Assessing and mitigating noise pollution in Sikar city:  strategies and solutions

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4717051/v1

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Assessing and mitigating noise pollution in Sikar city: strategies and solutions

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4717051/v1

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This study investigates noise pollution in Sikar City, focusing on identifying sources, measuring health and environmental impacts, and proposing mitigation strategies. The objectives include analyzing noise pollution sources, assessing their effects on public health and the environment, and reviewing case studies to evaluate current policies and technologies. Data from Sikar City's noise monitoring stations were analyzed to identify significant pollution sources such as traffic, industrial activities, and construction work. Additionally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to determine optimal proposals for the city. A literature review of ten relevant studies provided insights into common noise pollution issues and effective mitigation strategies. The findings revealed that noise levels often exceeded national standards, necessitating targeted strategies for reduction. The proposed mitigation measures aim to support the Rajasthan Pollution Control Board and other stakeholders in enhancing regional environmental management.

Noise pollution

noise monitoring

mitigation strategies

analytic hierarchy process

Noise is defined as unwanted sound that disrupts normal activities and quality of life. When excessive noise is present in the environment, it constitutes noise pollution. Humans typically cannot tolerate noise levels exceeding 85 decibels (dB). [1] Noise pollution is a significant global environmental issue recognized as a top health risk across all demographics. According to the UN Environment Program’s "Frontiers 2022" report [3], prolonged exposure to high noise levels adversely impacts human health and well-being, making it a growing concern for the public and policymakers. Conventional sources of noise pollution include roads, railways, airports, and industrial activities, while domestic and leisure activities also contribute significantly [3].

In India, noise pollution poses a significant challenge due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and increasing vehicular traffic. The Noise Pollution Regulation and Control Rules, 2000 [4], set permissible noise levels for various zones, and the Central Pollution Control Board [5] monitors compliance through the National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network. Despite these regulations, noise pollution affects millions, causing hearing impairment, sleep disturbances, and stress-related health issues. High noise levels from traffic, industries, construction, and cultural festivities disrupt daily life. The sources of noise pollution square measure typically multiply throughout festivals like Diwali, during which the hearth haywire square measure is answerable for pollution. [18]

The case study area, Sikar, is located in northeastern Rajasthan, and serves as the administrative headquarters of the Sikar district. The city is 114 km from Jaipur, the state capital, with robust road and rail connectivity. At elevation of 427 meters, Sikar is a key urban center in the Shekhawati region. Sikar faces significant environmental challenges threatening its sustainable development.

Like many rapidly urbanizing regions, Sikar City faces significant noise pollution challenges. Various studies and articles highlight the primary sources and impacts of noise pollution in this area. [6]

This research paper aims to comprehensively assess and mitigate noise pollution in Sikar City, presenting strategies and solutions from various case studies. A review of ten research papers, from 2009 to 2024, was conducted to identify new proposals and their limitations concerning noise pollution. The study provides an in-depth overview of noise pollution, examining its sources, effects, and the measures currently being implemented to reduce its impact. The selected research papers were chosen for their relevance to issues similar to those in Sikar City, facilitating the identification of practical proposals and their limitations. These papers encompass various issues, parameters, methodologies, and tools used in noise pollution research. Research papers on noise pollution employed various parameters that are crucial in the comprehensive analysis of noise pollution, encompassing factors such as Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (Leq), Day-Night Noise Levels (LDN), Noise Limit Exceedance Factor (NEF), and Average Exceedance Factor (AEF). These measurements are compared against World Health Organization standards [19], utilizing calibrated sound level meters (SLMs) for accuracy. They followed the national and local regulations: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States, European Union (EU) Directive 2002/49/EC, and The Central Pollution Control Board. Studies also examine traffic volume, speed, and geometric parameters across different road types and conditions, focusing on residential, commercial, and mixed-use areas. Spatial analysis considers noise intensity variations around landmarks, peak hours, and factors like land use, population density, economic activities, transportation types, building density, green spaces, and cultural practices [20–22].

Classifying noise levels into defined ranges further enhances understanding, facilitating the development of effective noise mitigation strategies and policies.

GIS software facilitated spatial mapping to identify urban noise hotspots, aiding targeted noise control and urban planning. Sophisticated instruments and software, such as the B&K2230 [7], BSWA 308 – Class I [8], CEL-440 [9], Leutron model [10], IEC/ANSI Type 2 Free-Field Transducer [11], Real-Time Analyzer (Audio Tools iOS Software) [12], and Bruel & Kjaer type 4231 calibrator

[14] Were used for precise ambient noise readings and mobile monitoring. Traffic noise was measured with handheld radar and GPS data from the VISTA Garmin HCX [7]. Data analysis and noise mapping were conducted using SPSS 16.0 and ArcGIS [15], respectively, and additional field surveys utilized tools like the Sonometer and Analogue Cel 254 K2 [15]. Key issues include rapid urban growth, increased vehicular traffic, urbanization, mechanization, and mobility, contributing to higher noise levels and long-term health risks. Effective mitigation strategies encompass traffic management, enhanced public transportation, urban planning measures like green spaces and sound barriers, comprehensive noise monitoring, stricter regulations, and technological innovations, all crucial for achieving quieter, healthier urban environments through targeted interventions and public awareness [7–16].

