Mechanical Energy Amplification Effect of the Kwale law in Hydraulic Motor Application

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4686412/v1

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Mechanical Energy Amplification Effect of the Kwale law in Hydraulic Motor Application

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4686412/v1

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The kwale law, a new milestone in engineering has proven that mechanical energy can be amplified without any noticeable input energy change in a closed hydraulic system. The law which state that; “If a barrier can interact with a flowing fluid and not affect its flow rate, change its direction or try to stop the flow of the fluid, energy gained by the barrier will not affect the energy supplied by the fluid” This law, unlike the pascals law which amplify force while volume gains, will amplify force without affecting the volume. To test this law, the kwale law was incorporated in a Eaton Vickers m25 hydraulic motor, results from test showed there was a minimum 20% output power increase without any major change in the energy consumption of the machine. The new motor functioning with the kwale law had the same displacement and speed like the original machine before it was incorporated with the kwale law. The major advantage of the kwale law is its potential for fully optimized energy generation and usage, hydraulic motors that will be designed with kwale law will have very high torque output and small displacement making room for very high torque and high-speed hydraulic motors.

High torque high speed motor

kwale law

mechanical energy amplification

output power increase.

Energy availability is a key indication of civilization and development, how well a civilization can manage and utilize its energy is crucial in its advancement and survivability. The energy source used mostly by the human civilization is hydrocarbons, this energy source has its negative effect on the environment, for example environmental pollution, greenhouse effect of emitted carbon which is already responsible for some adverse climate effects like polar ice depletion and raise in global water level, increased temperature many cities are already experiencing as heat waves. The global energy consumption is bound to increase especially due to a steady growing population and technological advancements, hence it is crucial the human civilization can meet up its energy demands without depending heavily on hydrocarbons. To combat these negative environmental effects, humans are looking for clean and renewable energy source, this research is aimed at solving energy crisis, its focused on providing an energy solution which can be easily built, maintained and environmentally friendly.

In Nigeria, my country of origin, unstable power supply and a bad economy is causing its citizens hell on earth, research was on to solve this problem till while carrying out corrective maintenance on Koenig and Bauer (KBA) intaglio machines, an hydraulic piston was observed to overcome a very large resistance, this prompted study on the design of the KBA intaglio machine hydraulic circuit, accumulators made up for the pressure and flow energy required when heavy hydraulic flow was required with steady pressure, this made the background for the first rule during research that “Energy is more available and more efficient when matter is clustered together“ During further studies of hydraulic circuit lead to the “Pascals law “which states that “pressure applied to an enclosed fluid will be transmitted without a change in magnitude to every point in the fluid and to the walls of the container” this law is the foundation of every hydraulic system today and also the complete piece of the puzzle.

In other to fully exploit the advantages of hydraulic machines, the force and volume relationship had to be decoupled, so an ideal system was proposed, its characteristics made foundation for the kwale law only in theory which was “If a barrier can interact with a flowing fluid and not affect its flow rate, change its direction or try to stop the flow of the fluid, energy gained by the barrier will be close to infinity”, this is only possible in theory and calculation but not in practice. For the kwale law to be used in practice so it can function without defying laws of physics, modifications had to be made hence why the law now states that “If a barrier can interact with a flowing fluid and not affect its flow rate, change its direction or try to stop the flow of the fluid, energy gained by the barrier will not affect the energy supplied by the fluid”, this limits energy gained by the barrier to far below infinity but causes a force multiplier effect that does not affect the energy in the fluid but is directly proportional to the energy available in the fluid, its rate of doing work is also directly proportional to the rate of flow.

Designing/building a machine with the kwale law has rules, although methods or techniques to apply the kwale law in practice will not be written in this report but the mechanism of mechanical energy amplification will be explained. In other for a machine to fully work with the principles of the kwale law, two internal working volumes has to created which are:

1. Control Volume: This volume serves as the flow path, so the barrier responsible for power amplification does not interfere with flowing fluid but just lies along the path of the flowing fluid. The control volume determines the speed of rotation of the machine and the ratio of the control volume to the trapped volume determines the total energy output.

2. Amplifying volume(trapped/unaccounted volume): The amplifying volume decouples the volume and force relationship when applying the kwale law in practice, since its volume lies along the flow path of the machine, the pump does not have to provide the extra flow but an extra force is added to the machine which is determined by the pressure of flow of the liquid. The more the ratio of amplifying volume to control volume, the higher the torque output without increase in flow volume.

The implication of the amplifying volume and control volume can be represented mathematically in terms of overall input and energy output.

EIN = ECV + EAV.

