Optimization of a ternary composite of CuFe2O4/CuO@rGO and its electrochemical evaluation as an electrode material for supercapacitor application

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4851160/v1

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Optimization of a ternary composite of CuFe2O4/CuO@rGO and its electrochemical evaluation as an electrode material for supercapacitor application

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4851160/v1

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In this study, CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO nanocomposites were prepared using the hydrothermal technique. In order to investigate these nanocomposite electrochemical properties, researchers constructed two-electrode and three-electrode cell configurations (asymmetric cells). The nanocomposite CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO showed an impressive specific capacitance that exceeded 2110 Fg⁻¹ at a current density of 1 Ag⁻¹. This asymmetric cell showed an impressive 40.44 Wh kg⁻¹ energy density at a power density of 780 Wkg⁻¹, with activated carbon (AC) acting as the anode and CuFe₂O₄/CuO@ rGO as the cathode. It also had a prolonged cycle life, with 93% retention after 10,000 cycles. By illuminating light-emitting diode (LED) lights, the asymmetric cell demonstrated the practical use of this nanocomposite as an active electrode material. By keeping its electrochemical activity steady over a variety of twisting angles, this gadget also proved its structural resilience. As far as we are aware, the synthesized nanocomposite outperformed both commercial supercapacitors and the published CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO-based composites when used as an active electrode material. The impressive electrochemical capability of the produced nanocomposite makes it an attractive electrode material for use in high-performance supercapacitors.

CuFe₂O₄

Supercapacitors

Hydrothermal

Asymmetric supercapacitor

Energy storage device

Natural resources are now the focus of much study because of the growing demand for electric cars, concerns about sustainability, and the scarcity of fossil fuels. A secondary goal of the study is to develop energy storage devices with high performance and low cost. The reason is, that technological gadgets are fundamental to the everyday lives of people everywhere. Of the many types of sustainable energy storage technologies, batteries and supercapacitors stand out as the most common and promising [1–3]. Due to their exceptional characteristics, such as short charging times, long cycle lives, wide operating temperatures, and high power densities, supercapacitors are gaining popularity [4–8]. One way to classify supercapacitors is by the technique they use to store charge. Three types of electric double-layer capacitors include hybrid, pseudo, and electric (EDLC) [9, 10]. Graphene, activated carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanotubes are some of the most common carbon-based electrode materials employed in electrophoretic separation chromatography (EDLC). These have a high specific area, are porous, and can transmit electricity very well. Pseudo capacitors employ conducting polymer and transition metal oxide as its electrode materials [11–14].

Finding and developing an electrode material with the right characteristics is a difficult but ongoing process for high-performance supercapacitors. The production of the electrodes for supercapacitors has made use of the traditional examples of transition metal oxides (TMOs). For the purpose of creating pseudo capacitive electrodes, spinel ferrites (MFe₂O₄, where M = metal) have garnered a lot of interest among the many transition metal oxide manufacturers due to their fascinating and adjustable electrochemical, electricity, optical, magnetic, and resistive characteristics. Numerous investigations on metal ferrites (MFe₂O₄, M = Zn, and Co, Cu, Ni) as potential nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage technologies have focused on their inexpensive cost, abundant redox chemistry, and ecologically benign nature. An increase in specific capacity and a rich redox reaction are the outcomes of metal ion and Fe combining effects [15–17].

Recent years have seen a plethora of research on composites composed of graphene using copper-ferrite, nickel-ferrite, cobalt-ferrite, zinc-ferrite, and their respective electrodes in supercapacitors [18]. Copper ferrites (CuFe₂O₄ ) are a form of transition metal oxide that stands out among the many ferrites. Their many useful properties, including a large surface area, cheap cost, environmental friendliness, catalytic processes, and energy storage, make them ideal for a variety of applications [19–22]. Copper ferrite has the highest specific capacitance of 250 Fg^− 1 at a scan rate of 2mV/s, according to a comparative investigation by Aparna et al. [23] that they performed on metal ferrites (MFe₂O₄, M = Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cu). Researchers have been constructing composites by introducing various Transition metal oxides (TMO) nanomaterials into the CuFe₂O₄ matrix, thanks to the recent advancements in processing capabilities. Famous for its stability in chemicals, cheap cost, and great thermal emittance capabilities, CuO is a p-type semiconductor. These characteristics make CuO an ideal component for use in sensors and photonic systems. However, owing to their optical bandgap, crystallite size, and variable threshold magnetic field, CuO/CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposites have attracted a lot of interest for their innovative supercapacitor designs and other advanced applications.

