritis with sepsis. However, the criteria for prophylactic antibiotic administration were not constant in this study, It is considered that prophylactic antibiotics should be more aggressively administered in the future to prevent the fUTI development, especially in patients with ureteral stent for > 21 days and renal stones with large stones. The Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines state that replacing long-term indwelling catheters immediately before surgery is more effective than administering antibiotics [19]. Therefore, when URSL is performed on a patient with a ureteral stent that has been indwelling for > 21 days, it is recommended that the stent be replaced before URSL. However, the replacement procedure itself is mildly invasive, and there is a slight risk of fUTI, so indication needs to be considered.

This study has limitations, which must be considered. First, our retrospective analysis of data is from a single institution and of a small sample size, which are associated with a high risk of selection bias. Second, the types and duration of antibiotics administered during pyelonephritis and the prophylactic antibiotics before URSL were dependent on each attending physician and were not standardized. However, these factors would not increase the risk of post-URSL fUTI and were considered to have little effect on the results of the study. 

Conclusions

It is suggested that fUTI following URSL could be avoided by compliance with a ureteral stent placement period of 21 days or less and operation time of 75 minutes or less in patients with obstructive pyelonephritis, especially in renal stone cases.

Declarations

Conflicts of interest

We declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

References

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  3. Yoshimura K, Utsunomiya N, Ichioka K, et al. Emergency drainage for urosepsis associated with upper urinary tract calculi. J Urol 2005; 173: 458-462.
  4. Members of the American College of Chest Physicians Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference Committee, American College of Chest Physicians Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference. Definition of sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 864-874.
  5. Sugihara T, Yasunaga H, Horiguchi H, et al. A nomogram predicting severe adverse events after ureteroscopic lithotripsy: 12372 patients in a Japanese national series. BJU int 2013; 111: 459-466.
  6. Youssef RF, Neisius A, Goldsmith ZG, et al. Clinical outcomes after ureteroscopic lithotripsy in patients who initially presented with urosepsis: matched pair comparison with elective ureteroscopy. J Endourol 2014; 28:1439–1443.
  7. Erdil T, Bostanci Y, Ozden E, et al. Risk factors for systemic inflammatory response syndrome following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urolithiasis 2013; 41:395–401.
  8. Singer M, Deutchman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock. JAMA 2016; 315:801-810.
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Tables

Table1. patients characteristics of URSL with or without post-URSL fUTI

Variables

 

fUTI - (N= 207)

fUTI + (N= 32)

p value

age

median (range), years

66 19 - 89

66 (35 - 90)

0.97

gender

Male / Female (%)

110/ 97 (53.1)

13/ 19 (40.6)

0.19

body mass index

median (range), kg/m2

23.5 (14.3 - 41.8)

23.9 (15.9 - 37.9)

0.74

comorbidities

Diabetes Yes / No (%)

49/ 158 (23.7)

5/ 27 (15.6)

0.31

Hypertension Yes / No (%)

88/ 127 (42.5)

15/ 17 (46.9)

0.64

Hyperlipidemia Yes / No (%)

30/ 177 (14.5)

6/ 26 (18.8)

0.53

pre-URSL sepsis

Yes / No (%)

69/ 138 (33.3)

17/ 15 (53.1)

0.01

stone position at URSL

lower/ mid/ upper ureter/ renal

48/ 14/ 89/ 56

0/ 3/ 10/ 19

0.002

(%)

(23.2)/ (6.8)/ (43.0)/ (27.0)

(0)/ (9.3)/ (31.2)/ (59.5)

stone laterality

Right/ Left/ Bilateral

90/ 113/ 4

14/ 16 /2

0.54

(%)

(43.5)/ (54.6)/ (1.9)

(43.7)/ (50.0)/ (6.3)

stone size (maximal diameter)

 median (range) , mm

7.7 (2.5 - 49.2)

9.5 (5.5 - 44.6)

0.98

maximal Hounsfield unit value

median (range) , HU

651 (163 - 1999)

875 (320 - 1593)

0.034

pre-URSL renal pelvic urine culture

positive / negative / not evaluated

83/ 104/ 20

13/ 18/ 1

0.4

(%)

(40.1)/ (50.2)/ (9.7)