The primary objectives of this study are to identify and analyze the sources of noise pollution in Sikar City, assess the current pollution levels and their impacts on the local ecosystem and public health, and investigate how noise pollution affects the health and well-being of residents.

The study aims to identify the underlying causes of environmental noise issues in Sikar by conducting the comprehensive review of case studies and existing literature. It evaluates the technologies designed to combat noise pollution and proposes actionable recommendations and strategies for effective mitigation.

Therefore, the research aims to address the following questions:

What are the primary sources of noise pollution in Sikar City?

What were some of the key issues identified that contribute to higher noise levels in Sikar city?

What effective mitigation strategies are proposed to address noise pollution in urban environments based on the reviewed literature?

What method was used to determine optimal mitigation proposals for noise pollution in Sikar City?

2.1 Methodology

The methodology in Fig. 1 outlines a comprehensive framework for understanding and mitigating noise pollution in Sikar. It involves multiple phases, including data collection, data analysis, literature review, noise level measurements, and the development and implementation of mitigation strategies. By integrating advanced techniques such as the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the methodology aims to offer a robust approach to tackle noise pollution.

2.2 Study area

Sikar is strategically located midway between Agra and Churu on National Highway 52, approximately 114 km from Jaipur, 320 km from Jodhpur, 215 km from Bikaner, and 280 km from Delhi. The city is a significant hub for agricultural trade, surrounded by large plains west of the Aravalli range, and serves as a significant rail and road junction, [6]featuring the intersection of Fatehpur Road (NH-52) and Jaipur Road (NH-52), as well as the Sikar Junction Railway Station. With an average elevation of 427 meters (1,401 ft.), Sikar's population has grown substantially over the past few decades. As of the 2011 Census of India, the population was approximately 237,579, with recent estimates suggesting continued growth driven by both natural growth and rural-to-urban migration [17].

The vehicle growth rate in Sikar has been notable, reflecting the broader trend of increased motorization in urban India. Over the past decade, the number of registered vehicles in Sikar has increased significantly, driven by economic development and rising incomes among the population [23]. Industrially, Sikar has a diverse economic base. The city and its surrounding region are known for textile manufacturing, particularly in weaving and dyeing, which forms a significant part of its industrial landscape [5]. In Sikar city, six continuous ambient noise monitoring stations are run by the Rajasthan state pollution control board. All of these stations are manual monitoring stations. Figure 2 shows the map of noise quality monitoring stations in Sikar City. Figure 3 shows the Google Earth images of the six noise quality monitoring stations.

2.3 Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise

Ambient noise quality standards are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Ambient Noise Quality standards

(Source: Rajasthan state pollution control board)
Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise
Area Code	Category of Area/ Zone	Limits in dB(A) Leq*
Area Code	Category of Area/ Zone	Day Time	Night Time
(A)	Industrial area	75	70
(B)	Commercial area	65	55
(C)	Residential area	55	45
(D)	Silence Zone	50	40

The primary data collection method was secondary data collection, which involved comprehensive noise measurements at various monitoring stations managed by the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board [18]. These stations include the RSPCB Office, Housing Board, Hotel Fortune Blue, Sri Kalyan Hospital, Municipal Office, and RIICO Office, totaling six continuous ambient noise monitoring locations. All these stations conducted manual monitoring. Figure 2 shows the map of Sikar city and the noise quality monitoring stations. Spatial mapping of noise levels was done using the data from these RSPCB-run stations. Additionally, noise data were collected from official websites such as the Central Pollution Control Board [22], and the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board [18], ensuring a robust and comprehensive dataset for assessing noise pollution levels. The RSPCB’s approach to noise monitoring helps identify noise-prone areas and aids in understanding the temporal patterns of noise pollution, especially during festivals like Deepawali. The data collected from these monitoring stations provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of existing noise control measures and highlight the need for additional strategies to manage noise pollution. For instance, noise levels tend to spike during festivals due to the increased use of firecrackers and other celebratory activities, often exceeding the prescribed limits and causing potential health hazards. Moreover, integrating data from various official sources, such as the CPCB and the RSPCB, enhances the comprehensiveness of the noise pollution dataset. The CPCB, as a statutory organization, provides Guidelines and standards for environmental quality, including noise, and its data serve as a critical reference for local monitoring efforts. This multi-source data collection approach ensures that the noise pollution assessment is both accurate and reflective of the actual conditions, thereby supporting more effective policymaking and regulatory enforcement.