CuO is an excellent candidate for use in nanocomposite material production due to its intriguing pseudocapacitive properties. Many famous Li-ion batteries and supercapacitor electrodes use cupric oxide (CuO), a metal oxide with desirable characteristics such as being abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic, and easily fabricated at nanoscale dimensions. In addition to its many useful electrochemical characteristics, CuO has a theoretical particular capacitance of 1800 Fg^− 1. Its electrochemical potential is restricted, however, by CuO's low conductivity to electricity and structural deterioration caused by ion intercalation and deintercalation. To fix these problems, two methods are considered. One expected benefit of fabricating CuO nanostructures is the availability of easy-to-use channels for the penetration of electrolyte ions. The second method involves making a CuO hybrid composite by mixing CuO with carbon-based materials [24–25].

According to Elayappan et al., spinel CuFe₂O₄ is not very sensitive, but adding carbon-based material may make it more sensitive [26]. In addition, the addition of a conducting substance may improve CuFe₂O₄ poor electrochemical activity, which is caused by its lack of electron conductivity. With its huge surface area, two-dimensional sp² carbon atoms, low density, and outstanding electrical conductivity, graphene is an attractive material with many potential uses, particularly as a nanoparticle embellishment. The many applications of graphene in electronics, photovoltaics, energy storage, sensors, catalysis, medication administration, and solar panels are due in great part to its high charge transport mobility and huge specific surface area. There were claims that the graphene electrode had more electrochemical activity.

There are a number of conversion methods that may be used to convert graphite oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO), such as thermal reduction, Hummer's process with hydrazine aid, and photochemical reduction [27]. Not only does rGO have better stability and conductivity in organic solvents, but it also has better electrochemical characteristics (supercapacitors), which all add up to better performance. This effort primarily aims to increase electrode performance by creating CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGo nanocomposite designs that use graphene's fascinating features. The wide variety of applications for graphene-based materials has piqued the curiosity of scientists and engineers. Intriguing features of graphenes, such as mechanical flexibility, low density, great surface area, a two-dimensional hexagon structure with sp² hybridized C-atoms, and outstanding electrical conductivity, among others, have found several uses. It has been well-established that graphenes can sustain a variety of nanoparticles. Interfacial interactions between graphene and trapped nanoparticles on its surface affect both materials' electrical structures. So, it's possible to create tailored graphene-based composites with better qualities by studying this mutually beneficial impact [28, 29]. One way to look at it is that composite material made from rGO and CuFe₂O₄/CuO may enhance the long-term cycling process by reducing volume and increasing conductivity, which might lead to better rate capability and efficiency. Conversely, the specific capacity and cycle performance may be significantly enhanced with the construction of CuFe₂O₄@Transition metal oxide composite. The combination of two different materials has a synergistic effect that improves its electrochemical characteristics. The aforementioned CuFe₂O₄ based composites all required two or more stages of synthesis and a great deal of manual effort. To make the composite, we synthesized one part and then employed another to grow an electrode material right onto its surface. These battery-type composite electrode materials are difficult to mass-produce due to the time and effort required for their synthetic production. As a result, in order to create high-performance supercapacitors, it is crucial to find an easy and inexpensive way to synthesize CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO-based composites that have great electrochemical performance.

