The mediating effects of Mindful Self-care and Nurses’ Perceived Professional Benefits on the relationship between Compassion Satisfaction and Burnout of Chinese Oncology Nurses: a cross sectional study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816423/v1

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The mediating effects of Mindful Self-care and Nurses’ Perceived Professional Benefits on the relationship between Compassion Satisfaction and Burnout of Chinese Oncology Nurses: a cross sectional study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816423/v1

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Background Oncology nurses experience more stress than other unit which can lead to burnout. Burnout can infect oncology nurses’ caring behavior of empathy-based care and change their well-being. Many researches demonstrates the potential associations between compassion satisfaction, mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits and burnout. This study aimed to explore the mediation role of satisfaction, mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits on the relationships between compassion satisfaction and burnout.

Methods An online anonymous cross-sectional survey of 301 oncology nurses was conducted from May to April 2023. The survey was conducted following the CHERRIES checklist. The subjects were given the general demographic information questionnaire, professional quality of life scale, brief mindful self-care scale and brief nurses’ perceived professional benefits questionnaire. The data was processed by SPSS and AMOS. The descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, structural equation modeling, and the bootstrap method were used.

Results 285 valid questionnaires were obtained. The correlation analysis identified a positive correlation between compassion satisfaction, mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits and burnout(r=-0.700-0.743, P < 0.001). Mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits partially mediated the relationship between compassion satisfaction and burnout. Mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits played a chain mediating role between compassion satisfaction and burnout.

Conclusions The underlying mechanism can explain the relationships between compassion satisfaction and burnout: a direct predictor and an indirect effect through mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits. Nursing manager should pay more attention to the importance of compassion satisfaction and construct tailored strategies for improving burnout depending on mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits.

Oncology Nurses

Mindful self-care

Compassion Satisfaction

Burnout

Nurses’ perceived professional benefits

Mediating effect

Over 35 million new cancer cases are predicted in 2050, as the International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) released^[1], which is one reason why oncology nurses experience more stress than other unit. They often face patient death, which can create painful experiences and emotional burdens^[2]. They are also always expected to be intensely empathetic^[3] which can let them get emotionally attached to patients and have difficult to separate work from personal life^[4]. Stressors including death anxiety, ethical issues and lack of social support^[5–9] can cause oncology nurses’ burnout^[10]. Burnout syndrome is an individual response to chronic work stress that develops progressively^[11] and can cause damage at a cognitive, emotional, and attitudinal level, which can translates into negative behavior towards work, peers, users, and the professional role^[12–16]. As the most prevalent workplace issues for adult oncology nurses, burnout have been studied in many researches.

Compassion Satisfaction as a predictor to burnout

In Stamm’s^[17] professional quality of life(Pro-QOL) framework, burnout is included in compassion fatigue(CF) together with secondary traumatic stress(STS). The term of burnout was described as the physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by chronic involvement in burdensome situations, secondary traumatic stress(STS) and poor feeling of compassion satisfaction. As a positive aspect of professional quality of life(pro-QOL), compassion satisfaction was described as the emotions generated and the sense of achievement derived from helping and caring for patients^[18]. And it may contribute to balancing the negative aspects of burnout and protecting against compassion fatigue^[19]. However, cross-sectional studies of oncology nurses showed a large percentage of heterogeneity about the prevalence and correlation of CS, burnout and STS^[20]. Some researches showed a weak negative correlation between CS and BO and a weak positive correlation between CS and STS. These indicated in different health professionals, the situation and the correlation were not same. Oncology nurses in China were reported experiencing moderate level of compassion fatigue and have low level of compassion satisfaction^[21–24]. In order to promote the quality of life of oncology nurses, understanding the process of how CS affects burnout and STS will be very important. This study proposes Hypothesis 1: compassion satisfaction significantly predicts burnout among Chinese oncology nurses.