(40.6)/ (56.3)/ (3.1)

pre-URSL blood culture

positive / negative / not evaluated

23/ 63/ 121

4/ 13/ 15

0.45

(%)

(11.1)/ (30.4)/ (58.5)

(12.5)/ (40.6)/ (46.9)

pre-URSL prophylactic antibiotics

Yes / No (%)

39/ 168 (18.8)

8/ 24 (33.3)

0.41

operation time

median (range), minutes

57.0 (14 - 220)

81.5 (21 - 147)

< 0.001

pre-URSL ureteral stenting

Yes / No (%)

192/15 (92.8)

30/ 2 (93.8)

0.41

pre-URSL nephrostomy

Yes / No (%)

15/ 192 (7.2)

2/ 30 (6.2)

0.66

period from antipyresis to URSL

median (range), days

13.5 (1 - 83)

21.0 (2 - 90)

0.043

pre-URSL ureteral stenting placement period

median (range), days

20 (0 - 124)

28.5 (2 - 117)

0.003

using access sheath during URSL

Yes / No (%)

124/ 83 (59.9)

25/ 7 (78.1)

0.047

initial stone free rate

Yes / No (%)

188/ 19 (90.8)

29/ 3 (90.6)

0.97

fUTI: febrile urinary tract infection, CT: computed tomography, URSL:  ureteroscopic lithotripsy

 

Table2. patients characteristics of URSL according to stone position, ureteral or renal stones

Variables

 

Ureteral stone (N= 164)

Renal stone (N= 75)

p value

age

median (range), years

65 26 - 90

69 (19 - 89)

0.011

gender

Male / Female (%)

88/ 76 (53.7)

35/ 40 (46.7)

0.32

body mass index

median (range), kg/m2

23.5 (14.3 - 37.2)

23.6 (15.9 - 41.8)

0.4

comorbidities

Diabetes Yes / No (%)

30/ 134 (18.3)

24/ 51 (32.0)

0.019

Hypertension Yes / No (%)

61/ 103 (37.2)

42/ 33 (56.0)

0.006

Hyperlipidemia  Yes / No (%)

22/ 142 (13.4)

14/ 61 (18.7)

0.29

pre-URSL sepsis

Yes / No (%)

51/ 113 (31.1)

33/ 42 (44.0)

0.05

stone laterality

Right/ Left/ Bilateral

64/ 94/ 6

40/ 35 /0

0.044

(%)

(39.0)/ (57.3)/ (3.7)

(53.3)/ (46.6)/ (0)

stone size (maximal diameter)

 median (range) , mm

7.2 (2.5 - 36.3)

11.2 (3.1 - 49.2)

<0.0001

maximal Hounsfield unit value

median (range) , HU

618 (163 - 1593)

843 (293 - 1999)

<0.0001

pre-URSL renal pelvic urine culture

positive / negative / not evaluated

64/ 87/ 13

32/ 35/ 8

0.6

(%)

(39.0)/ (53.0)/ (8.0)

(42.7)/ (46.7)/ (10.7)

pre-URSL blood culture

positive / negative / not evaluated

14/ 56/ 94

13/ 20/ 42

0.11

(%)

(8.5)/ (34.1)/ (57.3)

(17.3)/ (27.1)/ (56.0)

pre-URSL prophylactic antibiotics

Yes / No (%)

30/ 134 (18.3)

17/ 58 (22.7)

0.43

operation time

median (range), minutes

50.0 (14 - 220)

72.0 (25 - 147)

<0.0001

pre-URSL ureteral stenting

Yes / No (%)

149/ 15 (91.5)

73/ 2 (97.3)

0.07

pre-URSL nephrostomy

Yes / No (%)

15/ 149 (8.5)

2/ 73 (2.7)

0.07

period  from antipyresis to URSL

median (range), days

13.0 (1 - 79)

17.0 (3 - 90)

0.018

pre-URSL ureteral stenting placement period

median (range), days

20 (0 - 124)

24 (2 - 117)

0.11

using access sheath during URSL

Yes / No (%)

74/ 90 (45.1)

75/ 0 (100)

<0.0001

post-URSL fUTI

Yes / No (%)

13/ 151 (7.9)

19/ 56 (25.3)

<0.0001

initial stone free rate

Yes / No (%)

158/ 6 (96.3)

59/ 16 (78.7)