Take into account all relevant details; the material is a combination of hydrothermally degraded GO and CuFe₂O₄/CuO. The electrochemical findings showed that the CuFe₂O₄/CuO nanoparticles produced a greater particular capability for reversible reactions and sustained that capacity in terms of rate efficiency. The CuFe₂O₄/CuO/rGO electrode impressed with its superior performance in supercapacitor storage compared to the others. Thus, we used the hydrothermal approach to fabricate CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO electrodes anchored on Ni foam. Subsequently, we conducted extensive scientific evaluations of their electrochemical, physical, chemical, and composition attributes. The specific capacitance tests of 1568 Fg^− 1, energy density observations of 40.44 Whkg^− 1, power density tests of 780 Wkg^− 1, and outstanding cycle stability (remaining at 93% after 10000 cycles) witness to the excellent electro-chemical performance of the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO//AC ASC. The constructed device showed exceptional stability and rate capability, and it may find use as material for electrodes in energy storage systems.

2.1. Materials

Tan Feng Tech. Inc. was the buyer of Materials GO. Sigma Aldrich Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. supplied the ferric nitrate (Fe (NO₃)_3⋅9H₂O), copper nitrate hexahydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂.6H₂O), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). For the purpose of this study, researchers only used analytical-grade chemical substances.

2.2. Synthesis of CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO

To begin, a dispersion solution was prepared by mixing 30 mL of distilled water with 0.4 mmol of Fe (NO₃)₃⋅9H₂O, 0.2 mmol of Cu (NO₃)₂.6H₂O, and a constant quantity of GO. A continuous ultrasonic treatment was then applied for 30 minutes. Then, while vigorously swirling, the admixture liquid had a suitable quantity of NaOH added to it. The next step was to transfer the treated solution to a hydrothermal reactor, where it was heated to 180°C for 12 hours. Afterward, the products underwent separation by stirring and centrifuging. They were then washed many times with deionized water and 100% ethanol. Finally, they were placed in a vacuum drying oven set at 60°C. Afterward, in a tubular atmosphere furnace, substances subjected to 500 ◦C for 2 hours persisted in reacting with air. We then acquired the black stuff.

3.1. XRD analysis

Figure 1(b) shows the results of an XRD analysis of the item, which assessed its crystallographic phase and phase clarity. In accordance with the accepted diffraction pattern of JCPDS no. 77-0010, the cubic copper ferrite samples show peaks at 2 theta of 18.1°, 30.1°, 35.5°, 43.2°, 53.7°, 57.1°, and 64.1°. Additionally, a few diffraction peaks at 32.63, 38.85, 48.95, 58.55, 65.99, and 68.36◦ are attributed to monoclinic CuO (PDF No. 65-2309). A little peak in the diffraction peak at 2θ = 23.8° corresponds to the (002) plane of rGO. The goods are very pure since no other reflections coincide with the peaks of other pollutants. The narrow, sharp peaks further show that the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO nanoparticles are well-crystallized. The formula D=kλ /(βcosθ) from the Debye-Scherrer formula determines the dimension of the crystal. In this case, the formula is (Disthemeansize of the grain diameter, (hk l) is the index of the crystal plane, k is the Scherrer constant, which is always 0.89, Ύ is the half peak width of the diffraction peaks, and θ is Bragg's diffraction angle). The X-ray wavelength of Cu Kα is 0.15416 nm. Furthermore, for CuFeO2/CuO@rGO, they are around 16 nm. An improved XRD image reveals an R3m space group. The parameters used for refinement are a = 3.86 Å, b = 3.86 Å, c = 20.06 Å, α = 90.00◦, β = 90.00◦, and the volumetric ratio is 258.87 Å3. According to the findings shown above, the CuFeO/CuO@rGO have been properly prepared [30–31]. The renowned refining pattern, as seen in Figure 1(c), clearly illustrates the crystalline structure of CuFe2O4. Figure 1c (inset) further displays the crystal structure of CuFe₂O₄ According to the refined XRD structure, CuFe₂O₄ belongs to the Fd3m space group.