3.1 Current readings of Sikar city

3.1.1 Noise measurements

To assess the impact of noise levels in Rajasthan under the Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 [3], the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board [18] conducted year-round noise level monitoring. Monitoring was carried out during the day (6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) and night (10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.) in half-hour intervals with a sampling frequency of one second. To ensure uniformity, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Silence zones were selected by the noise standards prescribed according to the Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 [3].

It can be observed that the noise levels in most of the zones except industrial zones are high; hence, proper interventions have to be applied accordingly. Table 2 of noise level data from Sikar highlights distinct patterns across various zones residential, silence, commercial, and industrial and different times of day. Residential areas maintain relatively stable noise levels, with minor increases in January and April. Silence zones experience notable spikes, especially in February, suggesting occasional disturbances. Commercial zones consistently register the highest noise levels, with significant peaks in March and noticeable differences between day and night. Industrial areas show moderate, steady noise levels, with a slight increase in nighttime noise in April. Overall, night time noise levels are lower across all zones, reinforcing the trend that commercial areas are the loudest and residential areas the quietest. These observations underscore the need for targeted noise reduction strategies, particularly in commercial and silence zones, to improve residents' quality of life. Implementing such measures could mitigate disturbances and create a more serene urban environment.

Table 2

Noise measurement from different monitoring stations, (Source: Rajasthan state pollution control board)

Name of month	Name/ point of locations	Zone	Leq (dB)
Name of month	Name/ point of locations	Zone	Day time	Night time
January	Regional Office, RS PCB, Shivsinghpura Housing Board, Nawalgarh Road. Sikar	Residential	58.4	53
	Near OPD Block, Sri Kalayan Hospital, Sikar	Silence	61	56
	Near Hotel Fortune Blue, Piprali Road, Sikar	Commercial	74.2	64.6
	Near RIICO Office, RIICO Industrial Area, Jaipur Road, Sikar	Industrial	61.2	54.9
	Near RIICO Office, RIICO Ind. Area, Sikar	Industrial	62.8	56.9
February	Regional Office, RSPCB, Shivsinghpura	Residential	57.5	51.6
	Housing Board, Nawalgarh Road. Sikar	Residential	57.5	51.6
	Near OPD Block, Sri Kalayan Hospital, Sikar	Silence	69.2	62
	Near Hotel Fortune Blue, Piprali Road, Sikar	Commercial	75.5	64.8
	Near RIICO Office, RIICO Industrial Area, Jaipur Road, Sikar	Industrial	62.1	55.8
March	Regional Office, RSPCB, Shivsinghpura	Residential	52.2	51.3
	Housing Board, Nawalgarh Road, Sikar	Residential	52.2	51.3
	Near OPD Block, Sri Kalayan Hospital, Sikar	Silence	62.9	58.1
	Near Hotel Fortune Blue, Piprali Road, Sikar	Commercial	75.8	70.5
	Near RIICO Office, RIICO Ind. Area, Sikar	Industrial	62.8	56.9
	Near Municipal Council Office, Sikar	Commercial	68.9	65.3
April	Regional Office, RSPCB, Shivsinghpura	Residential	57.6	52.7
	Housing Board, Nawalgarh Road, Sikar	Residential	57.6	52.7
	Near OPD Block, Sri Kalayan Hospital, Sikar	Silence	60.6	60.4
	Near Hotel Fortune Blue, Piprali Road, Sikar	Commercial	72.2	63.8
	Near RIICO Office, RIICO Ind. Area, Sikar	Industrial	62.9	61.5
	Near Municipal Council Office, Sikar	Commercial	73.8	64.7

3.1.2 Current scenario

Sikar faces significant environmental challenges threatening its sustainable development. Noise pollution due to urbanization, traffic, and industrial operations affects resident's quality of life, causing stress and health problems. Noise pollution in Sikar City is concentrated in specific areas, each facing unique challenges. The Ringas Road and Railway Station Area suffer from high traffic volumes and constant railway operations, leading to continuous vehicle noise and frequent honking, disrupting nearby residential and commercial zones. Bus Stand and Main Market Areas like Subhash Chowk and Bajaj Road experience high noise levels due to vehicular traffic, street vendors, and public gatherings, causing congestion-related disturbances that affect both shoppers and business operations.

