Biosynthesized Ag-SiO2 hybrid nano fluid with cross-linker for augmentation of multifunctional and mechanical properties of cotton fabric

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4710490/v1

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Research Article

Biosynthesized Ag-SiO2 hybrid nano fluid with cross-linker for augmentation of multifunctional and mechanical properties of cotton fabric

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4710490/v1

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In this research, low cost, eco-friendly hybrid nano particles from agro waste are synthesized. As agro waste, the lemon peel zest is utilized for synthesis of Ag nps and rice husk for SiO₂ nps. From these two nano particles, two hybrid nano fluids named Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis are synthesized and incorporated on cotton woven fabric by mechanical thermo fixation method to produce mechanically strong and functional cotton fabric. The produced Ag nps are characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Field Emission Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), and found the average size as around 30nm with spherical shape. Again, SiO₂ nps are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), FESEM and EDX and obtained results reveal amorphous, spherical shape with the average particle size as around 50nm. The surface morphology of treated fabric is assessed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDX. The antibacterial properties, UV protection ability, dye ability, moisture management property, mechanical properties are assessed and found better than that of untreated fabric. However, due to use of small amount of the above nps in preparation of hybrid nano fluid, UV-protection ability is found not up to the mark. For more durable antibacterial cotton fabric, N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamide is used as a crosslinking agent which has significant positive contribution to mechanical properties.

Hybrid nano particles

Biosynthesis

Cotton fabric

Functional properties

Mechanical properties.

Cotton has been accepted as the most popular textile material due to flexibility, comfort ability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility and degradability. Many investigations are being carried out to make it in versatile use. However, moisture affinity of cotton fabric from water and sweat leads to the growth of microorganism due to presence of abundant hydroxyl groups which causes the loss of mechanical strength and unhygienic to human health (Mai et al. 2018, Zahid et al. 2018, Tan et al. 2019). Hybrid nano fluids are the mixture of different types of nanoparticles such as Ag, ZnO, SiO₂ in a base fluid like water (Ismail et al. 2020) which prevent the growth of microorganism and improve other functional properties of cotton fabric (Yu et al. 2019).

Some required functional properties of cotton fabric like antibacterial properties, UV protection ability, flame retardancy, hydrophilic property, super hydrophobicity cannot be achieved when metal oxide nano particles are used alone. For this reason, hybrid nano particles are being used to meet the required properties (Attia et al. 2017). Though hybrid nano particles meet the above functional properties, improvement of mechanical, comfort ability and durability are facing great challenges. Due to lack of functional group of nano particle, adhesion of them on cotton or any other textiles is not strong enough. Therefore, binding agent or additives are required to attach them on fabric. These cross-linker or binding agent also have influence on mechanical, comfort and durable properties (Harifi and Montazer 2012). Increment of mechanical properties has been observed when nano particles with silane component and binder with wax emulsion applied on cotton (Saleemi et al. 2020, Mohamed et al. 2021, Tania and Ali 2021). On the other hand, use of binder alone reduce the mechanical properties of cotton fabric treated with nano particles (Parthasarathi and Thilagavathi 2011, Tania and Ali 2021). For instance, incorporation of Ag-SiO₂ hybrid nano particles along with binder enhanced antibacterial properties, ultraviolet protection properties and hydrophobic properties with losing of mechanical properties (Attia et al. 2017).

To solve the aforementioned problem, this research introduces N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamide along with green synthesized Ag-SiO₂ nano fluid to produce ecofriendly, mechanically strong, comfortable and functional cotton fabric. Here, silica nano particles is utilized to immobilize Ag nps into it so that proper dispersion of Ag nps are ensured by avoiding agglomeration to enhance the antibacterial properties of Ag nps. Here biosynthesis method is adopted for synthesis of nano particles such as lemon peel zest extract is used for synthesis of Ag and rice husk for synthesis of SiO₂ nps. So it can be said that simple, cost effective and eco-friendly process has been adopted for synthesis of hybrid nano fluid.

