The study explores the real-world requirements for monitoring deep displacements on rocky inclines, focusing on the use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology in slope design. Through the examination of practical slope engineering scenarios, this document expands upon the foundational concepts of FBG surveillance systems, on-site setup methods, and network technologies used in various monitoring endeavors, culminating in the creation of an all-encompassing, multi-faceted monitoring system aimed at stabilizing slopes. Findings from the study reveal that FBG technology is capable of precisely and instantaneously tracking the profound shift of rock slopes, offering dependable data backing for evaluating slope stability. Furthermore, this document encapsulates crucial technical aspects throughout the deployment phase, confirming the practicality and efficacy of this technology, thus providing hands-on insights for the advancement and use of novel slope monitoring technologies. The research offers not just technical assistance in averting and reducing disasters in slope engineering but also establishes a groundwork for additional investigations in similar areas.
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Research on the application of multi-field remote monitoring of slope stability based on optical fiber technology
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4857564/v1
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Fiber Bragg Grating Technology
Rock Slope
Deep Displacement Monitoring
Multi-Field Monitoring System for Slope Stability
Our nation's landscape is mainly characterized by mountains and hills. The creation of multiple engineering slopes is a common outcome in engineering construction, energy resource development, and transportation engineering, underscoring the significance of slope engineering in these projects. Owing to intricate geological scenarios, both current and ongoing construction endeavors often confront or may encounter a variety of geological risks associated with slopes [1][2]. Slope stability plays a vital role in safeguarding individuals' lives and properties, and at times, it's vital for the nation's economic and social progress. Consequently, keeping track of slopes and offering prompt feedback stands as the optimal strategy to minimize the risks associated with slopes[3].
Early approaches to monitoring slopes primarily utilized basic methods such as hands-on observation and tape recording, which were limited to offering qualitative insights into the macro alterations on the slope's surface. As science and technology progress swiftly, a range of tools and instruments have been integrated into slope monitoring systems, facilitating automated, highly accurate, and real-time ongoing observation of slopes. Presently, the prevalent tools for slope surveillance encompass rangefinders, crack meters [4][5], rain gauges [6][7][8][9], theodolites, GPS [10][11], levels, inclinometers [12][13], total stations, among others. With the advent of the 21st century, technologies like wireless sensor networks and cloud computing have been integrated into slope monitoring systems, thereby improving the automation, instantaneous functionality, and smart monitoring of slope deformation.
Based on the data gathered from monitoring, there are two primary types of slope monitoring: one for observing surface deformation and the other for deep deformation analysis of the slope. Traditional methods for monitoring slopes typically include setting up observation points on the terrain and performing frequent hand measurements with conventional tools like total stations. To monitor surface displacement, suitable monitoring methods are used to acquire data on the displacement and deformation traits of the slope's surface soil, thus evaluating the slope's stability. Presently, key technological advancements encompass GPS GPS global positioning systems [13][15][16], laser systems [17][18][19], and robots for surveying. Conversely, the primary method for observing deep deformation in slopes involves drilling into the slope's structure and integrating monitoring tools to track and capture the conditions of deep displacement and deformation, directly indicative of the slope's stability. Presently, there are various technologies for observing deep slope displacement, such as the plastic tube-steel rod, strain gauge, inclinometer, multipoint displacement meter, and fiber Bragg grating monitoring technologies [20][21], with detailed comparisons of these technologies presented in Table 1.
As science and technology evolved, the practice of monitoring slope stability has slowly shifted from regular manual observation to automated distant monitoring. In recent times, there has been a swift advancement in slope monitoring technologies that rely on wireless sensor networks [22][23][24]. The strategy involves setting up a number of affordable sensor nodes in the observation zone to capture the slope's deformation features, employing contemporary communication methods for networking and transmission, creating a comprehensive regional information processing network, and then remotely sending it to a database for immediate, remote slope monitoring. The benefits are found in the extensive application of contemporary sensing, communication, and computer technologies, among others, enabling distant, instantaneous, automated monitoring with high precision, thus aiding in the prolonged observation of slope deformation phenomena with precise forecasting and early alerts [24][25][26][27].
To sum up, this study will utilize real slope engineering techniques to investigate and encapsulate the use of fiber Bragg grating technology in tracking the profound movement of rock slopes. Additionally, the focus will be on examining the design of the system, the methods used for on-site installation and implementation, and crucial aspects of amalgamating this technology with various monitoring initiatives to create a comprehensive monitoring system for maintaining slope stability. This process will confirm its practicality and efficiency, gather expertise in implementing novel slope monitoring technologies, and act as an initial test for their promotion and application, establishing a groundwork for disaster prevention in slope engineering.