Residential areas near ongoing construction sites, such as Piprali Road, endure persistent noise from construction projects and heavy equipment, leading to complaints about disrupted sleep and reduced quality of life. Educational and hospital zones like Sikar Medical College and Shekhawati University face noise challenges from traffic, construction activities, and nearby commercial establishments, impacting learning and recovery environments. Cultural and religious venues, around Salasar Balaji Temple, experience elevated noise levels during religious ceremonies, festivals, and weddings, affecting surrounding residential areas, especially during late hours [2]. The locations with high noise levels are shown in Fig. 4.

3.1.3 Trend in noise level from 2017–2023

The data in Table 3 indicates that noise pollution levels consistently rise during Deepawali compared to pre-Deepawali days, with this trend observed from 2017 to 2023 in both commercial and residential areas. Over the years, noise levels in the commercial area have shown significant fluctuations, with Deepawali day noise levels increasing from 74.7 dB in 2021 to 80.8 dB in 2023. Commercial areas, near Hotel Fortune Blue on Piprali Road, typically exhibit higher noise levels than residential areas like Shivsinghpura Housing Board on Nawalgarh Road. In the residential area, noise levels also fluctuated but not as drastically, rising from 66.3 dB in 2021 to 68.7 dB in 2023. The standard limits for noise levels are 65 dB for daytime, 55 dB for nighttime in commercial areas, 55 dB for daytime and 45 dB for nighttime in residential areas. During Deepawali, noise levels frequently exceed the standard limits of 65 dB during the day, 55 dB at night for commercial areas, 55 dB during the day and 45 dB at night for residential areas.

For instance, in 2023, the commercial area's noise levels reached 83.4 dB at night during Deepawali, far exceeding the standard limits. In 2018, noise levels increased to 72.3 dB during the day and 66 dB at night during Deepawali. Similarly high levels were observed in 2019, with 72.7 dB during the day and 66.5 dB at night during Deepawali. While there was a notable decrease in noise levels in 2020, likely due to COVID-19 restrictions, subsequent years saw significant increases. Overall, the data underscores a growing concern regarding noise pollution management in Sikar during festive seasons, particularly in commercial zones where the levels have risen markedly in recent years. Even before Deepawali, the noise level exceeds the standard [2][18][26].

Table 3

Trend in noise level from 2017–2023,

(Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board)

CITY NAME	SIKAR
Name of monitoring location		Near Hotel Fortune Blue, Piprali Road, Sikar (Commercial)		Shivsinghpura Housing Board, Nawalgarh Road, Sikar (Residential)
Standard limits in dB(A) Leq*		65	55	55	45
Day/ Night Time		Day Time	Night Time	Day Time	Night Time
2017	Pre- Deepawali Day	—	—	62.6	50.9
	Deepawali Day	—	—	68.6	61.5
2018	Pre- Deepawali Day	—	—	58.9	47.3
	Deepawali Day	—	—	72.3	66
2019	Pre- Deepawali Day	—	—	60.2	56.6
	Deepawali Day	—	—	72.7	66.5
2020	Pre- Deepawali Day	—	—	53.6	45.2
	Deepawali Day	—	—	57.5	51.5
2021	Pre- Deepawali Day	74.7	69.9	56.6	49.7
	Deepawali Day	75.2	71.7	66.3	61.8
2022	Pre- Deepawali Day	72.5	67.4	57.4	48.3
	Deepawali Day	75	75.6	69.1	68.9
2023	Pre- Deepawali Day	75.1	66.1	60.4	58.1
	Deepawali Day	80.8	83.4	68.7	62.9

Noise pollution mitigation involves a multi-faceted approach that includes traffic management, urban planning, infrastructure improvements, environmental enhancements, noise monitoring and regulations, public awareness campaigns, noise-reducing technologies, public transport development, building design and retrofitting, and strategic planning and continuous improvement.

4.1 Traffic Management

Enhancing public transportation to reduce the number of private vehicles is crucial for managing urban noise. Implementing speed regulations helps curb noise from fast-moving vehicles, while promoting non-motorized transport options like walking and cycling, which contributes to a quieter environment. Utilizing traffic calming measures and implementing metaheuristic algorithms to optimize traffic flow can further reduce noise pollution. Additionally, widening streets and improving the quality of asphalt and street surfaces provide smoother driving conditions, which also helps reduce noise. Together, these strategies create a more efficient and quieter urban transportation network. Improving the quality of asphalt and street surfaces provides smoother driving conditions, which also helps in noise reduction. Together, these strategies create a more efficient and quieter urban transportation network. [7–10]

4.2 Urban Planning and Zoning

Creating buffer zones, such as green belts, between residential and industrial areas can help mitigate noise pollution. Enforcing land use regulations to separate noisy activities from living spaces ensures a quieter environment for residents.