Materials and Methods

A 100% cotton plain weave grey fabric with 30 Ne count, 142 ends per inch, 74 picks per inch and areal density 164 gm/m² was collected from Silver Composite Mills Ltd. Gazipur, Bangladesh. To pretreat the grey fabric, wetting agent, sequestering agent, caustic soda, hydrogen per oxide, stabilizer are obtained from Orient Chemical Ltd. Bangladesh. Lemon and rice husk for Ag and SiO₂ nps are collected from local market, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Silver nitrate and N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) are purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany and Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. India, respectively.

Green synthesis of Ag Nps from Citrus lemon peel zest extract

i. Collection of citrus lemon

The citrus lemon is collected from two known market named BDR market and Karwan bazar of Dhaka in Bangladesh. Then these are washed with water and deionized water separately three times followed by air drying.

ii. Preparation of citrus lemon peel zest extract

The peel zest are chopped into small pieces and added to a borosilicate flask containing distilled water with a M:L ratio of 1:10 and heated at 80ºC for one hour followed by heating at boiling temperature for 15 minutes with vigorous stirring. The What man No 1 filter paper (pore size 11 micrometer, What man, Fisher Scientific Pittsburgh, PA, USA) is used to filter the extract and store at 4ºC for further use.

iii. Green synthesis of Silver Nps

Green synthesis of silver nano particles is carried out based on the literature (Khane et al. 2022) with slight modification of synthesis time, temperature and stirring speed of literature (Naseem et al. 2020). Firstly, 1mM (0.017g of AgNO₃ is added 100ml of distilled water) silver nitrate solution is prepared. Then 10ml of zest extract is added to 90ml of freshly prepared silver nitrate solution and stirred with a hot plate magnetic stirrer with 200rpm at 70ºC in dark room. The solution gradually become turbid after 30 minutes and colloidal solution starts to change its color from yellow to brown which indicates the formation of silver nps. Purification of prepared silver nanoparticles is carried out by centrifuging the suspension three times at 6,000 rpm for 15 min. Thus a dark brown precipitate is obtained which is washed two times with distilled water and one time with methanol. Finally drying of precipitate produced powder of the Ag Nps. Drying is carried out at 60º C for 24 hour at vacuum oven in falcon tube keeping it in falcon holder. The obtained powder of Ag nps is stoked at 4 ºC in a dark colored vial for further experiment. The schematic representation of whole process is shown in Fig. 1.

Biosynthesis of silica nano particles

Here acid leaching pretreatment followed by thermochemical method is used to produce amorphous silica nano particles from rice husk.

Pretreatment with acid

Rice husk are mechanically washed with distilled water three times to remove dust, dirt and other impurities. Then, Rice husk are added with a solution of 5 w/w% acetic acid with M:L ratio of 1:10. The solution is boiled at 100ºC for 2 hr. with continuous stirring followed by rinsing with distilled water two times (Rafiee et al. 2012, Tejedor et al. 2022) and finally dried at 100ºC for 3 hr in an air oven. Then these are stored in polyethylene zip-lock bag.

Calcination

Carbonization of dried rice husk in a laboratory burner using ceramic crucible produces black char. This black char contained in several ceramic crucible is calcinated at 700ºC for 3 hours by heating at the rate of 5º C/min in a thermo couple equipped muffle furnace. From several investigations, it is found that bellow 500ºC incomplete carbonization is occurred and up to 800℃ amorphous silica is obtained (Djangang et al. 2015) The obtained Rice husk ash is added to 2.5 M NaOH solution of 80 ml (Rafiee et al. 2012, Ali and Drea 2021, Tavakkoli et al. 2023) and refluxed for 1 h at 80℃ with continuous stirring to produce clear sodium silicate solution. Then the solution is cooled at room temperature (30℃) and filtered with Whatman Grade No. 41 (Djangang et al. 2015, Kumari et al. 2023) which is followed by titration slowly with 2M CH₃COOH with constant stirring until P^H reached at 5. Finally, the precipitate of nano silica is washed with deionized water, filtered and dried in the oven at 100℃ for 20 hrs. The synthesis steps are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.