The mediating effect of mindful self-care between compassion satisfaction and burnout

Mindfulness, which is also a a form of self-care, is an intervention can reduce compassionate fatigue and increase compassion satisfaction^[25]. And research on hospice care professionals has shown that those who frequently use self-care strategies experience a higher professional quality of life^[26]. It has been found that the factors promoting compassion satisfaction include building an empathetic care-giving relationship, developing resilience, coping mechanisms and self-care^{[19, 27]}. Mindful self-care is an integration of mindfulness and traditional self-care practices^[28] that involves mindful self-awareness and assessment of one’s internal and external needs. Based on the healthcare professional wellness model adapted from Hotchkiss^[25], research found that compassion satisfaction and mindful self-care are well-being promoters, while burnout and STS are well-being detractors^[26]. And mindfulness-based intervention can decreases nurses’ burnout and perceived stress^[29]. Among hospice care professionals, mindful self-care was also found to be correlated with CS, while to be statistically significant protective factors against burnout risk^[30]. Therefore, this study proposed the Hypothesis 2 that among oncology nurses, mindful self-care was positively associated with compassion satisfaction and negatively associated with burnout, and it can also play a mediating role between the relationship with compassion satisfaction and burnout.

The mediating role of nurses’ perceived professional benefits between compassion satisfaction and burnout.

Based on the Lazarus and Folkman’^[31] cognitive regulation theory of stress and the positive psychology, Hu^[32] did a research to explore what the nurses can benefit from their work in China and developed a conceptual framework of nurses’ perceived professional benefits(NPPB). In this framework, NPPB refer to nurses’ perceptions of the gains and benefits they receive in their profession in the process of employment and the belief that engaging in the nursing profession can promote their all-round growth and development^[33]. Nurse’ positive cognitive evaluation of profession can make significant contributions to the improvement of job satisfaction which also have positive correlation with compassion satisfaction in nursing^[34]. Hui’s research also showed that benefit finding can independently predicted the three dimensions of nurses’ professional quality of life^[35]. NPPB and compassion satisfaction may be positively related.

The cognitive evaluation is the key variable of individual stress response caused by life events^[31]. Negative experiences such as job burnout caused by long-term work pressure are mainly determined by their negative cognition. Previous studies have shown that NPPB have relationships with the quality of life, job of happiness, willingness to work and burnout of nurses^[36–40]. In China, Xie also found the willingness to leave of oncology nurses was high, and there was a negative correlation between career benefit and turnover intention^[41]. So NPPB will be significantly correlated with burnout. Therefore, this study proposed Hypothesis 3: NPPB is the mediating variable affecting compassion satisfaction and burnout.

The chain mediating effect of mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits between compassion satisfaction and burnout

Based on the aforementioned information, mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits may play a single mediating role between compassion satisfaction and burnout. However, the relationship between mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits remains to be clarified. In addition, whether these variables play a chain mediating effect between compassion satisfaction and burnout must be explored.The mindful self-care was proposed by the conceptual model based on the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs^{[25, 26, 30]} including belonging needs, esteem needs, and cognitive needs, which also have relationship with nurses’ perceived professional benefits^[36]. Research showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction(MBSR) intervention can improve total scores of perceived professional benefits^[42–44]. And the humanistic care ability was significantly positively correlated with perceived professional benefits^{[45, 46]}. The relationship between compassion Satisfaction and burnout may be influenced by mindful self-care in the first place and by nurses’ perceived professional benefits in the second. Therefore, this study proposes Hypothesis 4: mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits are related to compassion satisfaction and burnout and play a chain intermediary role.

Based on this, this study aims to deeply explore the mediating effect of mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits on compassion satisfaction and burnout, in order to provide new ideas for improving and intervening in oncology nurses’ burnout, and to provide richer theoretical support for scientific guidance on oncology nurses’ burnout.

The theoretical framework based on the healthcare professional wellness model adapted from Hotchkiss^[25]and the Lazarus and Folkman’ cognitive regulation theory of stress for this research is shown in Fig. 1.

Design

This cross-sectional online survey was conducted among oncology nurses. This study was designed and conducted following Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)^[47](See the supplementary file 1).

Participants and data collection procedure

Through convenience sampling, this research collected data from oncology nurses in two university-affiliated comprehensive hospitals and one university-affiliated cancer hospital from May to April 2023. An online anonymous cross-sectional survey of 301 oncology nurses was conducted. The following criteria have to be met in order to be eligible to take part in this study: (1) a full-time oncology nurses with professional qualifications, (2) have worked in the oncology department for more than 2 years, (3) willing to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria for were as follows : (1) nurses who were rotating to the oncology department, (2) nurses from external hospitals who come for continuous studies.