Incorporating noise considerations into urban planning and designating quiet zones is essential for maintaining lower noise levels in sensitive areas. Additionally, strategically locating and orienting buildings, while promoting mixed-use, compact, and walkable urban forms, further contributes to a more peaceful and well-organized urban landscape [1],[2], [5],[6],[7],[9], and [10].

4.3 Infrastructure Improvements

Installing sound barriers and transparent sound insulation along major roads and highways helps to reduce noise pollution significantly. Using noise-absorbing materials in road construction and building facades mitigates the impact of traffic noise. Additionally, enhancing building shells and improving interior sound absorption create quieter and more comfortable living and working environments

[1], [2], and [8].

4.4 Environmental Enhancements

Increasing the number of parks, green spaces, and urban forestry by planting trees along streets and in public areas acts as natural sound barriers, effectively reducing noise pollution. Implementing green roofs for noise absorption further enhances green and blue infrastructure, contributing to a quieter and more aesthetically pleasing urban environment [1], [2], [6], [7], [8], and [9].

4.5 Noise Monitoring and Regulations

Implementing noise monitoring systems citywide and identifying areas with high noise levels are crucial steps in managing urban noise pollution. Enforcing stricter noise limits in sensitive areas such as hospitals and residential zones helps protect vulnerable populations. The development and enforcement of noise standards, including creating noise maps for planning city developments, ensure that urban growth considers acoustic impacts. Establishing clear regulations for noise levels, zoning, and mitigation strategies provides a legal framework for effective noise control. Additionally, using technology to monitor noise levels and provide real-time data to the public enhances transparency and informed decision-making. [2], [6], and [10].

4.6 Public Awareness Campaigns

Educating residents, businesses, and policymakers about the health effects of noise pollution is essential for raising awareness and fostering a community-wide understanding of the issue. Promoting behavior changes to reduce noise emissions and increasing public participation in noise reduction efforts can significantly contribute to creating a quieter and healthier urban environment. [2], [7], and [9] and [10].

4.7 Noise-Reducing Technologies

Utilizing technological advancements like machine learning and neural networks to predict noise levels enables more accurate and proactive noise management.

Implementing noise-reducing measures in building design and retrofitting projects further contributes to minimizing noise pollution, creating quieter and more comfortable living and working environments [2], [3], [6], and [7].

4.8 Public Transport Development

Encouraging quieter and more efficient public transportation helps reduce urban noise pollution and reliance on private vehicles. Promoting non-motorized vehicles such as bicycles further contributes to a quieter, cleaner, and more sustainable urban environment. [13] [11] [16] [14].

4.9 Building Design and Retrofitting

Encouraging sound-absorbing materials in construction and implementing noise-reducing measures in building design and retrofitting projects are essential strategies for minimizing noise pollution. These approaches help create quieter and more comfortable living and working environments[11] [9] [16] [14].

4.10 Strategic Planning and Continuous Improvement

Regularly updating noise policies based on data and public input ensures that regulations remain effective and responsive to the community's needs. Conducting comprehensive noise monitoring and tracking progress with medical records, surveys, and self-reported experiences provide valuable insights into the impact of noise pollution. Incorporating noise reduction measures in urban planning and infrastructure projects helps create quieter, more livable urban spaces. [11] [9] [14].

5.1 Spatial mapping

Spatial mapping of noise levels was conducted using the data from the following stations: RSPCB Office, Housing Board, Hotel Fortune Blue, Sri Kalyan Hospital, Municipal Office, and RIICO Office. These stations served as data points, and the subsequent maps were created using GIS software. Figure 5 shows the process of spatial mapping.

Analyzing the maps shown in Fig. 6 revealed significant patterns in noise pollution across different months and between day and night. Typically, noise levels increase from January to April as outdoor activities rise with warming temperatures. The daytime maps across different months show higher noise levels due to human activities like traffic, construction, and business operations. In comparison, nighttime maps generally reflect lower noise levels due to reduced activities. Each station's noise level can be compared, indicating that commercial areas like the Municipal Office and Hotel Fortune Blue might exhibit higher daily noise levels than residential area like the housing board.

5.2 Methodology for Analytic Hierarchy Process

For the identification and implementation of best practices for solutions in Sikar City, the set of proposals was taken from the research papers and then categorized into four parameters to determine which one was effective. The identified four categories are Traffic Management, Eco Enhancements, Urban Planning Strategies, and Noise Mitigation Technology. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a powerful decision-making tool that evaluates and prioritizes various noise management practices. By structuring complex decisions into a hierarchical format, AHP allows for systematic comparison and ranking criteria that influence noise levels. Through pairwise comparisons, the relative importance of each criterion is assessed, with experts familiar with local conditions assigning weights based on their judgment.