SiO₂ + NaOH → Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O

Na₂SiO₃ + CH₃COOH → SiO₂ + CH₃COONa + H₂O

Preparation and application of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis hybrid nano fluids

To produce Ag-SiO₂ hybrid nano fluid, in prepared silver nano solution, 0.5 g/L silica nps are added and stirred for 30 min followed by ultrasonication for 30 minutes. To prepare Ag-SiO2-bis hybrid nano fluid, 0.5g/L N,N′-methylene bis-acrylamide is added and stirred for further 30 minutes. After that, the sample is dipped in the fluid for 10 minutes with magnetic stirring and then padded by mechanical thermo fixation method. Here, padding condition is around 75% pick up%. After padding, air drying is done and curing is carried out at 130℃ for 2 minutes.

Characterization and measurements

Double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, USA-1800) is utilized to measure surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag nps in the range of 400-700nm. The distribution and surface morphology of synthesized silver, silica nano particles and nano fluid treated fabric are obtained from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) using ZEISS (sigma 300 VP, USA). Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) is also conducted by FESEM with x15K magnification and 5 Kev to determinate chemical composition of synthesized silver, silica nps and nano fluid treated fabric. Image J software was utilized to calculate average size of synthesized nps. Moreover, the functional surface groups or organic bond of silica nps are identified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy using FTIR-8400 (SHIMADZU, Japan) to record infrared spectra between 400 and 4000 cm^− 1. A quantitative standard test method named ASTM E2149-01 is adopted for testing antibacterial properties of untreated and treated fabric. Fabric is treated with two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Escherichia Coli (gram negative) by colony forming unit method (CFU) and reduction % is calculated by following formula (Eq. 1):

The Bacterial Reduction % = $\:\frac{\text{Co-Ct}}{\text{Co}}\text{×100}$ (1)

Where, C_o= Number of survival cells on the control

C_t= Number of survival after 1h and 24 h contact time (ASTM E2149 2001, Rehan et al. 2024, Tania and Ali 2021).

The transmittance % of treated and untreated fabric is measured by the Shimadzu Crop. UV-1800 machine of USA analyzing the transmittance curve, the UV protection factor is evaluated (Sankaran et al. 2021, Tania and Ali 2021). Color yield (K/S) values of the dyed samples are calculated by using Data color 650 spectrophotometer, USA under D₆₅ illumination, 10˚ viewing geometry in the measurement range from 400nm to 700nm in a CIE L* a* b* system. The colour differences of untreated and treated samples are measured based on the △E value is calculated from Eq. (2):

$$\:\varDelta\:E=\sqrt{{\left({\varDelta\:L}^{*}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\varDelta\:a}^{*}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\varDelta\:b}^{*}\right)}^{2}}$$

Where, L*, a*, and b* stand for the lightness and darkness (0-100), reddish (+) and greenish (-), yellowish (+) and bluish (-) respectively. Color strength K/S values were calculated from Kubelka-Munk equation (Eq. 3):

$$\:\frac{\text{K}}{\text{S}}\:=\:\frac{{(1-\text{R})}^{2}}{2\text{R}}$$

Where, K and S are the absorption and scattering coefficient and R is the reflectance at maximum wavelength (McDonald 1987, Pakdel et al. 2024 ). Color fastness to water, wash, perspiration, rubbing and light are assessed by standard test method ISO 105 E01, ISO 105 C06, ISO 105 E04, ISO 105 X12 and ISO 105-B02:2013 respectively. The Titan Universal Strength tester of James Heal, USA is operated to measure tensile strength and elongation at break both in warp and weft direction by ISO 13934-1:2013 test method. Fabric stiffness is estimated in terms of bending length employing Shirley stiffness tester by ASTM D1388. The nano coated and uncoated fabrics are conditioned in a conditioning chamber under standard atmosphere (at 20 ± 5 ℃ and 65 ± 2% relative humidity for 12 h) before every test. Hydrophilic properties of coated fabric is examined by Moisture Management Tester (MMT) of SDL ATLAS, USA to measure the dynamic liquid transfer properties through the fabric. It provides this by measuring, evaluating and classifying liquid management properties of fabrics. AATCC test method 195 is used by Bhuiyan et al. (2019). Wash durability of samples is evaluated according to AATCC test method 61-2013. In this method, fabric was treated with 2g/l non-ionic detergent for 45 min at 40ºC which is equal to five home laundering at 38 ± 3ºC. After each cycle of washing, the fabric is dried at 70ºC for 15 minutes (Ding et al. 2024).

