Growth factors improve the proliferation of Jeju black pig muscle cells by regulating MyoD and growth-related genes

Abstract

Background

Jeju black pig (JBP), one of Korean native pig breeds, has excellent meat quality but grow slowly. The growth rate of pigs is related to differentiation and proliferation of muscle cells regulated by growth factors and expression of growth-related genes. However, few studies have determined the effect of growth factors on the proliferation of porcine muscle cells. Thus, the objective of this study was to establish optimal culture conditions of JBP muscle cells and determine the relationship of various factors involved in muscle growth with the proliferation of JBP muscle cells.

Results

We established a muscle cell line from JBP embryos and optimized its culture conditions. These muscle cells were positive for MyoD, but not Pax7. The proliferation rate of these muscle cells was significantly higher in a culture medium containing bFGF and EGF + bFGF than that without a growth factor or containing EGF alone. Treatment with EGF and bFGF significantly induced the expression of MyoD protein, an important transcription factor in muscle cells. Moreover, we checked changes of the expression of growth-related genes in JBP muscle cells by presence or absence of growth factors. Expression level of COL21A1 gene was changed only when EGF and bFGF were both added to culture media for JBP muscle cells.

Conclusions

Concurrent use of EGF and bFGF increased the expression of MyoD protein, thus regulating the proliferation of JBP muscle cells and the expression of growth-related genes.

Background

Pigs are important economically in the livestock industry. They are also excellent biomedical animal models [1]. Because sizes and physiological systems of pigs are similar to those of human, pigs have been used as biomedical models for human studies [2]. Jeju black pig (JBP) is one of Korean native pigs. It has been raised in Jeju Island for a long time [3, 4]. It is used in food industry and research field today. JPB has good traits such as tenderness, juiciness, and high quality marbling that lead to improved taste of meat [5]. However, it grows very slowly with a small body size [6]. Pigs are known to have different growth rates from species to species according to their breeds.

Muscle cells have been used as important models to analyze muscle growth and growth mechanism by indirectly mimicking the development process of muscles in vitro. In addition, mass proliferation of muscle cells in vitro is a key requirement for the development of cultured meat, which is actively researched as a meat alternative [7]. For primary cell culture, it is necessary to optimize culture conditions so that cells can proliferate and differentiate well [8]. It is also important to identify growth factors that can improve cell proliferation, activation, and viability [9]. Proper use of principal growth factors such as TGF-β, IGF-1, hb-EGF, and bFGF can regulate muscle cell proliferation and myogenesis by inducing or inhibiting muscle metabolic pathways [10]. In a series of muscle regeneration processes, cytokines and growth factors can activate satellite cells, act as stimulators to induce the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), and regulate myogenic differentiation [11].

MRFs such as MyoD, myogenin, Myf5, and MRF4 are essential transcription factors in muscle cells. They can induce myogenesis and regulated signaling processes involved in myogenesis [12]. These MRFs have a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain which contains a conserved muscle recognition motif that can bind to CANNTG site in the E-box sequence of a target gene, thus regulating the development of muscle cells [13]. Previous studies have investigated MyoD target genes using chip-seq and gene expression analysis and verified that MyoD can directly bind to many genes expressed during muscle differentiation [14–16].

In this study, we established muscle cell lines from JBP embryos and optimized culture conditions for JBP muscle cells. We demonstrated that the expression of MyoD in JBP muscle cells was up-regulated in EGF and bFGF containing medium. Ghosh et al. [1] have identified ten growth-related genes. We checked changes of these ten growth related genes in JBP muscle cells. Our results suggested that improved JBP muscle cells growth by growth factors involved the expression of those ten growth related genes at cellular level. These results can be applied to cultured meat studies in which muscle cell proliferation is a key technology in vitro. They can also be used as a basis for muscle regenerative medicine research.