3.2. Morphological analysis

We used the FESEM equipment with an EDS to look at the surface shape and elemental distribution of the CuFeO2/CuO@rGO precursor. The picture displays, at various magnification levels, the scanning electron micrographs of CuFe₂O₄ precursors Fig. 2(a–c) and CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGo Fig. 2(d–g). Fig. 2(a-c) depicts the cross-linked grid layout, and the picture shows an evenly dispersed structure that looks like bricks. As a result, there were more activity-accessible spots, more surface area, and higher porosity. During an electrochemical reaction, the electrolyte ions may more easily reach and come into contact with this more convenient aisle. Fig. 2(d-g) show the continuous growth of needle-like rGO on the cross-linked grid structure of CuFe₂O₄. The EDS elemental mapping of CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO, as shown in Fig. 2(h) indicates that Cu, Fe, C, and O are consistently present in this compound. Because CuO@rGO spreads out evenly on the CuFe₂O₄ surface, it makes sure that the benefits of each component are maximized and that many active sites for electrochemical processes are acquired, which greatly improves electrochemical performance [32]

3.3. BET analysis

We used the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique to look at the surface area of the materials. We may determine the specific surface area and pore distribution of the composite by measuring the N₂-adsorption and desorption isotherms using the BET technique. The presence of a hysteresis loop at lower and medium pressures and the small quantity of N₂adsorption and desorption even at high pressure indicate that CuFe₂O₄CuO contains several macro and middle pores. When it comes to N₂ adsorbed or desorbed, CuFe₂O₄, CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO, and similar materials exhibit a higher quantity. The middle-higher pressure area shows a visible hysteresis loop with a classic IV-type isotherm. Fig. 3(a). The findings from the BJH distributions of pore sizes provided more proof in favor of this theory Fig. 3(b). The surface area of the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO sample was determined to be 108.7 m²g⁻¹, while the pore size was determined to be 8–10 nm. The CuFe₂O₄ samples, with their 97.4 m²g⁻¹ surface area and 10-15 nm pore size, exhibit lower values than these [33-34].

3.4. XPS analysis

It is possible to validate the composition of the elements and the valence states of CuFe₂O₄/CuO using XPS analysis. If you look at the whole spectrum in Fig. 4(a), you can see that Cu, Fe, O, and C are there. The C 1s with a binding energy of 285.2 eV served as the basis for calibrating all the peaks. In the Cu 2p core-level spectra Fig. 4(b), the two main peaks at 933.6 and 953.8 eV, accordingly, were Cu 2p_3/2 and Cu 2p_1/2. Extra evidence for Cu²⁺ existence came from the satellite peak (abbreviated "Sat.") at 941.6. The Cu 2p high resolution (HR) XPS spectra Fig. 4(c) revealed two distinct peaks at 711.4 and 724.6 eV, correspondingly, for Fe 2p_3/2 and Fe 2p_1/2. A separation of 15.4 eV in energy among the two primary lines further demonstrated the existence of Fe³⁺. To handle the peak distinguishing and attachment, you may utilize XPS Peak 4.1. Fig. 4(d) showed the O 1s spectra with the corrected maxima. The CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO layer physically and chemically collected water molecules, which were linked to it [35-36].

