Study of subjective well-being of diabetic patients and effect of positive psychology intervention

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4866512/v1

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Research Article

Study of subjective well-being of diabetic patients and effect of positive psychology intervention

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4866512/v1

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Background

To study of subjective well-being of diabetic patients and effect of positive psychology intervention.

Methods

The well-being of diabetic patients were analyzed by Subjective Well-being Scale. Diabetic patients were divided into control group and experimental group. Patients of control group were treated by traditional clinical care, while the experimental group with positive psychological intervention.

Results

Scores of health concerns, energy, life interest, depression control, behavior control and tension control were close associated with educational background and economic income. After positive psychological intervention, the anxiety score of intervention group was reduced by 13.43% in the intervention group. Compared with that of control group, the anxiety score decreased by 5.28% in the intervention group at the experiment end. After positive psychological intervention, the depression score decreased 10.52% in intervention group. Compared with the control group, the score of the experimental group decreased 3.49% at experiment end.

Conclusion

Well-being of diabetic patients showed different characterizations with respect of education and monthly income. Application of positive psychological interventions can result in a improving role on the anxiety and depression of diabetic patients.

Diabetic patients

Subjective well-being

Positive psychology

Since establishment of psychology in 1879, it has undergone over a century of development and growth[1]. Throughout one hundred years, the field of psychology has gained numerous significant insights[2]. With the advancement and the rapid growth of other related disciplines in psychology, an increasing number of scholars have recognized that the development of psychology has encountered obstacles and bottlenecks. To overcome this bottleneck, it is crucial to take a step retrospection, re-evaluation, and reflection on the primary pathways of psychological development[3].

Psychological science aims to serve all of humanity by addressing the suffering and setbacks people face, maintaining rational thinking, and fostering a harmonious, beautiful, happy, healthy[5]. Positive psychology is an emerging science that analyzes human psychological problem and behavior from a positive, healthy, and upward perspective[6]. Positive psychology, as an new discipline, is continuously developing, innovating, reshaping itself, ultimately presenting itself in a new form. Positive psychology emphasizes viewing society with a positive mindset, approaching problems with a positive attitude, changing oneself with positive behaviors, influencing others with positive concepts, that create a positive atmosphere, fill society with positive energy, and enable people to live in a positive space, share the joy and happiness. As the knowledge and concepts of positive psychology are gradually applied into different groups [7, 8]. Many scholars realize that positive psychology helps change traditional thinking patterns, build a harmonious and benevolent cultural atmosphere, inspire people's aspirations for a better life, guide everyone to pursue positive values, and maintain high energy and motivation to overcome problems[7, 10]. The research and applications of positive psychology are also continuously being tried, implemented, and promoted among some special groups.

Diabetes, a metabolic disease, bring about a harmful effect on people's physical and mental health. With an continuous progress of China's development, people's life and life quality have been greatly improved[11]. High-fat and high-sugar foods are ingested more and more in daily diet. Contrary, physical activity in sports is reduced, and mental work is increased. Therefore, the prevalence of diabetes become an obvious trend, and the number of people suffering from diabetes is also increasing day by day[12, 13]. An authoritative organization survey has showed the number of diabetic patients in the China reached about 141 million in 2021[14]. In addition, type 2 diabetes is difficult to be detected at the initial stage. Once the characteristic symptoms appear, the quality of life of patients has been seriously harmed, and produce anxiety[15]. With the severity and the prolongation of course of the disease, many organs of the body are damaged in severe cases, which result in a cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, microangiopathy and neuropathy [16]. In the process of long-term disease treatment and control, many patients have already developed anxiety and fear[17]. Moreover, diabetes leads to the decline of patients' quality of life, deterioration of patients' mental state and production of negative emotions because of complex and progressive characterizations[18]. Long-term treatment, long-term changes of complications make patients prone to anxiety, fear, depression, and other psychological problems. As to medical work, this phenomenon undoubtedly brought pressure and challenges on clinical and nursing work[19].

In the hospital, nurses are facing with the same job on every day, repeating the same operation and treating a large number of patients. This similar and circular work inevitably produces psychological reactions such as depression and fatigue. In addition, different problems and contradictions between nurses and patients are also outbreak and presented[20, 21]. It is urgent to solve these problems by maintaining a good relationship, promoting harmonious communication, building a beautiful spiritual bridge, improving the quality of high-quality nursing and improving the treatment level of diseases in the nursing work of hospitals[22, 23]. In the current study, characteristics of diabetic were analyzed including health worry, energy, interest in life, energy, behavior control, depression control, tension control. On this basis, combination of elements and strategies of positive psychology was used to explore its application in the nursing care of diabetes patients. The aim of study is to eliminate the adverse effects of negative factors on diabetic patients, improve patients' positive mentality, provide new pathway for patients' clinical treatment, create positive psychology of diabetic patients.