To recruit study participants, the project leader contacted the chief head nurse of each oncology department and met with them to let them provide feedback on the questionnaire. Wenjuanxing (www.wjx.cn), which is a popular online data gathering website in China, was utilized to produce a web survey. The WeChat, which is a well-known social media platform in China, was used to distribute questionnaires to participants. Before completing the questionnaire, each participant was provided an informed consent about data confidentiality, storage, and the purpose of the study. To avoid duplication, each IP address was permitted to complete only one questionnaire. All items in the questionnaire were set as mandatory in Wenjuanxing, permitting participants answer all questions before submitting the questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire, the participants got the rewards which were set by researcher through the website. The questionnaires that takes less than 160s to complete were considered invalid according to a cut score for response time at 2 s an item^[48]. The response times too slow were not been considered because many more factors may contribute to this situation^[49]. The Item 4 of B-MSCS, and the item 1, 4, 15, 17, 29 of pro-QOL-V were all reverse questions, the questionnaires which does not conform to others were also regarded as invalid. According to the principle of confidentiality, only researchers have the account number and password to enter the website to see the data. After eliminating invalid questionnaires from 301 questionnaires, 285 valid questionnaires were obtained. The effective response rate was 95%.

Variables and data collection instruments

Sociodemographic variables

The questionnaire had some questions to collect data on participants’ age, gender, education level, marital status, professional title, years of being in the profession, and so on.

The Chinese version of the professional quality of life scale(pro-QOL-V)

This study adopts the Chinese version of the professional quality of life scale translated by Zheng^[50] to measure compassion satisfaction and burnout. The scale consists of three sub-scales of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress, of which burnout and secondary traumatic stress were used to assess compassion fatigue. The scale includes 30 items, with 10 items each sub-scales. Using the likert 5-level scoring method, the 1–5 scores are "never", "rarely", "sometimes", "often", "always". Among them, items 1,4,15,17 and 29 are reverse scores, and the rest are positive scores. The reliability of each sub-scales in the study is 0.88, 0.75 and 0.81 respectively.

The Chinese version of Brief Mindful Self-Care Scale

The B-MSCS was compiled by Hotchkiss and Cook-Cottone ^[25]. The Chinese edition of B-MSCS was translated and revised by Yang^[51] in Hospice nurses. The Chinese version of B-MSCS entails 24 items which was broken down into six subscales: physical care(PC), supportive relationships(SR), mindful self-awareness(MS), self-compassion and purpose(SC), mindful relaxation(MR), and support structure(SS). It can measure the self-reported frequency of self-care behaviors. A 5-point Likert scale, ranging from never to always was adopted. The Cronbach’s α value of the Chinese version of B-MSCS was 0.920, and the Cronbach’s α value of the dimensions ranged from 0.850 to 0.933. This study got the permission of Yang^[51] and firstly validated the scale in the Chinese oncology nurses.

The brief Nurse’s Perceived Professional Benefits Questionnaire

The Nurse’s Perceived Professional Benefits Questionaire(NPPBQ) was developed by Hu J.^[32] in 2013. A total of 29 items were included in the questionnaire, Hu Y L^[52] developed and validated the NPPB to a brief nurses’ perceived professional benefit questionnaire (the brief NPPBQ). The brief NPPBQ has 5 dimensions:personal growth (4 items), good nurse-patient relationship (4 items), recognition from families and friends (3 items), positive professional perception (3 items), and a sense of belonging to a work team (3 items). On a 5-point scale, the responses ranged from 1 (completely do not agree) to 5 (completely agree). A higher score indicates a better NPPB. The Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.937. The sub-scales coefficients ranged from 0.737 to 0.862.

Ethical considerations

The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their enrollment in the study. The study got the approval of the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University(approval number 2022 − 131).

Data Analysis

Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26 and AMOS 23. Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize participants’ demographic, clinical characteristics and scores of scales. Numbers, frequencies, means and standard deviations(SDs) were used. The correlation relationship between the score of B-MSCS, pro-QOL, NPPBQ and there sub-scales were tested by the Pearson correlation analysis. Mediator analysis was conducted using AMOS 23 with 5000 samples. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Participants’ characteristics

The sociodemographic variables were as follows: female(n = 283, 99.3%), male (n = 2, 0.7%); Associate’s degree or below(n = 16, 5.6%), Bachelor’s degree(n = 240, 84.2%), Master’s degree or above(n = 29, 10.2%). The age of oncology nurses from 22 to 53 (mean = 31.73, SD = 5.54 ) (see Table 1).