Table.1 Comparison of Technologies for Deep Slope Displacement Monitoring
| Name | Describe | Advantages and disadvantages | Applicable Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic Pipe-Steel Rod Observation Technology | Construct a monitoring system using plastic pipes and steel rods to monitor soil settlement and deformation. | The advantages are simple installation, low cost, and wide applicability. The disadvantages are the high complexity of data collection and processing, requiring regular monitoring by technical personnel. | Long-term, large-scale ground subsidence monitoring |
| Strain gauge monitoring technology | The strain in the soil is measured by the strain gauge inside the strain tube, reflecting the stress state of the soil. | The monitoring accuracy is high, allowing for real-time monitoring; however, due to the influence of the strain tube material and installation techniques, there may be errors. | Real-time monitoring of soil stress conditions in large-scale projects such as highways and tunnels. |
| Inclinometer Monitoring Technology | By setting up designated measurement points, monitor the tilt changes of the soil and structures. | It can provide continuous and comprehensive monitoring data with high accuracy; however, the equipment is costly and demands strict technical requirements. | Monitoring the stability of slopes, dam bodies, soil masses, and other engineering structures. |
| Multi-point Displacement Monitoring Technology | Displacement changes in structures or soil are measured using displacement meters installed at different locations. | It can provide more monitoring data with high precision; however, the installation and maintenance costs are high, and it requires professional personnel to operate. | Displacement monitoring of large structures, such as dams and bridges. |
| Fiber Bragg Grating Monitoring Technology | Using a fiber Bragg grating sensor, feedback on the strain or temperature changes applied to it at the zero position. | Responsive, stable, strong anti-interference capability, corrosion resistant; high equipment cost, requires professional technicians for operation and maintenance. | High-precision monitoring of physical quantities such as strain, displacement, and temperature. |
By comparing the project site selection, a highway slope protection project in the Wenzhou area Zhejiang Province, was selected as a pilot project. The present situation of the site slopes is shown in Fig. 1.
According to the analysis of slope geological survey, the characteristics of slope before treatment are as follows.
This section of the slope is composed of tuff rock, and there are no signs of overall instability, such as cracks, at the upper edge of the slope; the slope is generally stable. The slope is 12–35 meters high and the ratio is between 1:0.3 and 1:0.5. Because of natural erosion, rock surface weathering is serious, joints and cracks are well developed, rock mass of slope is fragmented, there is a potential risk of collapse. Field investigation reveals that the slope is abundant in fracture water and the surface fissure water seepage is obvious. At one point on the slope, there is a large isolated rock which, according to the survey, was at risk of instability and sliding.
According to the requirements of highway safety life protection project, the design unit carried out safety protection design of slope section through site inspection. The design mainly adopts the local anchor rods combined with the active protective net technology for protection. For large isolated boulders, local anchor rods are used for reinforcement. The treated slope is shown in Fig. 2.
Due to the joint development of the rocky slope in this section, the rock surface is cut and fragmented, and there is abundant groundwater, posing a risk of slope instability. Based on the slope safety conditions, the section from K73 + 618 to K74 + 415 has been selected as the monitoring project for the slope. Remote multi-field stability monitoring of the slope is conducted using optical fiber technology to study the on-site application of system monitoring technology and the stability condition of the slope.
3.1 Composition of the Automated Monitoring System
Remote automatic slope monitoring system is divided into five subsystems: internal displacement monitoring subsystem, groundwater level monitoring subsystem, rainfall monitoring subsystem subsystem, stress monitoring subsystem, prediction and early warning subsystem. The first four subsystems are monitoring data management systems and forecasting and early warning subsystem are monitoring data feedback analysis systems. The main components of the system are shown in Fig. 3.
Each monitoring subsystem includes automatic data acquisition unit, wireless transmission module, monitoring sensors and power supply lightning protection system. The automatic data acquisition unit is connected to the sensor by a four-core or six-core cable. Automatic data acquisition unit is an intelligent data collector. Monitoring information is transmitted via GPRS, 3G or 4G wireless communications to the slope automation monitoring system platform, which is then transmitted online in real time to the project site, monitoring centre and the owner for remote monitoring of slope changes and trends. Through the feedback analysis of the prediction and early warning subsystem, timely prediction and early warning of slope conditions can be made. The specific mode of transmission of the monitoring system is shown in Fig. 4.