Characterization of Different Nano Particles (nps)

Characterization of Ag nps

Figure 4 exhibits the mechanism involved to synthesis Ag nps utilizing citric acid from lemon peel zest extract as both reducing and stabilizing agent which reduces Ag⁺ to Ag⁰ at P^H ranges from 6 to 11 and converted to acetone di-carboxylic acid by oxidation (Marciniak et al. 2020). Absorption peak from UV-visible spectroscopy lies between 391nm and 453nm which ensures the presence of Ag nps (Amirjani et al. 2020, Naysmith et al. 2022). In this study, characteristics peak of 413 nm is obtained from resultant Ag nps due to its specific surface plasmon resonance as shown in Fig. 5(a). SEM micrograph from Fig. 5(c) demonstrates that the aggregation of Ag nps with spherical shapes of different sizes. By using image J software distribution of nano particles are obtained in the histogram shown in Fig. 5(d) from where it is observed that sizes of Ag nps ranges from 15nm to 75 nm and maximum nano particles are at 30nm. Figure 6(d) demonstrates the EDX spectrum and elemental composition which notes a strong signal for Ag nps at 3 KeV with high atomic percent at around 77.46%. So purity of Ag nps is very significant. This result is very resembled with previous article of Khane et al. (2022).

Characterization of SiO₂ nps

Figure 6 (a, b) displays SEM micrograph and histogram of particle size. It is found that silica nps are spherical with uniform morphology and also some particles are agglomerated owing to strong cohesive inter molecular forces (Tavakkoli et al. 2023). The histogram from Fig. 6(b) illustrates the distribution of particle size which ranges from 25 nm to 85 nm and maximum particles are around 50nm. Figure 6(c) demonstrates the graphical representation of elemental composition of silica nano particles obtains from EDX results and finds yield% is 94.7 which indicates very high purity which is convenience with reference (Ali and Drea 2021). The FTIR spectrograph of synthesized SiO₂ from rice husk is illustrated in Fig. 6(d) which indicates the presence of characteristics peak of siloxane (Si-O-Si) group. Steep and sharp peak at 474.92 cm^− 1ascribes the bending frequency of Si-O whereas bands at 797.63 and 1097.6 cm^− 1 design for symmetric and asymmetric stretching of Si-O in siloxane group. Besides, peaks at 1640.33 cm^− 1 depicts the bending vibration of H-O-H and at 3430.5 cm^− 1 indicates the stretching vibration of O-H in silanol (Si-OH) group which confirm the presence of water molecule in silanol group (Nayak and Datta 2021, Borah et al. 2023, Tavakkoli et al. 2023).

Characterization of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis nano fluid treated fabric

