A Studies on PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films modified by Fe3+ doping

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4697585/v1

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A Studies on PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films modified by Fe3+ doping

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4697585/v1

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Pristine and Fe (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mol%) doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films were prepared by solution casting method and characterized by various techniques. TGA analysis validates the occurrence of three distinct weight loss phases attributed to the removal of volatile substances from both the surface and interior of the material, as well as the decomposition of the polymer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations validate a decrease in crystallinity as the dopant concentration increases. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs show uniform morphology. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum exhibits bands characteristic of stretching and bending vibrations of O–H, C–H, C = C and C–O groups and the changes in the spectrum with dopant concentration show the miscibility of dopant with the polymer blend. The UV-visible spectra demonstrate. that there is A downturn of the optical band gap increases as the concentration of Fe rises and exhibit absorption bands corresponding to the transitions ⁶A_1g→⁴A_1g and ⁶A_1g→⁴T_2g of Fe³⁺ ions in distorted octahedral symmetry. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra exhibit resonance signal around g = 2.12, attributed to the Fe³⁺ ions in the distorted octahedral environment and signal around g = 6.8, attributed to the number of spins engaged in the resonance is determined through EPR analysis in an environment exhibiting proximity to rhombic symmetry. The measurement is conducted as a function of dopant concentration and the paramagnetic susceptibility. The conductivity of Fe³⁺ ions doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films increases with an increase in Fe³⁺ concentration, which is explained in terms of an increase in the amorphic.

PVA/MAA:EA Polymer blend

Fe3+ doping

TGA

XRD

Optical band gap

EPR and electrical conductivity

Polymer materials have garnered increasing attention in the field of optical data processing technologies, serving as both everlasting and temporary data storage materials. In recent times, the organo-metallic polymers have occupied the center stage of researchers in the domain ranging from chemistry to solid state physics, due to their low specific weight and good mechanicalstrength. Applications of the organo-metallic polymers include high temperature coating, bio sensors, strong electrodes for batteries, etc (Raza et al. 2021; Eterigho-Ikelegbe et al. 2021; Li et al. 2022; Dhandapani et al. 2022). In recent times, there has been a significant surge in the investigation of the formulation and analysis of polymer films, co-polymers, and polymer blends. This research primarily focuses on their potential utilization in the domains of light-stable color filters, solar cells, and optical sensors. In this context, Methacrylic Acid- Ethyl Acrylate (MAA : EA) copolymer has drawn researchers attention because of its good environmental stability, easy process ability and transparency (Bajaj et al. 1994; Wang et al. 2003; Siddaiah et al. 2018 and Siddaiah et al. 2018).

By incorporating appropriate dopants into the polymers, copolymers, and their blends, it is possible to manipulate properties such as thermal, optical, mechanical, and electrical characteristics in a favorable manner. This enables them to emerge as the most promising choice for various technological applications (Gedefaw et al. 2016). One of the approaches that has been used by most researchers and scientists to improve certain specific properties of a polymer blend system for various technological applications is by doping suitable transition metal ions required. The transition metal ion doped polymer blend films represent a new class of organic materials for the nonlinear optics as the use of doping significantly impacts the structural, optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics of polymer blend films. As far as we are aware, there has been no research conducted on the Iron-doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend system. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the thermal, optical, structural, morphological, magnetic, and electrical characteristics of PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films through the incorporation of Fe³⁺ ions.

Material preparation

PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films doped with Pure and Fe3 + ions (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mol%) were fabricated using the solution casting method at ambient temperature. The water-soluble polymers purchased from Merck Millipore India Ltd. include the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) from Merck-Germany, which has a molecular weight of 17000, and the Methacrylic Acid - Ethyl Acrylate copolymer (1:1) dispersion with a mean relative molecular weight of approximately250000. These polymers are highly soluble in water. A solution of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blended with MAA:EA copolymer in a 50:50 wt % concentration (PVA:MAAEA) was formulated at ambient temperature utilizing distilled water. A volume of five milliliters of PVA solution was combined with an equal volume of MAA: EA solution, followed by magnetic stirring for 10–12 hours in order to achieve a uniform mixture. The FeSO₄ solution was prepared at room temperature by using distilled water to achieve the desired concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mol %. Subsequently, these solutions were added to the mixture solution. The clear and homogeneous mixture obtained from the solution was magnetically stirred for a duration of 3–4 hours, after which it was cast onto polypropylene dishes. The doped polymer blend films were obtained by slow evaporation of the solution at room temperature