3.2 Automated Monitoring System Functions
(1) Function of Automated Monitoring
This system has the proficiency to autonomously gather, send, preserve, process, scrutinize data, and issue extensive alerts, enabling prompt surveillance in diverse climatic scenarios.
(2) Functionality of Analysis Online
The system is equipped with fundamental data handling, prompt visualization and dissemination of diverse monitoring materials, creation of graphical reports, analysis of data, and extensive alert features. Included in these is the data analysis segment, which encompasses an examination of trends in diverse monitoring materials and an in-depth analysis of process lines, among other facets.
(3) Prediction and Alert Mechanism
Through real-time analysis of monitoring parameters via the software, the system is capable of dispatching SMS alerts and email alerts when these parameters surpass set thresholds. This serves as a warning to pertinent staff or proprietors to act in averting accidents.
(4) Self-verification and diagnostic features of the system
This system is equipped with self-monitoring features and automated diagnostic tools, enabling it to show fault locations and types on the management host, aiding in prompt maintenance. This system offers instant notifications for system malfunctions and comes fitted with features for lightning safety and interference prevention.
(5) Managing authority and extensive display capabilities
Regulatory bodies, varying in their authority, have the capability to remotely oversee and inspect monitoring locations at any time and place, provided they are connected to the network. Additionally, data from each hazard detection site can be shown on the screens of control centers at different levels.
3.3 Setting Up Measurement Points
According to the "Monitoring Specifications for Collapses, Landslides, and Debris Flows" and other relevant standards, combined with the types, distribution characteristics, and influencing factors of the on-site slopes, as well as the results of field surveys and existing geological investigation data, the main monitoring focus for this project will be on deep displacement of slope, slope body stress, pore water pressure, and rainfall. Given that the actual conditions of disaster-prone points vary, a targeted combination of monitoring equipment is necessary to ensure that different parameters validate and complement each other while also considering cost-effectiveness and advanced technology.
(1) Fiber Optic Inclinometer Monitoring Points
Plans to install inclinometers in boreholes within the slope body to monitor displacements at various points in the inclinometer holes, identifying potential sliding zones. A total of 3 sets of deep inclinometers will be deployed.
(2) Strain Gauge Monitoring Points
The strain gauge consists of two parts: a stress sensor for measurement and two connecting steel sleeves for connection to the rebar being tested, facilitating force transfer. A total of 11 sets of strain gauges will be installed.
(3) Deep Borehole Water Level Points
When installing water pressure gauges in deep boreholes in rock, the borehole diameter should be no less than 100mm. The depth of the hole should be measured and cleaned before installation, ensuring that the cleaning depth is at least 0.4m deeper than the required elevation for the pressure gauge installation. Before installation, the instrument should be placed in a sandbag that can fit into the borehole, filled with coarse sand, or wrapped in geotextile. A total of 3 sets of pressure gauges will be deployed.
(4) Rainfall Monitoring Points
A rain gauge will be set up in an open area within the hazard zone to monitor real-time rainfall changes within the slope area. The monitoring frequency of the monitoring equipment will be adjusted based on real-time rainfall information, and changes in the slope will be reported. A total of 1 rain gauge will be deployed.
The influencing factors of overall and local instability failure in slope engineering are numerous, and the modes of failure vary. To ensure the safety of slope engineering, it is necessary to monitor various aspects, including internal displacement of the slope, stress state of support structures, groundwater levels, and rainfall. A comprehensive application of multiple monitoring technologies for three-dimensional monitoring of the slope is required. The monitoring content and instrument selection are shown in Table 2.
Table.2 Monitoring Content and Instruments for Slope
|
Monitoring Content |
Instruments Used |
Monitoring Point Layout |
Monitoring Point Layout |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Internal Horizontal Displacement |
Fiber Bragg Grating Inclinometer |
Internal of the Slope |
Automatic online data collection, with the collection frequency manually adjusted remotely based on conditions such as the danger level of the slope and weather conditions. |
|
Groundwater Level |
Piezometer |
Internal of the Slope |
|
|
Rainfall |
Rain Gauge |
Surface of the Slope |
|
|
Anchor Stress |
Strain Gauge |
Internal of the Slope |
Considering the danger level, height, support measures, geological structure, rock layer attitude, and lithology characteristics of the right-side slope of the G322 highway from K73 + 618 to K74 + 415, three typical sections (K73 + 637, K73 + 722, K74-153) have been selected for monitoring. The layouts of the three monitoring sections are shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7, respectively.