FTIR analysis

Figure 7 presents the FTIR spectra of pristine and treated fabric. Analysis of spectrum of the pristine fabric shows broad peak at 3328 cm^− 1 is attributed to the stretching of O-H group and at 2890 cm^− 1 is due to the C-H stretching (Patel et al. 2014). The band at 1636 cm^− 1, 1427cm^− 1, 1313cm^− 1, 1160 cm^− 1, 1052cm^− 1 indicate the bending mode of water (O-H) stretching (Goswami, Baruah et al. 2018), -(C-H) stretching, -(C-O) stretching, -(C-O-C) and -(C-O) stretching in cellulose respectively (Lao et al. 2017, Tania, Ali et al. 2021). Both treated fabric refers very similar peak compared to the pristine fabric which confess only the physical deposition of nps on cotton fabric. The characteristic peak of SiO₂ nps at (1081 − 995) cm^− 1 for (Si-OH) and 791cm^− 1 for (Si-O-Si) eclipse due to signal from cotton fabric. Similar incidence occurs for Ag nps. But significant shift of peak from 1636 cm^− 1 to 1653 cm^− 1 indicates the presence of O-H bonding of water molecules increase which confirms the presence of silanol group (Si-OH) on cellulose (Nayak and Datta 2021, Borah et al. 2023). Again, some region like 1052 and 1025 cm^− 1 intensity of cotton peak decreased on treated fabric which is attributed to the presence Ag and SiO₂ nps on the surface. Besides, comparing the peak of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis coated fabric, no significant change is found. But intensity of peak in Ag/SiO₂ coated fabric have slightly increased which indicate addition of bis acrylamide decrease the deposition of nps on cotton as it cross-links with cellulose (Tav et al. 2021).

SEM analysis

Figures 8(a-c) of untreated fabric show no deposition of nps on the fabric surface while Figs. 8(d-f) and Figs. 8 (g-i) reveal distribution of Ag-SiO₂ nps on fiber surface at 10kx, 30kx, 100kx magnifications, respectively. Comparing among Figs. 8(d-f) and Figs. 8(g-i) of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric it is seen that nps are only distributed on fiber surface in case of Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric whereas nps are connected with each other as well as cotton fiber using crosslinking structure of bis acrylamide in case of Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric. This kind of observations are more visible in Fig. 8(f) and Fig. 8(i) at 100kx magnification.

Elemental Mapping

Figure 9(a) shows the image of Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric with size 10 µm and elemental mapping of it is shown in Fig. 9(b-f), whereas Fig. 9(g) shows the image of Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric and elemental mapping of it is shown in Fig. 9(h-m). The numerically tabulation of elemental composition is shown in Table 1. Figures 9 (b and h) demonstrate distribution of all elements (C, O, Si and Ag) and (C, O, Si, Ag and N) all together whereas Figs. 9 (c-f) and (i-m) exhibit individual elemental distributions Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric. These figures demonstrates the homogeneous distribution of Ag and Si which confirms the presence of Ag and SiO₂ nps along with C and O on Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric while presence of N along with other elements confirms the presence of bis acrylamide on Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric.

Elemental mapping

Table 1

Elemental composition of untreated, Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric
Sample type	Elements	Weight %
Untreated	C	46%
Untreated	O	54%
Ag-SiO₂ treated	C	42%
	O	53%
	Ag	1%
	Si	4%
Ag-SiO₂ -bis treated	C	42%
	O	53%
	Ag	1%
	Si	3%
	N	1%

Possible mechanism of crosslinking of bis acrylamide with cellulose and nano particles is explored on Fig. 10. Initially, Ag nps are attached with silanol group of silica nps by ionic interactions. Then addition of N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamid cause bridging between methylene group of MBA and silanol group of silica nps. Upon treating the cotton fabric with this Ag-SiO₂-bis hybrid nano fluid two possible mechanism may takes place. Firstly, silanol group of silica nps weakly interacted with hydroxyl groups of cellulose. Then chemical interaction of nps is occurred with cotton fabric surface during curing at 120 ºC by condensation reaction (Ahmed W et al. 2024). Secondly, MBA may connect cellulose by ester linkage with hydroxyl group of cellulose and also interact with silanol group of Ag doped silica nps.