Characterization

To examine the thermal stability of polymer blend films doped with transition metal ions, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted utilizing the TA Q 50 instrument from TA Instruments, USA. thermal analysis system in the presence of nitrogen flow from 30 to 600 ⁰C, at the heating rate of 10 ⁰C/min. Scanning electron micrographs were obtained from SEM model TM – 3000 and H – 8100 with scanning attachment to study the surface morphology of the samples. X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out using a Siemens D5000 diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Using a Perkin-Elmer FTIR spectrometer, FTIR spectra of these films were recorded over a wavenumber range from 500–4000 cm^-1. The JASCO UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (model- V.700) was utilized to record the UV-Vis absorption spectra of both pure and doped films at room temperature within the range of 300–1100 nm. At room temperature, EPR spectra of these films were recorded using The Bruker EMX spectrometer is fitted with a Bruker TE102 cavity that operates at the X-band frequency. The impedance measurements were carried out using a computer-controlled phase-sensitive multimeter (PSM 1700) at room temperature, within the frequency range of 1 Hz to 5 MHz.

Thermogravimetric studies

The DTGA thermograms of pure and different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mol%) of Fe³⁺ ions doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films are shown in Fig. 1. Analysis of DTGA curves reveals that there are three distinct steps of degradation (Siddaiah et al. 2018). The first degradation is observed from 35 to 144 ⁰C with a weight loss of 8% which is due to the desorption of adsorbed water molecules in the samples (Tokizaki et al. 1991). The second weight loss is observed in the temperature range 260–390 ⁰C, which includes the melting points and degradation temperatures of the polymer host (Madhava Kumar et al. 2017). The third stage of weight loss is observed in the range of 390–480 ⁰C, which may be attributed to the structural decomposition of the polymeric backbone (Guirguis et al. 2012). The thermal decompositions of all samples as well as percentages of weight loss were shown in the Table 1. It is observed that the value of weight loss was irregular for the second and third decomposition steps for all doped films with increasing dopant concentration. It is also observed that the peak temperature of the final decomposition step of pure and all doped samples is around 420 ⁰C. The value of total weight loss found to be decreasing with increase in dopant concentration from 1 to 5 mol%. Thus it could be concluded that the thermal stability of PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend system increases with Fe³⁺ doping.

Table 1

The decomposition steps and percentage of weight loss for pure and different concentrations (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mol%) of Fe³⁺ ions doped PVA/MAA:EA.
Concentration in mol% Fe³⁺:PVA/MAA:EA	Regions of decomposition	Temperature (⁰C )			Weight loss(%)
Concentration in mol% Fe³⁺:PVA/MAA:EA	Regions of decomposition	Start	End	T_p	Partial	Total
Pure(50–50)	1st 2nd 3rd	35 262 392	135 390 480	85 343 420	8 37 45	90
1.0 mol%	1st 2nd 3rd	35 262 392	144 391 480	93 342 420	8 36 40	84
2.0 mol%	1st 2nd 3rd	37 262 392	142 391 480	87 342 420	8 35 37	80
3.0 mol%	1st 2nd 3rd	38 262 392	144 392 480	88 344 420	8 34 36	78
4.0 mol %	1st 2nd 3rd 4th	35 236 305 392	134 305 392 480	88 275 368 420	8 15 20 32	75
5.0 mol%	1st 2nd 3rd 4th	33 265 306 392	139 306 392 480	85 294 348 420	8 19 11 33	71

Studies on X-ray diffraction

The polymer matrix's complexation and crystallization can be determined through the utilization of X-Ray diffraction analysis. Figure 2 displays the X-ray diffraction patterns of PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films doped with pure Fe³⁺ and various concentrations of Fe³⁺

From the above Figure shows, a single broad peak at 2θ ≈ 20⁰ is observed for pure and doped polymer blend films. This broad peak is known as the amorphous hump and is a typical characteristic of amorphous materials (Bhagyasree et al. 2016). In the present work, the broadening of the peak is observed for films containing Fe³⁺ ions which indicates there is a decrease in the crystallinity with increasing dopant concentration and may be attributed to the interaction of Fe³⁺cations with the end chain of the polymer blend (Ramesh et al. 2001).