Methods

Cell cultures

A fetus was isolated from the amniotic membrane of a Jeju black pig (JBP) at 16 and 17 weeks of pregnancy and transferred to the laboratory. Muscles were taken from the femur skeletal muscle of the newborn pig’s hind leg thighs. Muscle samples were washed 3-4 times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% penicillin-streptomycin (PS, Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Connective tissues, blood vessels, and adipose tissues were removed. And muscle tissues were cut into small sizes. Chopped muscles were then dissociated and disaggregated with collagenase D (2 mg/ml, Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA), dispase II (1 U/ml, Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA), and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (TE, Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in DMEM/F12 (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplement with 10% PS at 37 ℃ for 1 hour. After digestion, the mixture was filtered through a 70 μm cell strainer. DMEM/F12 containing 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was then added to the mixture to finish the digestion process. The suspension was centrifuged at 1000 ×g for 5 min at 4℃ and incubated with erythrocyte lysis buffer (ACK buffer) for 5 min on ice. After discarding the supernatant, cells were resuspended in culture medium (DMEM/F12) supplemented with 15% FBS and 1% PS. The cell suspension was seeded into a 100 mm cell culture dish and incubated at 37℃ with 5% CO₂ atmosphere. To separate and purify satellite cells, cell suspension was transferred to new plates 1 h later. These cells were labelled as P0 generation. Cultures were continued until cells reached about 90% confluency. Cells were then washed with PBS and dissociated with 0.25% TE for subculture on new plates.

To optimize culture conditions for JBP muscle cells, cells at passage 6 (P6) were collected and reseeded at a density of 1.5 x 10⁵ cells per well in a 6-well plate under the following four different culture conditions: 1) culture condition Ⅰ (DMEM + 15% FBS + 1% penicillin-streptomycin + 1% L-glutamine); 2) culture condition Ⅱ (DMEM + 15% FBS + 1% penicillin-streptomycin + 1% L-glutamine + 10 ng/mL EGF + 10 ng/mL bFGF); 3) culture condition Ⅲ (DMEM/F12 + 15% FBS + 1% penicillin-streptomycin + 1% L-glutamine); and 4) culture condition Ⅳ (DMEM/F12 + 15% FBS + 1% penicillin-streptomycin + 1% L-glutamine + 10 ng/mL EGF + 10 ng/mL bFGF). Every culture condition was repeated three times.

Cell proliferation analysis

To analyze proliferation rate of JBP muscle cells, these muscle cells at P6 were seeded into 6-well plates at a density of 1.5 x 10⁵ cells per well and cultured for 3 days. After counting the number of cells in each well, cells were reseeded at a density of 1.5 x 10⁵ cells per well. These processes were repeated three times until P10.

Protein extraction and Western blotting

Total protein was extracted from JBP muscle cells. Briefly, harvested muscle cells were mixed with radio immune precipitation assay buffer (RIPA buffer, Biosesang, Sungnam, Korea) containing protease inhibitors and incubated for 40 min on ice. Cells were then centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 min at 4℃ to collect supernatant. Protein concentration was determined using a DC Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The same amount of protein extract was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) using 12% gels. Separated proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes. Membranes were incubated with 5% skim milk in TBST (20mM Tris, 137mM NaCl, 5mM KCl, and 0.05% Tween 20) at room temperature for 1 h 30 min. They were then incubated with primary antibodies against beta-actin (1:5000, polyclonal, ab8227, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and MyoD (1:1000, polyclonal, 18943-1-AP, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA) at 4℃ overnight. After washing with TBST, membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h 30 min at room temperature. Protein expression levels were detected using an ECL kit (SuperSignal WestPico Plus, Thermo Fisher, San Jose, CA, USA) and exposed with iBright CL100 Imaging System (Thermo Fisher, San Jose, CA, USA).

Immunofluorescence

For immunocytochemistry, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature. After cells were washed with PBS, they were treated with PBS containing 3% bovine serum albumin and 0.03% Triton X‐100 for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with primary antibodies anti‐MyoD (MyoD; polyclonal, 1:200, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA) and anti‐Pax7 (Pax7; monoclonal, 1:50, DSHB, Iowa, IA, USA). For detection of primary antibodies, fluorescently labeled (Alexa Fluor 488 or 568; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) secondary antibodies were used according to specifications of the manufacturer.