<0.0001

fUTI: febrile urinary tract infection, CT: computed tomography, URSL:  ureteroscopic lithotripsy

 

Table3. risk factors for fUTI following URSL performed after obstructive pyelonephritis treatment

Variables

 

univariable analysis

multivariable analysis

 

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

gender

male

1

 

 

 

 

 

female

1.66

0.78 - 3.53

0.19

 

 

 

pre-URSL sepsis

No

1

 

 

1

 

 

Yes

2.75

1.29 - 5.86

0.009

2.08

0.89 - 4.83

0.089

stone position

ureter

1

 

 

 

 

 

renal

3.94

1.83 - 8.51

< 0.001

2.91

1.29 - 6.58

0.01

maximal Hounsfield unit value (HU)

< 750

1

 

 

1

 

 

750

2.79

1.13 - 6.87

0.026

1.15

0.49 - 2.68

0.74

period from antipyresis to URSL (days)

< 20

1

 

 

 

 

 

20

2.23

1.02 - 4.86

0.043

 

 

 

pre-URSL ureteral stent placement period (days)

< 21

1

 

 

1

 

 

21

4.22

1.65 - 10.8

0.003

2.77

1.12 - 6.8

0.028

operation time (min) 

< 75

1

 

 

1

 

 

≥ 75

6.75

3.05 - 14.9

< 0.001

3.37

1.45 - 7.84

0.005

using access sheath during URSL

No

1

 

 

 

 

 

Yes

2.39

0.99 - 5.78

0.053

 

 

 

† Logistic analysis. *Cutt off value of continuous variable is calculated from ROC curve
fUTI: febrile urinary tract infection, CT: computed tomography, HU: hounsfield unit, URSL: ureteroscopic lithotripsy

 

Table4. risk factors for fUTI in renal stones following URSL performed after obstructive pyelonephritis treatment

Variables

 

univariable analysis

multivariable analysis

 

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

gender

male

1

 

 

 

 

 

female

1.99

0.69 - 5.75

0.20

 

 

 

pre-URSL sepsis

No

1

 

 

 

 

 

Yes

2.13

0.74 - 6.11

0.24

 

 

 

maximal Hounsfield unit value (HU)

< 750

1

 

 

 

 

 

750

1.12

0.39 - 3.17

0.84

 

 

 

period from antipyresis to URSL (days)

< 20

1

 

 

 

 

 

20

0.9

0.31 - 2.64

0.85

 

 

 

pre-URSL ureteral stent placement period (days)

< 21

1

 

 

1

 

 

21

4.3

1.13 - 16.4

0.033

5.16

1.28 - 20.8

0.021

operation time (min) 

< 75

1

 

 

1

 

 

≥ 75

3.35

1.11 - 10.1

0.032

4.00

1.25 - 12.8

0.020

† Logistic analysis. *Cutt off value of continuous variable is calculated from ROC curve
fUTI: febrile urinary tract infection, CT: computed tomography, HU: hounsfield unit, URSL: ureteroscopic lithotripsy

 

 
 
Table 5

renal pelvic urinary culture bacterial species at drainage during pre-URSL pyelonephritis with or without post-URSL fUTI

 

fUTI-

fUTI+

 

n

%

n

%

negative

104

50.2

18

56.3

Escherichia coli

35

17.2

4

12.5

Enterococcus faecalis

18

8.7

1

3.1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

9

4.3

2

6.3

Staphylococcus aureus

7

3.4

0

0

Klebsiella pneumoniae

6

2.9

1

3.1

Proteus mirabilis

5

2.4

2

6.3

Streptococcus agalactiae

4

1.9

0

0

Morganella morganii

1

0.5

0

0

Others

18

8.7

4

12.5

Total

207

 

32

 

URSL: ureteroscopic lithotripsy, fUTI: febrile urinary tract infection

 

 

Table 6

stone component with or without post-URSL fUTI

 

fUTI -

fUTI +

 

n

%

n

%

Ca oxalate

136

65.7

22

68.8

Ca phosphate

10

4.8

3

9.4

NH4MgPO4

24

11.6

2

6.3

Carbonate apatite

2

1

2

6.3

Uric acid

7

3.4

0

0

Not evaluated

28

13.5

3

9.4

Total

207

 

32

 

URSL: ureteroscopic lithotripsy, fUTI: febrile urinary tract infection