For the isolated and dangerous rocks on the slope, the design plan adopts support anchors combined with active protective nets. To timely grasp the stress changes of the anchors, at least one support anchor is selected at each reinforcement point to arrange a stress gauge for stress monitoring. The selection of monitoring points is shown in Table 3.
5.1 Fiber Optic Monitoring System
The fiber optic monitoring system mainly transmits signals from the fiber optic inclinometer and consists of fiber optic monitoring point, fiber optic connection point, fiber optic monitoring station and fiber optic monitoring system. The monitoring system adopts fiber Bragg grating, Internet of Things, Internet of Things, database and other technologies. It uses Internet technology to report, publish, and alert to abnormal data, and localizes data storage and management using SQL Lite databases to support automated engineering monitoring. The monitoring system consists of the NZS-FBG-A02 type wireless fiber grating demodulator hardware device, 3G/4G communication services and the wireless monitoring subsystem, as shown in Fig. 8. The wireless monitoring client system includes six functional modules: user login, basic settings, view monitoring, data analysis, wavelength measurement, and alarm display. The data interface is shown in Fig. 9.
5.2 Monit Remote Monitoring System
Monitech's remote monitoring system serves as a platform for gathering and processing data on anchor bolt strain gauges, water level gauges, and rain gauges. The elements and operational guidelines are depicted in Fig. 4. Primarily, the remote surveillance setup comprises automated gathering units, wireless transmission units, surveillance sensors, and systems for power supply and lightning safety. The automated gathering device links to the sensors through cables of either four or six cores, operating as a smart data collector. Information for monitoring is sent wirelessly through GPRS, 3G, or 4G to the platform for slope automation monitoring, followed by the transmission of real-time data across the network to the project camp, monitoring center, and owner, facilitating distant observation of slope variations and patterns. The predictive warning subsystem's feedback analysis enables prompt forecasting and advance alerts about slope conditions. The features outlined in Chap. 3.2 are attainable via distant automated identification. Once the software initiates effectively, Fig. 10 displays the interface.
6.1 Evaluation of Slope Stability Monitoring Results
(1) All monitoring activities will commence data collection from the completion of the system installation in August 2023, with ongoing monitoring of data changes. After filtering and noise reduction during data transmission through the platform, stable and reliable test data can be obtained, including value curves and raw data from various sensors (Figs. 11 ~ 13).
From the trend of data changes, all parameter data remain stable without any fluctuations or anomalies, providing preliminary validation of the feasibility of using fiber optic technology for multi-field monitoring of slope stability. Based on the monitoring data results, it can be concluded that the monitored section of the slope is in a relatively stable state.
(2)To verify the effectiveness of fiber optic deep inclinometry, the research team set up conventional surface displacement points on the slope, monitoring the slope surface displacement with a total station. Since monitoring began in 2024, no surface displacement data fluctuations have been detected, consistent with the stable slope condition indicated by the fiber optic deep inclinometry.
6.2 Economic Analysis
(1) Economic Analysis of Remote Monitoring of Rebar Stress, Rainfall, and Water Level
Assuming the monitoring equipment and installation costs for manual monitoring and automated monitoring of rebar stress, rainfall, and water level are equal. Only compare the costs of remote monitoring stations and manual monitoring.
According to the engineering monitoring fee standards, the monitoring fees for rebar stress, water level, and rainfall are respectively 116 yuan per time, 50 yuan per time, and 45 yuan per time. Based on the monitoring content of this project, there are 17 rebar stress points, and 1 each for water level and rainfall, with a total cost of 2067 yuan per time. Considering the traffic conditions and the difficulty of monitoring, the market fee should be no less than 2000 yuan per time.
The total investment cost for the automation monitoring station of this project is 36,000 yuan. Therefore, when the number of monitoring instances exceeds 36,000/2,000 = 18 times, the costs of both methods break even. Considering an initial monitoring cycle of 2 years and a manual monitoring frequency of 2 times per month, the total cost of automated monitoring is significantly lower than that of manual monitoring, demonstrating clear economic benefits.
(2) Economic Analysis of Deep Displacement Monitoring Using Fiber Bragg Gratings
Assuming the drilling costs for manual monitoring and automated monitoring are the same. Therefore, only the costs of periodic manual monitoring and the equipment costs of automated monitoring are compared economically.