Evaluation of functional properties

Assessment of Antibacterial properties

Table 2 presents antibacterial reduction% of untreated and treated fabric against gram positive (S. Aureus) and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria in case of before washing and after 5 and 15 washing cycle. Figures. 11 ans12, the disk image of agar plate for bacterial reduction of treated, Ag-SiO₂ treated, Ag-SiO₂-bis treated unwashed fabric after 24 hour contact time are also illustrated. It is observed from table and figure that for Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric, the highest bacterial R% is obtained 93.3% with E. coli. after 24 hour contact time while for S. Aureus the value is 92.9%. After 15 washing cycle 80.9% and 81.2% for gram positive and gram negative bacterial R% is obtained due to crosslinking of nps with cotton fabric by N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamide. In contrast, unwashed and 15 washed Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric explored 86.5%, 86.4% and 52.4%, 60.2% bacterial R% against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria after 24 hour contact time. These outcomes indicate nondurable antibacterial activity of Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric compared to Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric. Tang et.al. (2012) found 71% bacterial reduction of Ag-SiO₂-Wool fabric. Comparing this value, excellent result regarding antibacterial activity is obtained in this research.

Table 2

Bacterial reduction% of uncoated and hybrid nano coated fabric
Sample	Bacterial Reduction % after 1 h contact time		Bacterial reduction after 24 h contact time
Sample	S.aureus	E.coli	S.Aureus	E.coli
Untreated	----	----	----	----
Ag-SiO₂ treated
Unwashed	46.6	43.7	86.5	86.4
5 wash	30	33.02	54.8	62.1
15 wash	12.6	14.3	52.4	60.2
Ag-SiO₂-bis treated
Unwashed	28.2	53.6	92.9	93.03
5 wash	24.5	53.1	89.1	89
15wash	15.1	20.2	80.9	81.2

Evaluation of UV protection factor

Form Table 3 it is clear that untreated fabric block around 30% incident light of UV visible region whereas Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis coated fabric block 56% and 61% incident light, respectively which are significantly higher than that of untreated one. So it can be said that presence of Ag and SiO₂ nps enhances UV protection ability which is further increased with addition of N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamide along with Ag and SiO₂ nps. However, according to Australian /New Zealand standard AS/NZS 4399 − 2017, blockage of 93.3% UV-radiation provides UPF rating 15 and classify as minimum category (Sankaran et al. 2021). In present investigation, blockage % is higher but it is below than the recommended value due to the incorporation of less amount of Ag and SiO₂ nps in nano fluid. By increasing the amount of silica nps in fluid, the blockage % of transmitted light can be increased.

Table 3

Average transmittance% of different wavelength with UV category
Sample	UV-A (320-400nm)	UV-B (280-320nm)	UV-C (200–280)nm	Average T%	% UV radiation blocked	Category
Untreated	84.15	64.61	59.52	69.43	30	Poor
Ag-SiO₂ treated	43.08	43.09	43.92	43.36	56	Poor
Ag-SiO₂-bis treated	49.67	43.79	23.13	38.86	61	Poor
Assessment of color performance

From Fig. 13, it is seen that visually radish/brownish color is obtained in Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated samples which is also confirmed by data achieved in Table 4. Comparing the value of three samples it is found that the Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated sample is darker due to decrease of L^*values, reddish and yellowish due to increase of a^*and b^* than that of untreated. The reason behind this is to localized surface plasmon resonance (L-SPR) and shape of Ag nps which is suggested by many disciplines (Balamurugan et al. 2017, Pakdel et al. 2024, Rehan et al. 2024). Consequently, Ag nps are solely responsible for imparting color. Besides, uniform color confirms the even distribution of Ag nps on cotton fabric. Increase of color difference (△E) and K/S value mean change of color of treated fabric compared to the untreated one. Figure 14 (a and b) and Table 5 illustrate the outcomes of color fastness to water, perspiration (acid and Alkali), rubbing (dry and wet) which demonstrate grade 5 that indicates excellent rating for shade change and grade 4/5 that points good to excellent for staining rating for Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric. Wash fastness for shade change lies on grade 3 that points out fair rating for Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric while grade 4 that indicates good rating for Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric. It is observed that rating is one grade better for bis acrylamide cross-linked fabric than without cross-linked fabric because of binding of nps with fiber using bis acrylamide. Besides, outcomes of light fastness is not up to the mark.