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of the participants (n = 285)
Variables		n	%
Gender	Females	283	99.3
Gender	Males	2	0.7
Education level	Associate’s degree or below	16	5.6
	Bachelor’s degree	240	84.2
	Master’s degree or above	29	10.2
Years in nursing profession	1–5	89	31.2
	6–10	74	26.0
	11–15	122	42.8
Years in oncology nursing	1–3	69	24.2
	4–6	58	20.4
	7–9	49	17.2
	10–20	109	38.2
Marital status	Married	193	67.7
	Unmarried	89	31.2
	Divorce	3	1.1
Employment category	Permanent staff	40	14.0
	Labor contract	216	75.8
	Labor dispatching	29	10.2
Income per month(CNY)	2000–5000	22	7.7
	5001–8000	83	29.1
	8,001–11,000	120	42.1
	Above 11,000	60	21.1
Professional title	Nurse	19	6.7
	Primary nurse	102	35.8
	Nurse-in-charge	153	53.7
	Co-chief superintendent nurse	9	3.2
	Chief superintendent nurse	2	0.7

Descriptive statistics of each variables

The scores of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress of the participants were 33.68 ± 7.69; 25.10 ± 6.03; 25.56 ± 6.43. The total score of the pro-QOL was 84.34 ± 10.51. The score of dimensions of mindfulness self-care were:physical care 13.47 ± 3.81, supportive relationship 14.09 ± 3.08, mindfulness self-awareness 10.92 ± 2.29, self-compassion and Purpose 14.23 ± 3.06, mindfulness relaxation 12.56 ± 3.55, and support structure 14.72 ± 2.86. The total score of Chinese version of B-MSCS was 79.99 ± 14.12. The scores of positive occupational perception, good nurse patient relationship, recognition from family, relatives and friends, sense of belonging to a team and self growth were 11.39 ± 2.31, 15.94 ± 2.61, 11.51 ± 2.07, 11.67 ± 2.03, 15.71 ± 2.65. The total NPPBQ score was 66.21 ± 10.87.

Correlations among Burnout, secondary traumatic stress, compassion satisfaction, mindful self-care and nurse’s perceived professional benefits

Pearson correlation analysis was used to judge the correlation between two continuous variables. Each sub-scales’ score of pro-QOL: CS, Burnout, and STS were strongly correlated(P < 0.001). CS was strongly and negatively correlated(P < 0.001) with Burnout and STS(r=-0.731, P < 0.001; r=-0.008, P < 0.001). STS was strongly and positively correlated with Burnout (r = 0.544, P < 0.001). The total score of mindful self-care was strongly and positively correlated with compassion satisfaction(r = 0.696, P < 0.001). The total score of mindful self-care was strongly and negatively correlated with burnout(r=-0.642 P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between mindful self-care with STS(r=-0.070, P = 0.242). The total score of NPPBQ was strongly and positively correlated with compassion satisfaction(r = 0.743, P < 0.001) and MSC(r = 0.663, P < 0.001). There were also significant negatively correlation between the total score of the NPPBQ with Burnout and STS(r=-0.700, P < 0.001; r=-0.233, P < 0.001). Table 2 showed the correlations analysis details.

Table 2

Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis between key variables(n = 285)
	CS	Burnout	STS	MSC	NPPB
CS	1
Burnout	-0.731**	1
STS	-0.008**	0.544**	1
MSC	0.696**	-0.642**	-0.070	1
NPPB	0.743**	-0.700**	-0.233**	0.663**	1
P<0.05 *P<0.001

The chain mediated effect of Mindful Self-care and Nurses’ Perceived Professional Benefits in the relationship of Compassion Satisfaction and Burnout

To construct the chain-mediation structural model, burnout was set as the independent variable, compassion satisfaction was set as the dependent variable, and mindful self-care and nurse’s perceived professional benefits were set as the mediating variables. The model fitting results were χ²/df = 2.252, the RMSEA = 0.066, which indicated good model fit. Other indices also showed good model fit: CFI = 0.979, TLI = 0.971, GFI = 0.940, AGFI = 0.902, which are within the acceptable range. Figure 2 showed the chain-mediation effect model diagram of burnout, compassion satisfaction, mindful self-care and nurse’s perceived professional benefits of oncology nurses. The 95% confidence interval(95% CI) of the chain-mediation path from compassion satisfaction to burnout was [-0.095, -0.028], excluding 0, which can indicate significance. The results can indicate that mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits have chain mediating factor in the relationship between compassion satisfaction and burnout. The hypotheses were confirmed.