Morphological studies

SEM measurements were performed to examine fully the effect of Fe³⁺content and the dispersion of Fe³⁺particles in the polymeric matrix and the micrographs are shown in Fig. 3. As shown in Fig. 3(a), the growth of the dendritic-like shape, which represents the gathering of the branched aggregate clusters, clearly indicates the formation of condensed aggregated dendrites shape. This suggests the presence of structural reorganizations of polymer chains (Sim et al. 2012). The surface morphology of the pure and Fe³⁺ (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mol%) doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films is uniform, but with differing degrees of roughness (Fig. 3a–f). SEM micrographs suggest that the PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend molecules may disperse in the soft-segment phase with little influence on the micro phase separation and mixing of the hard and soft segments as shown in Fig. 3(a). After the addition of Fe³⁺ ions to pure PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend, it is observed that, there is an increase in the degree of roughness indicating the segregation of dopant in PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend film. This arises from random distribution and dissociation of dopant material which may introduce topological disorder in polymer blend film, which produces moreamorphous phase in the system and makes the polymer film more flexible (Okerberg et al. 2008). The observed uniform surface morphology may be suitable for better conductivity of the doped polymer blend films (Noor et al. 2010).

FTIR studies

FT-IR spectra of pure and doped PVA:MAA-EA films shown in Fig. 4 exhibit several bands characteristic of stretching and bending vibrations of O–H, C–H, C = C and C–O groups. For pure sample, the band observed at 3622 cm^− 1 is attributed to O–H stretching vibration. For doped samples, due to the presence of impurity ions, this peak shows shift in its position towards lower wavenumber and the shift is more prominent for the sample with 3mol% Fe. The change in the band position indicates the coordination between –OH and Fe³⁺(Reddeppa et al. 2013). Other vibrational bands do not show much variation in their position. The band observed at 2942 cm^− 1 indicates an asymmetry in stretching mode of CH₂ group. A weak band observed at 2157 cm^− 1 is assigned to C = O group (Sreekanth et al. 2019). The band observed at 1741 cm^− 1 is assigned to stretching vibration of C = O group. A band observed at 1454 cm^− 1 corresponds to bending mode of vibration of CH₂ group. The band observed at 1144 cm^− 1 corresponds to C–O stretching acetyl group present on the PVA backbone (Sweeting et al. 1968). The band observed at 918 cm^− 1 corresponds to stretching vibration C = C and a band at 856 cm^− 1 corresponds stretching vibration of CH₂ group (Vijaya Kumar et al. 2009). However, O–H stretching frequency observed at 3505 cm^− 1 for pure shows appreciable shift towards low frequency region on doping Fe³⁺ions, which indicates the considerable interaction between O–H group of PVA and Fe³⁺ ions of FeSO₄. The FTIR band positions and their assignments are given in the Table 2.

Table 2

Assignment of peak positions in FTIR spectrum of Fe³⁺ doped PVA/MAA:EA.
Vibrational frequency (cm^− 1)	Band assignment
856	CH₂(st)
918	CC(st)
1144	C-O
1454	CH₂(b)
1741	C = O(st)
2157	(C = O)
2942	CH₂(st)
3505	OH(st)

UV-Visible studies

The optical absorption spectra of pure and Fe³⁺ (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0. and 5.0 mol%) doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films recorded at room temperature in the wavelength range 300–1100 nm are shown in Fig. 5. The fundamental absorption observed in the spectra is used to determine the value of absorption edges and band gaps of the films to provide useful information about the band structure in both crystalline and non-crystalline state. The spectral changes observed can be interpreted in terms of the removal of an electron from the valance band and formation of polaron or bipolar on states upon doping (Abdelrazek et al. 2012). The peaks are considered to be due to the transitions from the valance band to the bipolar on states. The absorption spectrum for pure film is shown in the inset of Fig. 5.