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)

JBP muscle cells were collected at passages of P6 to P10. Total RNAs were extracted from these cells using an AccuZol Total RNA extraction kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea). Quantity and purity of RNAs were determined using a spectrophotometer (μDrop plate, Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA). One microgram of total RNA was reverse‐transcribed to cDNA with a cDNA synthesis kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed using 1 uL of cDNA and 19 uL of stock solution containing AMPIGENE^® qPCR Green Mix (Enzo, San Diego, CA, USA), UltraPure distilled water (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and primer solution containing both sense and antisense custom-designed primers on a CFX96™ real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Samples were denatured at 95℃ for 5 minutes and cycled 40 times at 95℃ (for denaturing) for 5 seconds and 60℃ (for annealing and extension) for 30 seconds. Gene-specific primer sequences are listed in Table 1. qRT-PCR results were normalized against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a housekeeping gene to calculate the expression of each target gene.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS 9.4 software program (SAS Institute Inc., USA). Statistical differences were evaluated with Student’s t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for post hoc comparisons. All data are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE).

Results

Establishment of JBP muscle cell line in vitro

Muscle cells were isolated from JBP embryos and cultured in a growth medium. We tried to maintain JBP muscle cells in vitro for 6 passages (Fig. 1A). These cultured muscle cells were positive for MyoD, but not for Pax7 (Figs. 1B and 1C).

Optimization of culture medium for JBP muscle cells

To optimize culture conditions for JBP muscle cells, these cells were cultured in four different culture media (Ⅰ: DMEM, Ⅱ: DMEM+EGF+bFGF, Ⅲ: DMEM/F12, and Ⅳ: DMEM/F12+EGF+bFGF) (Fig. 2A). The morphology of muscle cells of Passage 8 under different culture conditions of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ was similar to that of Passage 6 (Figs. 1A and 2A). To determine culture condition for JBP muscle cells, the number of cells upon passaging in four culture mediums was determined. We found that the proliferation rate of these muscle cells in culture condition Ⅱ or Ⅳ was higher than that in culture condition Ⅰ or Ⅲ even after repeated passaging (more than 10 passages) (Fig. 2B). To identify which growth factors could affect the proliferation of JPB muscle cells, growth rates of JBP muscle cells under various conditions added with different growth factors were compared. Cell proliferation was found to be higher in a culture medium containing bFGF or a culture medium containing both EGF and bFGF than that in a culture medium without adding any growth factor (w/o) or a culture medium containing EGF only (Fig. 2C).

MyoD expression induced by growth factors

The expression of MyoD in JBP muscle cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence. MyoD is a myogenic regulatory factor that plays an important role in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation. When only EFG or bFGF was added to the culture medium of JBP muscle cells, MyoD expression was not significantly different from that in the control. However, MyoD expression in JBP muscle cells was up-regulated in cells cultured with a medium containing both EGF and bFGF (Fig. 3A). Results of western blot for MyoD showed that MyoD protein level was increased in a culture condition with both EGF and bFGF (Fig. 3B).

Gene expression pattern in JBP muscle cells

We analyzed expression levels of ten growth related genes reported by Ghosh et al. [1] based on their analysis of JBP muscle tissues. Ghosh et al. [1] have shown that six (EPYC, ACAN, COL9A1, COL2A1, HBB, and ST8SLA2) of these genes are down-regulated while four genes (POSTN, COL21A1, MyBPH, and PNPLA3) are up-regulated in JBP muscles. In our study, expression levels of these genes were different depending on culture conditions of JBP muscle cells. Expression levels of the six down-regulated genes reported by Ghosh et al. [1] were significantly higher under a culture condition without growth factors (Fig. 4A). On the other hand, expression levels of two up-regulated genes (POSTN and COL21A1) reported by Ghosh et al. [1] were significantly higher under culture conditions containing growth factors, although MyBPH gene expression was significantly higher in a culture medium without growth factors (Fig. 4B). PNPLA3 gene expression was not significantly different among treatments.