Table 3

Bootstrap analysis of the significance test of mediation effects
Effect	Pathway	Effect value	Effect Ratio(%)	95%CI
Effect	Pathway	Effect value	Effect Ratio(%)	Low	High
Indirect effect1	CS→MSC→Burnout	−0.170	23.26	−0.207	−0.038
Indirect effect2	CS→NPPB→Burnout	−0.083	11.35	−0.244	−0.089
Indirect effect3	CS→MSC→NPPB→Burnout	−0.083	11.35	−0.095	−0.028
Direct effect		−0.395	54.04	−0.524	−0.271
Total effect		−0.731	100	−0.783	−0.671
Notes:CS = compassion satisfaction, MSC = mindful self-care, NPPB = nurse’s perceived professional benefits

This study explored the relationships between burnout, compassion satisfaction, mindful self-care and nurse’s perceived professional benefits and demonstrated the mediation models in Chinese oncology nurses. The finding identified compassion satisfaction can influence burnout in three ways: MSC, NPPB, and MSC→NPPB, supporting the four Hypotheses. The findings may improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism of these four variables and provide meaningful ideas for taking measures to improve oncology nurses’ burnout.

The findings of this study revealed negative correlation between compassion satisfaction and burnout, indicating that compassion satisfaction could significantly predict burnout in oncology nurses. This result was consistent with previous studies^{[20, 53, 54]}. Compassion satisfaction is the pleasant feeling derived from lending a hand to others through life’s traumatic situations^[55]. In the conceptual model of compassion satisfaction^[27], compassion satisfaction can help nurse to have the ability to provide enthusiastic and meaningful patient and family care, and build a positive work environment with a sense of team coherence which can prevent against compassion fatigue and burnout. But many researches showed healthcare providers(HCPs) including oncology nurses are all at high risk of developing CF and have low CS^{[20, 54, 56]}. Thus, health authorities and nursing manager are advised to care for oncology nurses and pay more attention to their compassion satisfaction. To find ways to increase the oncology nurses’ feelings of compassion satisfaction can promote the well-being of the individual nurse, as well as having a positive influence on nursing practice and patient outcomes^[27].

The first pathway confirmed was the mediating role of mindful self-care in the relationship between compassion satisfaction and burnout, which was consist with the Healthcare professional wellness model^[25]. Compassion satisfaction is a kind of self-actualization^[27] in Maslow’s needs theory, while subscales of MSCS fit well with Maslow’s theory. So oncology nurses who experience higher compassion satisfaction may have higher levels of mindful self-care ability. When oncology nurses have higher levels of mindful self-care ability, they may have positive embodiment, which is the ability to peacefully inhabit one’s body, maintain good boundaries^[57], and be fully present during the compassionate care for patients. This ability can reduce the possibility they experience a sense of disconnection, burnout, conflict, or self-harm^[58]. As a result, compassion satisfaction can decrease burnout through mindful self-care ability. Oncology nurses need encouragement to find satisfaction during work and promote their mindful self-care activities.

This study also verified the mediating effect of NPPB on compassion satisfaction and burnout. This result also supports the predictive impact of NPPB on pro-QOL^[35]. The mediating effect of NPPB reveals that if oncology nurses experience higher compassion satisfaction, they might experience greater perceived professional benefits, and have lower burnout. Compassion satisfaction is the fulfillment one receives from the work of patient care and it means oncology nurses will experience feelings including well-being, accomplishment, joy, enrichment, invigoration, gratitude, and hope^[27]. These feelings might have function to help health care workers identify meaning in their work^[59], while NPPB means the benefits and gains nurses perceived from their jobs^[60]. As researches showed, higher NPPB can develop job happiness^[36] of oncology nurses and decrease their burnout^[40]. As a result, compassion satisfaction can decrease burnout through NPPB. Nursing manager should help oncology nurses develop their perceived professional benefits through instructing them experience more compassion satisfaction.