The absorption bands observed at 402 and 460 nm have been assigned to d–d transitions ⁶A_1g→⁴A_1g and ⁶A_1g→⁴T_2g of Fe³⁺ ions respectively. In addition to these, a broad and intense band is also observed at 654 nm which may be attributed to the intervalence charge transfer (Fe²⁺– Fe³⁺) band (Sharma et al. 1991). However, it should be noted that the intervalence band transition peak does not change appreciably with increasing dopant concentration. The position of this peak is related to the degree of conjugation between the –CH₃ groups in the polymer chain (Davis et al. 1960). In the optical absorption spectrum of Fe³⁺ ions doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films, two broad bands observed at 861and 1063 nm have been assigned to the spin-allowed d–d transitions ⁵E_g→⁵B_1g and ⁵E_g→⁵A_1g of Fe²⁺ ions in D_4h symmetry (Sharma et al. 1991).

where ‘A’ indicates absorbance and ‘d’ thickness of the film. Figure 6 shows the variation in the absorption coefficient with incident photon energy for pure as well as Fe³⁺ doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films. From the figure, it is clear that the absorption edge for pure film lies at 5.11 eV (shown in inset of Fig. 6) and for doped films the values are found to vary from 1.49 eV to 1.45 eV.

In indirect transitions, interaction occurs with lattice vibrations (phonons) takes; so wave vector of the electron can change in the optical transition and momentum change will be taken or given by phonons. It means, when minimum of the conduction band lies in a different part of K-space from the maximum of the valence band, a direct optical transition from the top of the valence band to the bottom of the conduction band is forbidden. For indirect transition which requires phonon assistance, absorption coefficient has the following dependence on the photon energy (Madhava Kumar et al. 2017) and (Davis et al. 1960).

αhν = A(hν–E_g+ E_p)²+ B(hν–E_g–E_p)² (2)

where ‘E_p represents phonon energy associated with transition and A, B are constants depending on the band structure. The indirect band gaps were obtained from the plots of (αhν)^1/2 vs hν (Fig. 7). For pure (PVA/MAA:EA) polymer blend film, the indirect band gap lies at 5.09 eV (shown in inset of Fig. 7), while for doped films the values vary from 1.49 to 1.44 eV (Table 3). From Table 3, it is clear that the band edge and indirect band gap values decrease with the increase in dopant concentration. The decrease in optical band gap on doping may be explained on the basis of the fact that incorporation of small amount of dopants form charge transfer complexes in the host lattice. The band edge and indirect band gap values shifted to lower energies on doping with Fe³⁺ ions, this is due to the inter band transitions (Thutupalli et al. 1976).

Table 3

Absorption edge and optical band gap values of pure and different concentrations of Fe³⁺ ions doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films.
Concentration in mol% Fe³⁺ :PVA/MAA:EA	Absorption edge (eV)	Indirect band gap Energy (eV)
1.0 mol%	1.49	1.49
2.0 mol%	1.49	1.49
3.0 mol%	1.48	1.48
4.0 mol%	1.47	1.47
5.0 mol%	1.45	1.44

EPR studies

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy exposes the magnetic traits and spin dynamics, giving us a glimpse into the magnetic properties of materials and the interparticle dipolar interactions and super exchange interactions at play (Daruka Prasad et al. 2016) and (Ojha Pravakar et al. 2019). The spectra of the pure PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend film did not show any EPR signal, suggesting that thestarting materials used in the present work were free from transition metal impurities or other paramagnetic centers. When various amounts of Fe³⁺ ions were doped to PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend, EPR spectra of all the investigated samples at room temperature exhibited resonance signal as shown in Fig. 8. EPR spectra of all doped samples exhibit two resonance signals around g = 2.12 and 6.8. The resonance signal at g = 6.8 is attributed to Fe³⁺ ions in an environment close to an octahedral symmetry. The resonance signal around g = 2.12 has been attributed to the Fe³⁺ ions in the tetrahedral environment (Daruka Prasad et al. 2016) and (Singh et al. 2011). When the concentration of Fe³⁺ ions is increased beyond 1 mol%, the signals around g = 6.8 has been disappeared and a broad signal has been observed at g = 2.12. This may due to the spin-spin interaction caused by the agglomeration of Fe³⁺ ions.