Table 4

Color performance of untreated and treated fabric
Sample	Color strength (K/S)	L*	a*	b*	△E
Untreated	0.108	90.58	0.03	2.2	----
Ag-SiO₂ treated	0.508	79.85	6.37	10.75	15.11
Ag-SiO₂-bis treated	0.443	85.88	3.64	9.42	9.34

Table 5

Rubbing and light fastness properties of coated fabric
Sample	Dry rubbing	Wet rubbing	Light fastness Rating (out of 8)
Sample	Staining rating (out of 5)		Light fastness Rating (out of 8)
Ag-SiO₂ treated	4/5	4/5	2
Ag- SiO₂-bis treated	4/5	4/5	2

Assessment of mechanical properties

Figure 15 represents the tensile strength of coated and uncoated fabric. Three samples are used for each test which are specified by S_1wa, S_2wa, S_3wa (samples in warp direction) and S_1we, S_2we, S_3we (samples in weft direction). Mean values are tabulated in Table 6. From figure and table it is displayed that tensile strength increased 1.17% and 1.14% in warp and weft direction for Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric because of interaction of silica nps compared with untreated one. Further, 4.71% and 8.07% significant strength enhancement in warp and weft direction for Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric is achieved due to crosslinking of nps with cellulose using bis acrylamide compared with untreated one. Besides, another reason suggested by different articles reason behind tensile strength improvement is the formation of a great deal of hydrogen bond between coating material and functional group of cellulose (Balamurugan et al. 2017, Xu et al. 2019). In this research, along with formation of crosslinking of bis acrylamide with cellulose, hydrogen bonds are also formed among nps and cross-linker and cellulose which increase tensile strength of fabric.

Table 6

Mechanical properties of untreated, Ag-SiO₂ treated and Ag-SiO₂ –bis treated fabric
Sample	Tensile strength (N)		Elongation %		Bending length(cm)
Sample	Warp	Weft	Warp	Weft	Warp	weft
Untreated	857.45	520.91	12.09	15.38	2.64	2.2
Ag-SiO₂ treated	867.45	526.87	17.92	14.05	2.60	2.1
Ag-SiO₂-bis treated	897.86	562.99	18.29	14.47	2.60	2.2

In case of Elongation%, it is found that elasticity has improved for both treated fabric than untreated one in warp direction due to incorporation of nps and addition of N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamide displays highest elongation at break of around 51%. Similar findings are observed by Zahid et al. (2018). On the other hand, in weft direction change of elasticity is not notable. The possible reason behind elasticity increment in warp direction is padding of nano fluid on warp direction under tension. This facilitates more loading of nps that increases more cross-linking and hydrogen bond and makes the fabric elastic. Negligible reduction of bending length is observed that indicates softness of fabric is not much affected by nps due to presence of slica nps. Thus it can be concluded that tensile strength and elasticity of treated fabric have improved significantly and softness is not altered so much compared with pristine fabric.

Assessment of moisture management properties

Moisture management of textile usually refers to the transfer of both liquid and perspiration vapor, from the body to atmosphere via clothing to keep the thermal balance of the body. The comfort of clothing is associated with the absorption of liquid sweat through the fabric material and transportation of the sweat vapor through and across the clothing. Table 7 reveals that water transportation from inner to outer fabric is better in untreated one as one way transport ability is higher for this sample whereas higher wetting time for top and bottom surface of treated samples are due to the presence of dry coating of Ag-SiO₂ nps and Ag-SiO₂-bis. On the other hand, after wetting of inner surface, absorption rate and wetting radius increases as silica nps rapidly reacts with water due to hydrophilic properties of silica. Absorbed water is entrapped between the coated surface and wetted radius increases. Consequently, overall moisture management property of both coated fabric has been improved and they will be more thermally balance to use. It is pointed out that Khandulal et al. (2020) carried out an experiment and showed similar results only for SiO₂ nps treated fabric.