Ethics statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Pingdingshan University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Sample

With the assistance of a third-class first-class hospital in Henan, 120 patients with diabetes were selected as the research objects. Patients were randomly divided into control group and positive psychological intervention group, with 60 patients in each group.

Few criteria of diabetes patients were included in the study. The patient's showed stable condition, normal thinking, clear consciousness, no cognitive impairment. The patient's age is less than or equal to 80 years old, they voluntarily participate in the positive intervention. The diagnostic criteria of diabetes patients were meet of propose by WHO. They had typical symptoms of diabetes and the random blood sugar test with ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, fasting blood glucose test ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, two hours after glucose loading with ≥ 11.1 mmol/L. There showed other organic diseases in the body, but this situation was not caused by diabetes.

In the control group, diabetic patients were given conventional health guidance and nursing care, which included drug treatment, guidance of daily healthy diet, aerobic exercise, self-monitoring and management, psychological care and counseling. Education of daily knowledge about lowering blood sugar, lowering blood pressure and regulating blood fat, change bad living habits were performed in order to receive regular diabetes education, fully understand the causes and mechanisms of diabetes, adjust their self-condition and master self-management skills. In the intervention group, the positive psychological counseling and intervention were implemented besides conventional health guidance and nursing care.

Tools

When the patients were admitted to the hospital, the members of the research team communicated and talked effectively with the diabetic patients, and filled out the general situation questionnaire, self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and overall well-being scale (GWB)[24, 25]. The cited survey scale was compiled by professionals at home and abroad, and the scoring standards of each scale have been clearly marked in the questionnaire.

Setting rules

Positive psychology intervention content were complied with follow rules. (1) Positive psychology interventions were applied to neurosurgical patients based on their specific conditions, age, mental health status, educational level, cognitive abilities, health knowledge, and disease awareness. Patients were categorized according to health records established and archived. Personal interventions were designed according to the patient's willingness and acceptance of the interventions. Intervention pathway, time, content were tailored for each patient[26]. (2) A positive psychological education plan was formulated and implemented in stage according to the disease progression and treatment process. The overall health status of the patient was effectively assessed at each critical point, which contribute to establish a good relationship between patients and nurse in order to avoid communication barriers and psychological misunderstandings[27]. In the first phase, a good doctor-patient relationship was established, which was helpful to provide warmth, care, love, tolerance, and understanding, release the patient's negative emotions, passive attitudes, and anxiety. Patients gradually integrated into a warm ward atmosphere, correctly accepted treatment plans, techniques, and measures, fostered self-confidence. In the second phase, the patient's physical potential was stimulated, in which improved their mental state, cultivated a desire of change. Disease-related knowledge was promoted to correct cognitive errors. In the third phase, patients were given recognition, affirmation, and confidence. Their cooperation, efforts, persistence, and positive attitudes were acknowledged, which enhanced patient’s courage to overcome difficulties[28]. These works were performed to build an confidence between patients and medical staff. (3) Positive psychological counseling and intervention must strictly adhered to patient consent and acceptance, gained active cooperation from patients. Multi-dimensional and multi-faceted feedback, suggestions, and requirements from patients were solicited [29]. The practitioner would be willing to learn, understand, support, help, care, and guide patients. In this process, patient's confidence was ignited throughout the disease treatment process. Patients were encouraged to maintain a positive, healthy mental outlook and state. (4) Patients' family members, friends, colleagues, and classmates were encouraged to join the treatment process. Effective communication and understanding between patients and others were established, built smooth bridges of care[23]. Everyone experience of patients were maintain a cheerful and positive mood during treatment.

Procedure

Patients of experiment group were treated with counseling and intervention based on positive psychology methods besides conventional care. (1) Based on a thorough understanding of patient's basic situation, psychological counseling and problem classification were carried out. In every day, the patients' life and health conditions were listened. Proactive communication and guidance were performed according to problem[25]. Patients were informed their current disease condition, help them to receive comfort, support, and encouragement. Therefore, these measures were designed to maintain an optimistic mood and creates a positive environmental atmosphere for patients. (2) Patients were encouraged to remember the pleasant events when they encountered or experienced problems in each day. They were identified for pleasure, such as joy beautiful time, share happy moments, cherish a happy life. These ways were contribute to relax and enjoy life, promote a positive, optimistic, and uplifting mood[26]. It was helpful to build confidence, overcome psychological barriers, and conquer diseases for patients. By recalling happy moments in their lives, patients were categorized based on their personality. The personality profiles were created to facilitate positive psychology counseling. (3) Patients shared a joke, skit, comic dialogue, or folk performance with fellow patients, that contribute to open up inner world and enhance communication and interaction. This platform provide an opportunity to share life experiences, growth joys, essential life lessons, health knowledge, and maintenance tips. In the process, it create a warm environment, and encourage positive emotions and attitudes, mutual support. Meanwhile, patients builds a positive psychological defense, creating a warm, optimistic, happy, and healthy atmosphere in the ward. (4) Psychological counseling plans were adjusted in real-time based on the development, changes, and progression of the patient's condition. Intervention plans, frequencies, and times were adjusted weekly to ensure that patients receive psychological counseling, enhancement, correction, and consolidation in a joyful, optimistic, grateful, progressive, and confident psychological state, achieving ideal intervention effects.