Gene expression patterns in cells grown in culture media containing different growth factors were different depending on the growth factor. As shown in Fig. 5A, EGF was an important factor for the expression of ST8SIA2 and HBB genes. In addition, expression levels of EPYC and COL2A1 genes in cells cultured with a medium containing a growth factor were significantly lower than those in cells cultured in a medium without any growth factor. Their expression levels showed no significant difference between groups containing various growth factors (Fig. 5A). Expression patterns of up-regulated and down-regulated genes shown in Fig. 5B were similar to those shown in Fig. 4B. Expression levels of POSTN and COL21A1 genes were significantly higher in cells under culture conditions containing both EGF and bFGF, whereas the expression level of MyBPH gene was the highest in cells under a culture condition without any growth factor (Fig. 5B). In particular, it was found that the expression of COL21A1 gene was changed only when EGF and bFGF were both added to culture media for JBP muscle cells (Fig. 5B). These results indicate that the expression of genes related to muscle growth is regulated by growth factors added to the cell culture medium.

Discussion

For cell culture in vitro, optimization of the culture medium is crucial for cell proliferation [17]. In this study, in order to find optimal culture conditions for muscle cells extracted from embryos of JBPs, we compared cell proliferation under four different culture conditions. By comparing cell proliferation rates, we found that culture condition containing growth factors of both bFGF and EGF was an optimal condition for culturing JBP muscle cells. When skeletal muscles are damaged, cytokines and growth factors are released into wounded sites. Satellite cells are then activated to regenerate new muscle fibers [18]. Growth factors are known to play important roles in musculoskeletal processes and disorders such as skeletal growth, fracture healing, repair of articular cartilage, and osteoporosis [19]. They can stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation and affect cell differentiation through signaling pathways of each factor [20, 21]. Previous studies have shown that bFGF is a potent growth factor that can stimulate the proliferation and fusion of myoblasts in vitro [21]. bFGF can also induce muscle development by activating FGF receptor tyrosine kinase [22]. EGF can also enhance cell proliferation and the percentage of cells positive for myocyte marker [23]. In our research, the proliferation rate of muscle cells was increased when bFGF was added to culture medium alone or in combination with EGF and bFGF. These results confirm that bFGF is a more effective factor for muscle cell growth than EGF in vitro.

Immunostaining of JBP muscle cells revealed that MyoD expression was specifically increased by the presence of both EGF and bFGF. MyoD, myogenic regulatory factor (MRF), is an important factor in formation and development of skeletal muscle along with myogenin, Myf5, and MRF4. As a muscle-specific transcription factor, MyoD can regulate gene expression with functions such as transcription factor activity and cell cycle regulation [13]. It can form a cross regulatory transcription network that plays a critical role in muscle cell determination and differentiation [24]. Myogenesis is regulated by the expression of MRFs [25] and the interaction of signaling substances (bFGF, Wnt, Shh, TGF-β1, and IGFs) secreted by neural tube and notochord [26]. bFGF can increase the expression of important myogenic proteins MyHC and myogenin. It can also promote myogenesis via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby improving skeletal muscle regeneration [27]. Liu et al. [28] have reported that both EGF and bFGF can promote muscle cell proliferation individually. However, when they are used together, they can act more quickly and potently. Our study demonstrated that EGF in combination with bFGF could induce somite myogenesis, resulting in increased MyoD expression.

Many previous studies have been performed in an attempt to identify genes affecting muscle development and growth. Ghosh et al. [1] have selected genes related to muscle growth that are differentially expressed from muscle tissues of Jeju native pig and miniature pig. Among those genes reported by Ghosh et al. [1], 6 down-regulated genes and 4 up-regulated genes in Jeju native pigs were analyzed at cellular level in the present study. In the present study, expression levels of growth-related genes were changed after culture medium was added with growth factors. The expression pattern of each gene was different depending on the growth factor added. Nain et al. [29] have reported that ACAN, COL9A1, and COL2A1 genes are involved in cell adhesion and skeletal system development during myogenesis. ACAN is also a cartilage specific matrix protein. Along with COL2A1, its upregulation can help pax7 positive satellite cells differentiate along the musculoskeletal lineage to form skeletal muscle [30]. However, in our results, cell proliferation rate of cells added with growth factor was high, although expression levels of these two genes in the presence of growth factors were lower than those in the control without the addition of a growth factor.