In the context of Sikar, the AHP framework has been applied to evaluate four categories: traffic management, eco enhancements, urban planning strategies, and noise mitigation technology. This method incorporates diverse perspectives and expert opinions to identify the most effective practices for improving air quality. Tables 4, 5, and 6 present the rankings provided by different participants, highlighting the most impactful practices when implemented individually or collectively. AHP facilitates comprehensive analysis and well-rounded conclusions by ensuring a balanced decision-making process. To identify and implement the best practices for Sikar City, proposals were sourced from research papers and categorized into four parameters. This structured approach helps determine which practices are most effective in enhancing air quality, whether applied individually or in combination.

$\:Consistency\:Index\:CI=\:(\lambda\:max-n)/(n-1$ )

$$\:Consistency\:Ratio\:CR=CI/RI$$

Table 4

Criteria ranking of Sample 1, Source: Author
SAMPLE-1
Parameters	Traffic Management	Eco Enhancements	Urban Planning Strategies	Noise Mitigation Technology
Traffic Management	1	3	0.5	0.333333333
Eco Enhancements	0.333333333	1	0.5	0.333333333
Urban Planning Strategies	2	2	1	0.333333333
Noise Mitigation Technology	3	3	3	1
Total	6.333333333	9	5	2

Table 5

Criteria ranking of Sample 2, Source: Author
SAMPLE-2
Parameters	Traffic Management	Eco Enhancements	Urban Planning Strategies	Noise Mitigation Technology
Traffic Management	1	2	2	0.5
Eco Enhancements	0.5	1	0.5	0.5
Urban Planning Strategies	0.5	2	1	0.333333333
Noise Mitigation Technology	2	2	3	1
Total	4	7	6.5	2.333333333

Table 6

Criteria ranking of Sample 3, Source: Author
SAMPLE-3
Parameters	Traffic Management	Eco Enhancements	Urban Planning Strategies	Noise Mitigation Technology
Traffic Management	1	0.5	0.333333333	2
Eco Enhancements	2	1	0.5	2
Urban Planning Strategies	3	2	1	3
Noise Mitigation Technology	0.5	0.5	0.333333333	1
Total	6.5	4	2.166666667	8

The Consistency Index (CI) and Consistency Ratio (CR) are fundamental components of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), playing a pivotal role in validating the reliability of pairwise comparisons between criteria. These metrics are instrumental in determining the logical coherence of participants' judgments. The calculations for CI and CR, as detailed in Tables 7, 8, and 9, provide a clear picture of this consistency. The CI indicates the uniformity within the pairwise comparison matrix, quantifying the extent to which judgments deviate from perfect consistency. A CI value approaching zero is indicative of highly consistent judgments. In the context of noise level management, all three samples reflected substantial consistency across various

Criteria. The CR offers a more holistic measure by comparing the CI to a Random Consistency Index (RI), which representing the average CI derived from numerous randomly generated matrices of equivalent size. The CR values for all three samples were within this acceptable range, underscoring the robustness of the judgments. Ensuring high consistency in pairwise comparisons is vital for decision-makers aiming to pinpoint the most effective strategies for enhancing noise quality.

By incorporating consistency checks through CI and CR, the AHP-based evaluation process is reinforced, enhancing its credibility and reliability. This meticulous approach empowers decision-makers to make informed, confident choices in noise quality management.

Table 7

CI and CR calculation of Sample 2, Source: Author
SAMPLE-1	Traffic Management	Eco Enhancements	Urban Planning Strategies	Noise Mitigation Technology	Eigen Vector	Percentage	EV	λmax
Traffic Management	0.16	0.33	0.1	0.17	0.76	18.95	0.19	1.2
Eco Enhancements	0.05	0.11	0.1	0.17	0.43	10.76	0.11	0.9684
Urban Planning Strategies	0.32	0.22	0.2	0.17	0.9	22.62	0.23	1.1308
Noise Mitigation Technology	0.47	0.33	0.6	0.5	1.91	47.68	0.48	0.9535
Consistency Index 0.0843
Consistency Ratio 0.0936

Table 8

CI and CR calculation of Sample 2, Source: Author
SAMPLE-2	Traffic Management	Eco Enhancements	Urban Planning Strategies	Noise Mitigation Technology	Eigen Vector	Percentage	EV	λmax
Traffic Management	0.25	0.29	0.31	0.21	1.06	26.44	0.26	1.0577
Eco Enhancements	0.13	0.14	0.08	0.21	0.56	13.98	0.14	0.9784
Urban Planning Strategies	0.13	0.29	0.15	0.14	0.71	17.69	0.18	1.1496
Noise Mitigation Technology	0.5	0.29	0.46	0.43	1.68	41.9	0.42	0.9776
Consistency Index 0.0544
Consistency Ratio 0.0604