3.5. Electrochemical studies

3.5.1 Three-electrode Configuration.

Researchers examined the electrochemical characteristics of CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO employing a three-electrode setup that included a platinum wire for the counter electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for the reference electrode, and nickel foam loaded CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO as the working electrode. Using a potential window of 0-0.6 V and scan speeds ranging from 10 to 150 mVs^-1, the CV curves of CuFe₂O₄ and CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGo Fig. 5(a-b) are shown. These experiments proved that CuFe₂O₄/CuO has pseudocapacitive characteristics in an electrolyte solution containing 1 M KOH. A large body of literature attests to the pseudocapacitive characteristics of CuFe₂O₄. The redox processes in CuFe₂O₄ arise from the intervalence charge transfer between Cu²⁺/Cu⁺and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺, and they usually manifest in the positive potential range in an alkaline electrolyte solution. The calculated values for specific capacitance are displayed in Fig. 5(c). As the scan rate rises, the voltammetric current increases, indicating that the two samples exhibit capacitive activity. The creation of a diffusion layer explains this pattern; this layer lowers the current by blocking the electrolytic ion's path to the electrode. In a similar vein, the absence of diffusion layer development near the electrode allows for a higher current density [37]. The aqueous 1M KOH electrolyte is primarily responsible for controlling the charges between the electrodes. Aqueous electrolytes have a high conductivity because they are not very viscous. Therefore, the increasing OH concentration, which demonstrates a substantial current response of the electrode, is responsible for the rise in peak intensity. Because the potassium hydroxide solution contains more OH-ions, which increase conductivity and ionic mobility, the material exhibits better capacitive behavior. Using an aqueous electrolyte requires a short potential window because the electrolyte decomposes quickly in water [38-39]. The presence of highly conductive graphene oxide (GO) on the electrode, which provides support for the CuFe₂O₄ structure and promotes rapid redox reactions, is responsible for this. The presence of rGO regulates the electrode's structural integrity, which in turn promotes the samples electrochemical properties [40-41]. According to cufe2o4, the square root of scan rates is correlated with the peak anodic and cathodic currents in a typical diffusion-controlled electrochemical operation. Here, the slope of the line between log I and log v is characterized by b = 1.308 for CuFe₂O₄ and b = 0.372 for CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO (Fig. 5d-e). While compared with CuFe₂O₄, the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGo electrodes CV curves show a greater capacitance due to their biggest integrated area when swept at the same speed. Under the same testing conditions, the specific capacitance of pure CuFe₂O₄ is only 698, 680, 672, 652, 630, 607 Fg⁻¹ at scan rates of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 150 mVs⁻¹, compared to 1050, 1038, 1005, 989, 956, 914 Fg⁻¹ for the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO composite. The scanning rate is directly proportional to the difference between the anodic and cathodic peaks; as the scanning rate drops, the anodic peak rises. One possible explanation is that an enhanced electrical dipole is the result of the oxidation non-oxidation process. It serves as a scan rate indicator by showing the particular capacitance fluctuation over time. This proves that the capacitive mechanism is the main driver of the voltage as it rises. Based on the results shown in Fig. 5(f), At scan speeds of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 150 mVs⁻¹, the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO electrode's contribution to the overall capacitance is 96.12%, 93.11%, 91.11%, 86.36%, 83.76%, 83.11%, and 798.77%, respectively. This proves that capacitive coupling is the main factor. It shows the expected pattern of a rising surface capacitance component with rising sweep speed over the whole current response. Fig. 6 (a-b) shows the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves of the CuFe₂O₄ and CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO electrodes at various current densities 1, 3, 6, 10, and 20 Ag⁻¹. It is clear from these curves that the faradaic charge storage mechanism is the material's primary mode of operation. We determined the specific capacitance value of the electrode materials by analyzing their charge/discharge patterns. We were able to determine the specific capacitance value of the electrode material by analyzing these power patterns. At current densities of 1, 3, 6, 10, and 20 Ag⁻¹, the specific capacitance values of CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO were 2101, 2053, 2053, and 1993 Fg⁻¹, accordingly. At current densities of 1, 3, 6, 10, and 20 A/g, the specific capacitance values of CuFe₂O₄ were also determined to be 1150, 1098, 1033, 995, and 982 Fg⁻¹. In the image, we can see the correlation between current density and the specific capacitance values of CuFe₂O₄ and CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO electrodes. At 1 Ag⁻¹, the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO electrode exhibits a remarkable value of 2110 Fg^-1 Fig. 6 (c). The issue of cycle stability is crucial when thinking about the real-world applications of supercapacitors. Fig. 6 (d-e) shows the results of an examination of the electrode's cycling stability during 2000 cycles at a current density of 1Ag⁻¹ from 0.0 to 0.6 V. The specific capacitance retention for CuFe₂O₄ electrodes at 1 Ag⁻¹ was about 90% after 2000 cycles, whereas for CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGo electrodes it was 95%. Electrodes with a higher surface area availability, shorter ion diffusion routes, and higher sample electrical conductivity may have a higher rate capacity. This electrode has better electrochemical performance than those given in the literature [42-43].