In this study, HBB gene was confirmed to be regulated by EGF. HBB gene encodes a subunit of adult hemoglobin [31]. Its mutation can cause sickle cell disease, one of the most general human genetic diseases [32]. In tissue culture, HBB has been reported to be able to mediate growth arrest and apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells [33]. Similar to HBB, ST8SIA2 gene also had a significantly lower expression when the culture medium contained EGF. ST8SIA2, also known as STX, is a type II membrane protein that is a member of the glycosyltransferase family [34]. It is an enzyme responsible for the transfer of polysialic acid to glycoproteins [35]. Up-regulated ST8SIA2 gene expression in neural cells can cause apoptosis [36]. Cell viability can also be controlled by the expression level of this gene [37].

POSTN has been reported to be expressed in C2C12 myoblasts [38]. Its expression is regulated by TGFB1 [38]. The expression of POSTN gene is upregulated by bFGF through p38MAPK signaling pathway [39]. In the present study, the expression of POSTN gene was high when the culture medium contained bFGF. COL21A1 is expressed in skeletal muscles as well as in various tissues such as the stomach and heart [40]. It can induce proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells [41]. Nihashi et al. [42] have reported differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in myoblasts of layer chickens compared to those in broiler chickens. In broiler chicken’s myoblasts with higher proliferation and differentiation ability than layer chicken’s myoblasts, COL2A1 gene was down regulated, and COL21A1 gene was up regulated. They reported that these collagens contribute to the formation of niche in muscle stem cells [42]. Expression patterns of these two collagen genes (COL2A1 and COL21A1) in their study were similar to those found in the present study. These results suggest that COL2A1 and COL21A1 genes are regulated by growth factors and involved in muscle growth.

Conclusions

This study suggested optimal culture conditions for muscle cells and demonstrated that simultaneous use of EGF and bFGF could promote muscle cell proliferation in vitro by regulating the expression of MyoD, an important transcription factor for muscle development, and growth-related genes. Our results can be used for the production of cultured meat through proliferation of muscle cells in vitro. They also provide new evidence to promote the growth of pig muscles in vivo by analyzing the mechanism of growth and differentiation of muscle cells. However, further studies are needed on the maintenance of muscle stem cells for mass production in vitro and molecular regulatory mechanisms between MRFs and muscle growth related genes.

Abbreviations

JBP: Jeju black pig; MyoD: Myoblast determination protein 1; Pax7: Paired box 7; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; MRFs: Myogenic regulatory factors; Myf5: Myogenic factor 5; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; PS: Penicillin-streptomycin; DMEM/F12: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium: nutrient mixture F-12; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; RIPA: Radio immune precipitation assay; SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; EPYC: Epiphycan; ACAN: Aggrecan; COL9A1: Collagen type IX alpha 1 chain; COL2A1: Collagen type II alpha 1 chain; HBB: Hemoglobin beta; ST8SIA2: ST8 α-N-acetyl-neuraminide α-2,8-sialyltransferase 2; POSTN: Periostin; COL21A1: Collagen type XXI alpha 1 chain; MYBPH: Myosin binding protein H; PNPLA3: Phospholipase domain-containing 3

Declarations

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jeonbuk National University (CBNU 2019-020), Republic of Korea.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

This work was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (Project No. PJ01316702), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea

Authors’ contributions

This study was mainly conceived and designed by JP, HWC, and KS. The manuscript was mainly written by JP, and revised by HWC and KS. JL participated in sample analysis and helped with statistical analysis. KDS and SJK provided comments and technical support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

Not applicable.

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Tables

Table 1 Primers used for qRT-PCR