Where EIN is energy input

ECV is energy gained by barrier of control volume

EAV is energy gained by barrier at amplifying volume

The mathematical equation above means that the output energy could be easily manipulated since the amplifying volume does not require any extra flow, it is already in the flow path of the fluid, the amplifying volume is responsible for the torque increase without volume increase, hence the mechanical energy amplification effect and the force and volume relationship decoupling.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION:

Due to technological and financial limitations faced during development, a fully functioning machine with kwale law was not possible because the available technology and manpower I could afford cannot machine/build a machine with correct dimension and standard surface finish for hydraulic applications, an Eaton Vickers m25 hydraulic motor was bought from a Chinese manufacturer, taken apart and a new core incorporated with the kwale principle was built and installed into the hydraulic motor.

A major drawback during incorporation of the kwale principle into the original Eaton Vickers machine was that the amplification effect would be mostly in one direction of the machine rotation due to the new core geometry, else the amplification effect will not be felt or the machine will be damaged because of design principles of the original Eaton Vickers. Although a drawback, it was also proof, because hydraulic motors have equal torque and power in both direction of rotation so long pressure and flow rate remains the same, any increase in pressure or flow rate means an increase in input power.

The following tools and equipment were bought;

Eaton Vickers m25 motor
24vdc hydraulic pump
Scale (100kg max)
DC watts meter (100amps)
12vdc 18APH x 2

To set up the experiment, the 25m Eaton Vickers motor core was replaced with a new core, a pulley was mounted on the motor, the pulley is attached with a scale mounted on a flat plate screwed to the body of the 25m Eaton Vickers motor. A 24vdc hydraulic pump is connected to the DC watts meter which is connected to the 24v battery bank.

In order to test the effect of the kwale principle the machine was driven in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. It was driven on no-load and on-stall condition to measure any change in behavior of the machine, the power consumption of the pump was monitored with a DC watts meter for any change during testing. The change predicted due to the advantages of the kwale law was a total increase in power output of the machine in one direction of rotation without any change in the input variables which are pressure and flow rate. On load the clockwise direction stalled at maximum 36kg scale reading on a 10 + cm radius pulley, the anticlockwise direction stalled at minimum 44kg scale reading on a 10 + cm radius pulley, the power reading on the watts meter was the same for the clockwise (1110watts maximum recorded power consumption from startup) and anticlockwise direction (1112watts maximum recorded consumption from startup), the rpm remained at 108 + rpm for both the clockwise and anticlockwise direction. From the parameters observed calculating for torque showed a minimum 20% torque increase without any change in rpm and power consumption. This observation also signifies a 20% output total power increment.

Given that there was no admissible change in the power consumption when testing clockwise and anticlockwise direction, which signified there was no change in input parameters (flow rate and pressure). An increase in power consumption will indicate an increase in input parameters to compensate for the 20% output power increase in the anticlockwise direction. The RPM of the machine was constant both clockwise and anticlockwise direction but the stall torque increased by 20% when the machine was driven anticlockwise, this torque increase might seem small but the available machine hosting this law is not designed originally for the kwale law and it has very limited volume to manipulate.

An original machine built with the kwale law will be bulky, but will have a small displacement and a very high torque output in comparison to its displacement, this type of machine cannot function as a pump because much more work will be done to produce very little flow and pressure, as a pump this machine will be hyper inefficient but hyper efficient as a motor.

Machines powered with the kwale law by design can be used where high performance and high efficiency is required, such as powering electric cars instead of the traditional electric motor, such cars will have by far longer drive range per complete charge compared to its electric counterpart due to its hyper efficient nature. In application, a hydraulic motor designed with kwale law will have far more torque output and the same rotation per minute in comparison to any other hydraulic machine with the same displacement not designed with the kwale law, by theory motors powered with the kwale principle will produce over 100% output, calculations support it, the physics supports it and test has proven torque can be increased without affecting any input variable but just by exploiting the behavior and features of fluids flowing under pressure in a closed system.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: Data available upon request to the corresponding author.

CODE AVAILABILITY: Not applicable

FUNDING: This work was solely funded by the corresponding author, no funding support was received from any other source.

Batchelor, G. K., 1973. Introduction to Dynamics of the Liquid. Mir. Moscow, 758 pp.
"Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics". www.grc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Astarita, J. Marucci, J., 1978. Basics of Non-Newtonian Liquids Hydrodynamics. Mir, Moscow, 309 pp.
"Pascal's principle -Definition, Example, & Facts". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
"Pressure". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Bloomfield, Louis. (2006). How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life (Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 153. ISBN 0-471-46886-X.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Pascal's law", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews

No competing interests reported.

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You are reading this latest preprint version

Mechanical Energy Amplification Effect of the Kwale law in Hydraulic Motor Application

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

I. INTRODUCTION

II. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

III. METHODOLOGY

IV. TESTING

V. RESULT AND CONCLUSION

VI. APPLICATION

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1