We used an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) setup with an open-circuit potential and an amplitude of 5 mV AC voltage to measure the electrical conductivity of the HCs-based electrode throughout a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz. In the Nyquist plots, a semicircle denoted the high frequency and a straight line the low frequency (Fig. 6f). The internal resistance (Rs) is the sum of three components: active material resistance, ion resistance of the electrolyte, and contact resistance between the active material and the current collector. The inclusion of CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO has boosted electrical conductivity, as the CuFe₂O₄ compositeS resistance (Rs) value is 1.8Ω, which is smaller than CuFe₂O₄ value of 4.1Ω, as shown in the EIS plots fitted using the similar circuit model (Fig). It can see the results of the curve fitting for Rs, Rct, CdI, Zw, and Cp in Table 2.

3.5.2 Two electrode configurations.

In order to elucidate the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO electrode potential for device applications, Using activated carbon (AC) as the anode and CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO as the cathode, an asymmetric supercapacitor was designed, in Fig. 7(a), an ASC device schematic is displayed. The CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO electrode is stable over the potential window of 0–0.6 V, and the active carbon exhibits a proper potential window ranging from – 1.1V to 0 V, as illustrated in Fig. 7(b). Within the potential window of 0–1.5 V, the customary CV curves were obtained in Fig. 7(C). The exceptional reversibility of the product is confirmed by the symmetrical shape of the GCD curves. Fig. 7(d) displays the scan rate-dependent GCD curves of the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO/AC ASCs. The total capacitance of the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO //AC ASCs device was explained by the combined capacitance of the EDLCs and the Faradaic pseudocapacitance, as shown in Fig7(e). The hybrid ASC-typical form of the CV curve and its relative stability, when the scan rate is increased, suggest that the ASC device exhibits trustworthy capacitance behavior. The curve showed a broad redox peak and a quasi-rectangular shape. It also showed that the CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO and the EDLC-type AC material contributed to the HSC capacity. As the scan rate increased, the CV curve shape remained largely unchanged, indicating the HSC's superior rate capability. At 1 Ag⁻¹respectively, the specific capacitance of the prefabricated device is 1568 Fg⁻¹. Simultaneously, at a current density of 1 Ag⁻¹, at 93% capacitance retention can be attained over 10000 cycles suggesting that the asymmetric supercapacitor device has excellent electrochemical stability. Fig. 7(f) displays the capacity retention and coulombic efficiency of the hybrid ASC cell as a function of cycle number. After 10,000 cycles, there is very little capacity loss as a result. In the produced hybrid ASC cell, positive and negative electrodes made of CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO and AC electrode materials show outstanding cycle stability and discharge reversibility. Fig. 7(g) shows the results of a cycle stability test performed on a CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO /AC //ASC at a current density of 1 Ag^{− 1}. There are no significant changes in the asymmetrical supercapacitor cycling performance. Furthermore, as demonstrated by Fig. (7h), there have been remarkably few deformations over the last 10000 cycles, indicating improved cycling performance. The device EIS test results before and after thousands of cycles are shown in Fig. 7(i)), which also shows that during the reaction process, the ohmic resistance decreased and the electron diffusion resistance increased. The medium-frequency regions line with a smaller slope and the high-frequency region's smaller semicircle both demonstrate this. The energy and power densities of supercapacitors are shown graphically in the Ragone plot. The CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO //AC hybrid ASC Ragone curve is depicted in Fig. 8(a). The energy density and power density of the ASC device were also ascertained and the equations can be used to calculate the energy density (E, in Whkg⁻¹) and power density (P, in Wkg⁻¹) of an ASC device. P = E/t and E = 1/2CU², respectively. Compared to previously published ASC devices, the energy and power densities in this research are greater [53-58]. The practical applicability of the resulting material was demonstrated by the successful illumination of an LED bulb by two CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO //AC ASC devices connected in series Fig. 8(b) indicating that there is a great deal of practical application potential for this device. Table 1 shows a comparison of the current work with previous literature [44-52].