Table 9

CI and CR calculation of Sample 3, and CR calculation of Sample 2, Source: Author
SAMPLE-3	Traffic Management	Eco Enhancements	Urban Planning Strategies	Noise Mitigation Technology	Eigen Vector	Percentage	EV	λmax
Traffic Management	0.15	0.13	0.15	0.25	0.68	17.07	0.17	1.1094
Eco Enhancements	0.31	0.25	0.23	0.25	1.04	25.96	0.26	1.0385
Urban Planning Strategies	0.46	0.5	0.46	0.38	1.8	44.95	0.45	0.974
Noise Mitigation Technology	0.08	0.13	0.15	0.13	0.48	12.02	0.12	0.9615

Consistency Index 0.0278

Consistency Ratio 0.0309

The Consistency Index (CI) and Consistency Ratio (CR) values for Sample 1 indicate moderate inconsistency in the pairwise comparisons. However, since the CR is below 0.10, it is generally considered acceptable, suggesting that the judgments are pretty consistent. In comparison, Sample 2 exhibits lower CI and CR values than Sample 1, reflecting better consistency in the pairwise comparisons. The CR value for Sample 2 is well below the 0.10 threshold, indicating good consistency. Sample 3, with the lowest CI and CR values among the three samples, demonstrates the highest level of consistency in the pairwise comparisons. Its CR value is significantly below 0.10, showing high consistency in the judgments. Overall, the consistency of the pairwise comparisons improve from Sample 1 to Sample 3, as evidenced by the decreasing CI and CR values. Sample 3 exhibits the highest consistency, followed by Sample 2, and then Sample. The average values of all three samples are given in Table 10.

Table 10

Final AHP ranking, Source: Author
Noise
Variable	Sample-1	Sample-2	Sample-3	AVERAGE	RANK
Traffic Management	18.95	26.44	17.07	20.82	3
Eco Enhancements	10.76	13.98	25.96	16.90	4
Urban Planning Strategies	22.62	17.69	44.95	28.42	2
Noise Mitigation Technology	47.68	41.90	12.02	33.86	1

Like many expanding urban centers, Sikar grapples with noise management challenges stemming from increasing vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and urbanization. Implementing a comprehensive noise management plan is essential for enhancing the health and well-being of its residents. The proposed measures are particularly suitable for Sikar due to their multifaceted approach, which effectively addresses pollution sources across various sectors.

6.1 Noise Mitigation Technology

Implementing a comprehensive noise management plan is essential for enhancing the health and well-being of its residents. Installing sound barriers and transparent sound insulation along major roads and highways is crucial for reducing traffic noise in Sikar. These measures effectively deflect and absorb sound waves, preventing their transmission into residential and commercial areas. Supplementing this with noise-absorbing materials in road construction and building facades diminishes noise pollution by minimizing sound vibrations. Strengthening the design of new buildings facing streets by strategically placing of windows, balconies, and soundproofing materials will help mitigate noise intrusion, and enhance the urban living environment. Deploying citywide noise monitoring systems is critical to pinpointing high-noise areas and tailoring interventions accordingly. Enforcing stringent noise limits in sensitive locales such as hospitals and residential zones protects vulnerable populations from excessive noise-related health hazards. Developing comprehensive noise standards and maps aids urban planning, ensuring that new developments prioritize noise mitigation. Establishing clear regulations for noise levels, zoning, and mitigation strategies provides a structured framework for effective noise control measures across Sikar.

6.2 Urban Planning Strategies

Sikar city is grappling with significant environmental challenges, marked by a notable increase in vehicle growth and industrial operations over the past decade (23). Increasing the presence of parks, green spaces, and urban forestry by strategically planting trees along streets and public areas as natural sound barrier, significantly reducing noise pollution in Sikar. These green initiatives absorb and deflect noise but also and contribute to the city's aesthetic appeal and ecological health. Green roofs enhance noise absorption capabilities while improving building insulation and mitigating urban heat island effects. Augmenting green and blue infrastructure with features like water elements and green walls will bolster overall noise reduction efforts, promoting a tranquil and sustainable urban landscape. Effective urban planning also involves enforcing buffer zones like green belts between residential and industrial zones, and strict land use regulations to segregate noisy activities. This ensures quieter living environments and controlled noise levels in residential areas.