This variation suggests that the dopant affected the magnetic properties of the polymeric matrix. The evaluation of the EPR spectrum with 5 mol% depicts a decrease in the intensity of the deformed signal with respect to the 1mol% spectrum. The broad signal can be attributed to the high concentration of Fe³⁺ ions. Moreover, the broad signal can be explained by the absence of isolated Fe³⁺ and the presence of Fe³⁺- Fe³⁺ exchange interaction leading to the existence of aggregated Fe³⁺ due to the proximity of iron ions. Consequently, the EPR demonstrations imply the formation of Fe³⁺ cluster in the polymeric matrix.

Conductivity studies

Impedance spectroscopy is a tool for ionic conductivity study of polymer blend films. Figure 9 shows the impedance plots for pure and different concentration of Fe³⁺ doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films at room temperatures in the frequency range of 1Hz – 5MHz. It is clear from Fig. 9 that, impedance plots of Z^׀׀ as a function of Z^׀, i.e. Cole – Cole plots of the films (Z^׀ and Z^׀׀ denote the real and imaginary parts of the complex impedance Z*) contain a semicircular arc, which is characteristic behavior of ionic conductivity of solids with blocking electrodes (Zidan et al. 2003).

The semicircle shows the parallel combination between bulk resistance (due to the migration of ions) and bulk capacitance (due to the immobile polymer chains). Therefore frequency response of the sample could be represented by an equivalent circuit consisting of a parallel combination of the circuit elements R (resistance) and C (capacitance). The presence of the depressed semi circle reveals the non-Debye nature of the sample (Tawansi et al. 2004), due to the potential well for each site, through which the ion transport occurs. The inclined spike indicates a formation of double layer capacitance at the electrode–electrolyte interface as a result of migration of ions at low frequency. The capacitance values are in the range of PF, which represents the bulk response of the sample (Lanfredi et al. 2002). At each interface, electrode double layer possesses increasing impedance against ion transfer with the decrease in frequency, which, in the Nyquist plot of impedance spectra, was showed by an inclined spike. In addition, inclination of the spike at an angle less than 90⁰ to the real axis is due to the roughness of the electrode–electrolyte interface (Ramya et al. 2008). The ionic conductivity of pure and Fe³⁺ doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films is calculated from the relation;

σ = l / R_bA (3)

where ‘l’ is the thickness of the film, ‘A’ area of the film and ‘R_b’ bulk resistance of the film material which is obtained from the intercept on the real axis at the high frequency end of the Nyquist plot of complex impedance (Macdonald et al. 1992). Figure 10 shows the variation of AC electrical conductivity of the doped samples with frequency at room temperature. Figure 10 shows existence of mobile charge carriers, which can be transported by hopping through defect sites along polymer blend chain (Saravanan et al. 2006). Also, there is an enhancement in the ionic conductivity of polymer blend films by adding Fe³⁺ ions, which is due to the increase in mobile charge carriers and charge carrier mobility, as well as due to an increase of amorphicity. This phenomena can be explained by a general conductivity relation;

σ = n_iq_iµ_i (4)

where is the number of charge carriers, is the charge of mobile charge carrier and is the mobility of charge carriers. According to this relation, the improvement in the ionic conductivity of polymer blend films can be achieved by increasing and because is

the same for all charge carriers in the polymer blend system.