Additionally, the results of this research also supported the assertion that the chain relationship between mindful self-care and NPPB mediate the relationship between compassion satisfaction and burnout. The partial and chain mediation effect were significant. Higher compassion satisfaction can make oncology nurses give themselves more mindful self-care, and higher mindful self-are can let them experience more NPPB, which can lead to lower burnout. This results indicated that although compassion satisfaction is the fulfillment and other good feeling oncology nurses experience which can improve their NPPB, but it might happen when oncology nurses have the ability to mindful relaxation, mindful awareness, have good supportive relationships, and have self-compassion and purpose^[58]. They should realize the feelings of compassion satisfaction mindfully, then they can know the meanings of their work, and have higher NPPB. This model also indicated that mindful self-care can decrease the burnout of oncology nurses like other research showed^[61], but mindful self-care might have effect when oncology nurses use it in work, including have good relationship with other health care professionals(HCPs) or have self-compassion and purpose in nursing care of patients. Oncology nurses who have higher mindful self-care ability will have higher NPPB and lower Burnout. These findings provide theoretical foundation for the development of interventions to improve oncology nurses’ compassion satisfaction and decrease their burnout. Nursing manager should help oncology nurses using mindful self-care to realize compassion satisfaction, find the meaning of work, improve NPPB and reduce their burnout.

Limitations

This research has several limitations. First, this cross-sectional study utilized only convenience sampling which may cause bias. Random sampling should be used in further research. Second, this research did not consider the different levels of mindful self-care and pro-QOL. Finding the relationship between variables in different levels of compassion satisfaction, and burnout could make the intervention program design be more targeted. Third, this is just an cross-sectional survey, it may can not reflect the details of the feelings and experience of compassion satisfaction and burnout, further qualitative research or mixed method research should be conducted on the compassion satisfaction and burnout of oncology nurses.

This study used a correlational and mediation analysis to study the relationships between four variables. Compassion satisfaction could be a predictive factor for oncology nurses’ burnout. Meanwhile, compassion satisfaction can indirectly influence burnout among oncology nurses through the mediating effect of mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits. The chain mediating effect of mindful self-care and nurses’ perceived professional benefits, supporting healthcare professional wellness model. These findings provide new insights in the professional quality of life of among oncology nurses and may help nursing managers to implement some new management policies or mindful self-care intervention in this group.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

A full compliance with ethical guidelines and regulations was observed in all methods used in this study. The Zhengzhou University Ethics Committee gave its approval to this study(approval number 2022 − 131), and the subjects gave their informed consent before their data was collected.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Funding

Author Contribution

Yan Shi contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition, interpretation of the outcomes and manuscript writing of the study. Jing Hu and Yanli Hu contributed to provide scales and were responsible for data processing. Lamei Liu, Yan Xu, and Jing Chen contributed to the questionnaire distribution. Di Zhu contributed to study supervision, project administration and the crucial revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, provided final confirmation of the revised version to be published and are responsible for the overall content as the guarantor. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

None.

Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

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No competing interests reported.

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The mediating effects of Mindful Self-care and Nurses’ Perceived Professional Benefits on the relationship between Compassion Satisfaction and Burnout of Chinese Oncology Nurses: a cross sectional study

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Background

Compassion Satisfaction as a predictor to burnout

The mediating effect of mindful self-care between compassion satisfaction and burnout

Methods

Design

Participants and data collection procedure

Variables and data collection instruments

Sociodemographic variables

The Chinese version of the professional quality of life scale(pro-QOL-V)

The Chinese version of Brief Mindful Self-Care Scale

The brief Nurse’s Perceived Professional Benefits Questionnaire

Ethical considerations

Data Analysis

Results

Participants’ characteristics

Descriptive statistics of each variables

Correlations among Burnout, secondary traumatic stress, compassion satisfaction, mindful self-care and nurse’s perceived professional benefits

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusions

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Competing interests

Funding

Author Contribution

Acknowledgements

Data Availability

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1