6.3 Traffic Management

To address the environmental challenges in Sikar, promoting quieter and more efficient public transportation systems is imperative while encouraging the use of non-motorized vehicles such as bicycles. This strategy reduces urban noise pollution mitigates air pollution and traffic congestion. Developing dedicated bike lanes and enhancing cycling infrastructure will facilitate safer and more widespread adoption of cycling, thereby fostering a cleaner, quieter, and more sustainable transportation network. Effective traffic management is essential for mitigating urban noise pollution through various strategies. These include redirecting heavy traffic away from residential areas, implementing speed regulations to reduce engine and tire noise, and optimizing traffic flow with advanced algorithms. Infrastructure improvements such as widening streets and upgrading asphalt quality enhance driving conditions and minimize noise levels.

6.4 Eco Enhancements

Increasing the presence of parks, green spaces, and urban forestry by strategically planting trees along streets and in public areas is a natural sound barrier, significantly reducing noise XS pollution in Sikar. These green initiatives absorb and deflect noise and contribute to the city's aesthetic appeal and ecological health. Green roofs enhance noise absorption capabilities while improving building insulation and mitigating urban heat island effects. Augmenting green and blue infrastructure with features like water elements and green walls will bolster overall noise reduction efforts, promoting a tranquil and sustainable urban landscape. Additionally, promoting eco-friendly transport options, like cycling and walking, contributes to a quieter and healthier urban environment, reducing the reliance on motorized vehicles.

The comprehensive analysis of noise pollution in Sikar City has highlighted critical trends and noise levels that exceed national standards, posing significant risks to public health and quality of life. The primary sources of noise pollution, including traffic, industrial activities, and construction work, necessitate continuous noise monitoring, data-driven policy updates, and public engagement for effective management.

Implementing the proposed noise management measures in Sikar will undoubtedly bring numerous benefits, but several challenges must be addressed to ensure their success. Securing necessary funds for large-scale infrastructure projects, such as sound barriers, green belts, and public transportation enhancements, presents a significant challenge, along with ongoing maintenance and operational costs for noise monitoring systems and public transportation. Technical and logistical hurdles arise from the need for advanced traffic management systems, metaheuristic algorithms, and retrofitting existing buildings with noise-absorbing materials and sound insulation. Additionally, encouraging public transportation and non-motorized vehicles may face resistance from individuals accustomed to using private vehicles, and implementing speed regulations and traffic calming measures might be unpopular among drivers.

Environmental and spatial limitations present another hurdle, as creating green spaces and urban forestry requires available land, which can be scarce in densely populated areas. Implementing green roofs and other environmental enhancements may face structural and spatial constraints in existing buildings. Integrating noise-reducing technologies in industries and construction sites involves significant investment and technological adaptation, and ensuring compatibility and efficiency of noise monitoring systems with existing city infrastructure can be challenging. Health and safety considerations must also be considered, as implementing sound barriers and insulation measures should consider the potential impact on emergency services and access routes. Noise reduction measures must not compromise air quality or other environmental health aspects.

The proposed strategies, such as sound barriers, green spaces, noise-reducing technologies, and enhanced public transportation, are crucial for mitigating noise levels. However, addressing challenges such as securing funding, technical integration, and behavioral resistance is essential for successful implementation. This study provides a comprehensive framework for assessing and mitigating noise pollution, offering actionable recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and community stakeholders. By adopting these strategies, Sikar City can enhance its urban environment, promote public health, and improve its residents’ overall quality of life.

Author Contribution

All authors contributed equally to the research and the development of the manuscript. Each author was involved in the conceptualization, methodology design, data collection and analysis, literature review, application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, and preparation of the manuscript text, figures, and tables. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgement

We are particularly grateful to the Department of Planning and architecture, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, for their invaluable support and guidance.

Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study on noise quality in Sikar city are available from the following sources:1. Noise Monitoring Station Locations: The locations of the noise monitoring stations were obtained from the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (https://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/content/environment/en/rajasthan-state-pollution-control-board.html.html#).2. Noise Values: The noise level data were retrieved from the RSPCB Management Information System, accessible at (https://rspcbmis.environment.rajasthan.gov.in/Laboratory/Lab_Sample_Noise_Avg_Report.aspx)3. Noise Values (2024): The noise values for specific months of 2024 have been acquired from the specific month wise reports, available at (https://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/content/environment/en/rajasthan-state-pollution-control-board/NoiseQualityBulletin.html)4. Diwali Season Noise Report: Specific data on noise levels during the Diwali season are available in the environmental report published by the RSPCB, accessible at (https://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/content/environment/en/rajasthan-state-pollution-control-board/EnvironmentalReport/noise-monitoring-report.html)5. The AHP tables prepared by the authors are available at (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xXmgaTXM_djJlu1vmYHVDAls-PpSdlfmZvv5GCp1YMA/edit?usp=sharing)

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No competing interests reported.

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Assessing and mitigating noise pollution in Sikar city: strategies and solutions

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