Composition dependence of conductivity:

The variation of conductivity (σ) with Fe³⁺ concentration at room temperature is shown in Fig. 11. From the figure, it is noticed that the conductivity of pure film is about 2.4 X 10^− 8 Scm^− 1 at room temperature and increases to 1.03 X 10^− 7 Scm^− 1 for 5 mol% of Fe³⁺ ions doped films. The increase in ionic conductivity with increase in Fe³⁺ concentration is attributed to a reduction in crystallinity of polymer blend films and also to an increase in number of mobile charge carriers. The coordination interactions of ether oxygen atoms of PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend with Fe³⁺ cations, which result in a reduction in crystallinity of PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend, are responsible for the increase in ionic conductivity. The maximum conductivity shows the maximum and effective interaction between oxygen atoms and Fe³⁺ cations. A decrease in crystallinity of PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend is seen from the XRD analysis, whch indicates a reduction in the intensity of sharp crystalline peaks with the addition of Fe³⁺ ions, which results in a dominant amorphous phase in the polymer blend. A polymer chain in the amorphous phase is more flexible, which results in an increase in segmental motion of the polymer, which facilitates higher ionic mobility (Park et al. 2003). The increment in conductivity with increase in dopant concentration is due to the rise in the number of charge carriers as shown in Fig. 11. The conductivity data of pure and Fe³⁺ doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend at room temperature is presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Conductivity values of pure and different concentrations of Fe³⁺ doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films at room temperature.
Concentration in mol% of Fe³⁺:PVA/MAA:EA	Conductivity at 303 K (S cm^− 1)
Pure	2.46 x 10^− 8
1	3.11 x 10^− 8
2	4.47 x 10^− 8
3	6.1 x 10^− 8
4	8.2 x 10^− 8
5	1.03 x 10^− 7

Pure and Fe doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films were prepared by solution casting technique and characterized by various techniques. The derivative thermogravimetric curves of the pure and Fe³⁺ doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films show three distinct steps of weight loss, where first step is due to evaporation of adsorbed water, second step is due to loss of absorbed water from the bulk of the material, melting points & degradation of the large chain into small fragments and the third step is due to main chain decomposition in the Fe³⁺ doped polymer blend films. Amorphicity of the polymer blend films increases with increase of Fe³⁺ ions as observed in the decrease in total weight loss for 1 to 5mol%. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate an enhanced amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte with increase in dopant concentration as observed by the broadening of diffraction patterns. SEM micrographs show uniform morphology. The FTIR spectra exhibit bands characteristic of stretching, bending vibrations of O – H, C – H, C = O, CH₃ – O and CH₂ + α – CH₃ groups. Optical absorption spectra showed that the absorption edge and indirect band gap values shifted to lower energies on doping with Fe³⁺ ions, thus indicating more semiconducting nature with increase in concentration of Fe³⁺. EPR spectra of all doped samples exhibit resonance signals around g = 2.12 and 6.8,attributed to the Fe³⁺ ions in the distorted octahedral environment and in an environment close to rhombic symmetry respectively. When the concentration of Fe³⁺ ions is increased beyond 1 mol%, the signals around g = 6.8 has been disappeared and a broad signal has been observed at g = 2.12, which may due to the spin-spin interaction caused by the agglomeration of Fe³⁺ ions. It can be concluded that there are certain energy states which have a common contribution to both the structural and magnetic properties of the present system. The conductivity of Fe³⁺ ions doped PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films observed to increase with an increase in Fe³⁺ concentration, which is explained in terms of an increase in the amorphicity. Thus, these changes shown a high sensitivity of these films to doping that would suggest the applicability in magnetic and/or optical devices, fabricating solid state batteries and other electrochemical devices.

PVA/MAA:EA Polyvinyl Alcohol/Methacrylic Acid-Ethyl Acrylate

TGA Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

XRD X-Ray Diffraction

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

EPR Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

Acknowledgements

I would like to thanks several individuals who provided support and guidance during the completion of a research work.

Authors Contributions

N. O. Gopal carried out experiments and O. Pravakar wrote the manuscript. Md. Hussain Basha analysis of the data. Y. Madhav Kumar wrote some of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

No Funding support in this Research Work.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Declarations Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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A Studies on PVA/MAA:EA polymer blend films modified by Fe3+ doping

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Abstract

Figures

INTRODUCTION

Experimental Process

Material preparation

Characterization

Results & Discussion

Thermogravimetric studies

Studies on X-ray diffraction

Morphological studies

FTIR studies

UV-Visible studies

EPR studies

Conductivity studies

Composition dependence of conductivity:

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1