Manual monitoring standard fee: For a 25-meter borehole, the charge is 29 yuan per test per meter, so the fee per borehole per test = 25 meters × 29 yuan per test per meter = 725 yuan per test. Considering the difficulty of slope engineering monitoring and transportation, the market rate is 600 yuan per borehole per test. For this project, the deep displacement monitoring fee for three deep displacement holes is 1800 yuan per test. (This does not include the depreciation cost of the monitoring equipment, so the actual charge will be higher than the calculated fee)
Cost of automated monitoring based on fiber Bragg grating for deep displacement: The total cost of the fiber Bragg grating monitoring system for this project, including the grating sensors, fiber optic demodulator, and monitoring station, is 135,000 yuan.
(3) Economic Comparison
① According to the cost balance calculation between manual monitoring and automated monitoring equipment, 135000/1800 = 75 times, which means that when the number of manual monitoring times reaches 75, the cost of automated monitoring equals that of manual monitoring. If calculated based on 4 times per month, the monitoring period is approximately 19 months, which means that when the monitoring period is 19 months, the cost of manual monitoring equals that of automated monitoring.
② With the extension of the monitoring period, the cost of automated monitoring increases less, while the cost of manual monitoring continues to rise with the number of monitoring instances. Comparing the commonly used 2-year monitoring period in current engineering, the total cost of deep displacement monitoring based on fiber Bragg grating automation is lower than that of manual monitoring, making its economic advantage more apparent.
③ This section only provides a cost comparison, assuming manual periodic monitoring occurs 4 times per month. In contrast, the advantages of automated monitoring, such as 24/7 real-time monitoring and the absence of monitoring operation risks, become even more apparent.
Based on a comprehensive analysis, for the initial 2-year monitoring period, the total cost of the multi-field monitoring system based on fiber Bragg grating deep displacement monitoring technology is lower and has clear economic advantages. Moreover, as the monitoring period extends, the cost advantage becomes even more evident. Additionally, the implementation feasibility and safety of automated monitoring cannot be matched by manual monitoring. Therefore, the multi-field monitoring technology based on fiber Bragg grating has comprehensive economic benefits.
6.3 Applicability Analysis
(1) From the results of the optical fiber monitoring system application, it shows that for slopes with certain sunlight exposure (sufficient for solar photovoltaic charging) and deep horizontal displacement requirements, it has widespread applicability.
(2) Design of deep-level horizontal displacement measurement boreholes. Slope failures occur along shear surfaces; therefore, for soil slope failures, the borehole depth should exceed the potential sliding surface and penetrate about one meter into the bedrock. For highly weathered rock slopes, the borehole depth should pass through the weathered fracture zone and enter the moderately weathered rock layer by about one meter.
(3) Due to the use of fiber Bragg grating technology, the grating points are spaced at 1-meter intervals, offering economic benefits.
Based on an actual slope engineering project, this paper studies and summarizes the application of fiber Bragg grating technology for deep displacement monitoring of rock slopes. It also examines the system design, on-site installation, and implementation techniques and key points of forming a multi-field monitoring system for slope stability by networking with other monitoring projects. The feasibility and effectiveness of this approach are verified, leading to the following conclusions:
(1) Economically, automated monitoring has an advantage over manual monitoring under certain conditions. When the number of monitoring sessions reaches 75 (approximately a 19-month period, if monitored 4 times a month), the cost of automated monitoring is comparable to that of manual monitoring. As the monitoring period extends, the marginal cost of automated monitoring grows more slowly, whereas the cost of manual monitoring increases linearly with the number of monitoring sessions. Therefore, in long-term monitoring, deep displacement monitoring based on fiber Bragg gratings shows significant economic benefits.
(2) In terms of technical advantages, automated monitoring technology, compared to manual monitoring, offers the capability of around-the-clock real-time monitoring. This significantly reduces the risks involved in monitoring operations and can provide continuous monitoring data, facilitating the timely detection of potential risks and the implementation of measures.
(3) Considering the comprehensive economic and technical advantages, multi-field monitoring technology based on fiber Bragg gratings has shown high feasibility and effectiveness in deep displacement monitoring of rock slopes. Through the practice of on-site installation and network monitoring, this technology has been validated in actual engineering projects and has accumulated valuable application experience.
(4) The results of this study offer new insights for slope monitoring technology and provide foundational data for disaster prevention in slope engineering. The design and implementation methods of a multi-field monitoring system based on fiber Bragg grating technology can serve as a pilot for wider implementation, offering reference and guidance for similar projects.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent lifeline protection and Emergency technology for Resilient city. Finally, the insightful comments and suggestions from the anonymous reviewers and the Editor were sincerely appreciated.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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No competing interests reported.