CuFe₂O₄ and CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO nanocomposite were created using the hydrothermal method in this study as an active material for supercapacitor applications. When copper ferrite is uniformly dispersed across rGO, the composite CuFe2O4/CuO@rGO exhibits higher electrical conductivity performance. The electrode showed a high capacity of 1A/g in 1M KOH electrolyte, as opposed to 2110 F/g^− 1 for CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO. The low interfacial charge transfer resistance led to an enhancement in the specific capacity. Using CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO as the positive electrode and AC as the negative electrode, an asymmetric supercapacitor with an exceptional cycle life can deliver up to 40.44 Wh kg^− 1 of energy density and 780 Wkg^− 1 of power density. With a specific capacity of 1568 F/g at 1A/g^− 1 current density, the fabricated CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO device exhibits excellent cyclic stability, retaining 93% of its capacity after 10,000 cycles. The prepared nanocomposite, with its inexpensive and ecologically friendly source materials, appears to be a highly effective and promising high-performance supercapacitor for energy storage devices, according to the results.

Conflict of interest

Author declares that there is no conflict of interest in this work

Competing Interests

Conflict of interestAuthor declares that there is no conflict of interest in this work

Acknowledgement:

The authors express their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD2024R679), King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author Contribution

R. Gayathri, R. Sharmila, S.Vadivel, study conceptualization and writing, Jamal M.Khaled, data curation, formal analysis and writing (review & editing).

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Table 1 Shows the specific capacitance and capacitive retention values are compared between our work and previously published works.

S.No	Electrode	Current density	Specific capacitance	Capacitive retention	Electrolyte	Reference
1	Ni_0.9Cu_0.1Fe2O4@ rGO	1.47mA/g 10mV/s	735 F/ g	85% after 1000 cycles	1M KOH	[44]
2	CuFe₂O₄/rGO	2 A/g	800 C/g	98% after 3000 cycles	1M KOH	[45]
3	NiFe₂O₄/rGO	1 A/g	1320 C/g	94% after 5000 cycles	6M KOH	[46]
4	CuFe₂O₄	0.5 A/g	189.2 F/g	84% after 1000 cycles	2 M KOH	[47]
5	CuFe₂O₄-GN	1 A/g	576.6 F/g	84% after 1000 cycles	3 M KOH	[48]
6	CuFe₂O₄	0.6 A/g	334 F/g	88% after 600 cycles	1M KOH	[49]
7	CoFe₂O₄/MWCNTs	1 mA cm⁻²	390 F/g	86.9 % after 2000 cycles	2M KOH	[50]
8	NiFe₂O₄	1 A/g	165.8 F/g	71.4% after 10000 cycles	2M KOH	[51]
9	CuFe₂O₄–RGO	2 A/g	797 F/g	92 % after 2000 cycles	3M KOH	[52]
10	CuFe₂O₄/CuO@RGO	1 A/g	1568 F/g	93% after 10000 cycles	1M KOH	This work

Table 2

S.No	Electrodes	Rs (Ω cm²)	Rct (Ω cm²)	CdI (µF/ cm² )	Zw	Cp (F/cm²)
1	CuFe₂O₄/CuO	2.3	10	3.12	7.43×10^-11	4.121
2	CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO	1.4	7	6.14	9.13×10^{- 11}	6.322

Competing interest reported. Conflict of interest Author declares that there is no conflict of interest in this work

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Optimization of a ternary composite of CuFe2O4/CuO@rGO and its electrochemical evaluation as an electrode material for supercapacitor application

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2.2. Synthesis of CuFe₂O₄/CuO@rGO

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