Table 7

Moisture Management properties of of untreated, Ag-SiO₂ treated and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric.
Parameters		Untreated	Ag-SiO₂ treated	Ag-SiO₂-bis treated
Wetting time (s)	Top	0.749	2.621	2.34
Wetting time (s)	Bottom	1.966	2.434	2.43
Absorption rate (%/s)	Top	9.7243	34.90	27
Absorption rate (%/s)	Bottom	16.5463	54.34	54
Max wetted radius(mm)	Top	25	30	30
Max wetted radius(mm)	Bottom	25	30	30
Spreading speed (mm/s)	Top	8.1697	6.34	7.2
Spreading speed (mm/s)	Bottom	5.6993	6.14	6.9
One way transport capability (%)		147.6503	106.93	76.96
Overall Moisture management		0.4878	0.5475	0.5145

Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis hybrid nano fluid is successfully biosynthesized from lemon peel zest extract and rice husk and incorporated into cotton fabric by mechanical thermo fixation method. Among multifunctional properties, analysis of anti-bacterial properties of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis coated fabric achieve highest 92.9% and 93.03% bacterial reduction against gram negative (E. Coli) bacteria after 24 hour contact time. Data of wash durability reveals that retention of antibacterial property is higher in case of Ag-SiO₂-bis than Ag-SiO₂ coated fabric. Though UV blockage% is higher, it does not meet the recommended value because of incorporation of less amount of silver/silica in nano fluids. Due to treatment by Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis, sample color changes to radish-brownish. Regarding outcomes of color fastness to water, perspiration (acid and Alkali), rubbing (dry and wet) demonstrate good to excellent rating for both shade change and staining rating except light fastness for both samples. Wash fastness for shade change is better for Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric than Ag-SiO₂ treated fabric. Both treated fabric exhibit enhancement of tensile strength and Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric shows highest strength. Specifically, Ag-SiO₂-bis treated fabric displays strength enhancement around 4.72% in warp and 8.07% in weft direction than that of untreated one because of cross-linking nps with cellulose of cotton fabric by N,N′ -methylene bis-acrylamide.

Moreover, the overall moisture management property Ag-SiO₂ of and Ag-SiO₂-bis coated fabric have improved by 12.23% and 5.47% than untreated one due to high water absorption properties of silica nps which indicates that the treated fabric is more thermally balance to wear. Finally it can be said that a low cost, ecofriendly nano fluid with cross-linker is applied on cotton fabric and successfully achieved mechanically strong, comfortable with multifunctional fabric which can be utilized in medical textiles like bandage, apron, mask, surgical gown and so on.

Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the experimental support of Chemistry Laboratory, Biomedical engineering laboratory of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. We are also thankful to Orient Chem Ltd., Center for Advanced Research in Science (CARS) of Dhaka University and Accreditation Laboratory of Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), Dhaka, Bangladesh, for assisting us to perform the various test.

Author Contributions Mst. Tania Aktek contributed to investigation, experimentation, data analysis and draft writing. Mohammad Ali contributed to supervision, conceptualization, reviewing and editing.

FundingThis research receives Post Graduate Fellowship from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Data availability Data is available upon reasonable request.

Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Competing interests There is no potential competing of interests.

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Biosynthesized Ag-SiO2 hybrid nano fluid with cross-linker for augmentation of multifunctional and mechanical properties of cotton fabric

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Abstract

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Introduction

Experiments

Materials and Methods

Biosynthesis of silica nano particles

Preparation and application of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis hybrid nano fluids

Results and Discussion

Characterization of Different Nano Particles (nps)

Characterization of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis nano fluid treated fabric

Evaluation of functional properties

Assessment of mechanical properties

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

Biosynthesized Ag-SiO2 hybrid nano fluid with cross-linker for augmentation of multifunctional and mechanical properties of cotton fabric

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Experiments

Materials and Methods

Biosynthesis of silica nano particles

Preparation and application of Ag-SiO2 and Ag-SiO2-bis hybrid nano fluids

Results and Discussion

Characterization of Different Nano Particles (nps)

Characterization of Ag-SiO2 and Ag-SiO2-bis nano fluid treated fabric

Evaluation of functional properties

Assessment of mechanical properties

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

Preparation and application of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis hybrid nano fluids

Characterization of Ag-SiO₂ and Ag-SiO₂-bis nano fluid treated fabric