Statistical methods

In this study, all the data were organized, and a corresponding database was established for it. All databases were entered into SPSS 26.0 for data processing, and the measurement data was tested for normality, expressed as (x̄ ± s), and between sets as t-test; the rate is expressed as %, and the test method is χ². One-way ANOVA was applied to analyze the score of anxiety and subjective well-being. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Analysis of general data

Among of collected diabetic patients, under the age of 30 accounted for 5.00%, 30–60 years accounted for 43.33%, and 60–80 years accounted for 51.67% (Table 1). Among diabetic patients, 86.67% of patients were not detected with family history of diabetes, but 13.33% of them were fund with family history of diabetes (Table 1). Among the diabetic patients, 48.33% of patients showed an educational background with high school education or below, 33.33% with vocational education, and 18.33% with undergraduate or above (Table 1). In the current study, diabetic patients with a monthly income of less than 3,000 RMB accounted for 38.33%, a monthly income of 3,000–5,000 RMB accounted for 50.00%, and a monthly income of more than 5,000 RMB accounted for 11.67% (Table 1). Before intervention, there was no significant difference in age, education level, monthly income and family history of diabetes in the control group and the experimental group, (P > 0.05).

Table 1

General data of diabetic patients
Item		Experimental group	Intervention group	P
Age	Under 30 years 30 to 60 years 60 to 80 years	4 24 16	4 28 15	0.795
Family history	Yes No	50 10	54 6	0.7.4
Educational background	High school or below Vocation Undergraduate or above	30 20 12	28 20 10	0.971
Monthly income	Below 3000 RMB 3,000 to 5,000 RMB More than 5000 RMB	24 30 8	22 30 6	0.942

Analysis of anxiety and depression status in diabetic patients

In the current study, the anxiety score of diabetic patients increased by 57.10% and the depression score increased by 35.47% compared with that of internal reference standard.

Table 2

Depression and anxiety status of diabetic patients
project	References standard	Diabetic patients
anxious	28.79 ± 4.51	45.23 ± 8.67
depressed	33.55 ± 4.22	45.45 ± 7.76

Analysis of subjective well-being of diabetic patients with different educational background

In the surveyed results, patients' health concerns, energy, life interest, depression control behavior and tension control showed a different pattern with the disparity of educational background in the diabetic patients. Compared with that of senior high school and below, the score of health concern increased by 24.52% in patients of undergraduate education or above (Table 3), while decreased by 1.2% in those with vocational education (Table 3). Compared with that of senior high school or below, the energy score of patients increased by 14.16% and 38.17% in vocational education and undergraduate education or above, respectively (Table 3). Compared with that of senior high school or below, the life interest score of patients increased by 13.64% in vocational education, 31.99% in undergraduate education and above (Table 3). Compared with that of senior high school or below, the score of depression control ability increased by 7.78% in patients of vocational education, and increased by 33.34% in those of undergraduate education or above (Table 3). Compared with that of senior high school or below, the behavior control score of patients increased by 8.84% in vocational education, and increased by 13.21% in undergraduate education or above (Table 3). Compared with that of senior high school or below, the score of stress control ability increased by 9.30% in patients of vocational education, and increased by 12.28% in those of undergraduate education or above (Table 3).

Table 3

Analysis of Subjective well-being of diabetic patients with different educational background
Educational background	Health concerns	Energy	Interest in life	Depression control	Behavior control	Tension control
High school and below	6.28 ± 1.96	14.41 ± 2.87	5.72 ± 1.03	12.48 ± 2.21	10.52 ± 2.21	14.41 ± 2.26
Vocation	6.2 ± 1.58	16.45 ± 1.23	6.50 ± 1.10	13.45 ± 1.87	11.45 ± 1.15	15.75 ± 1.55
Undergraduate or above	7.82 ± 2.09	19.91 ± 1.76	7.55 ± 1.64	16.64 ± 1.80	11.91 ± 1.87	16.18 ± 2.68

Analysis or subjective well-being of diabetic patients with different monthly income

In the current study, scores of health concerns, energy, life interest, depression control behavior and tension control were close associated with the increase of income level. Compared with that of less than 3,000 RMB, the health concern score of patients increased by 21.78% in a monthly income of 3,000 to 5,000 RMB, and increased by 10.29% in monthly income of more than 5,000 RMB (Table 4). In the study, the energy score of diabetic patients showed showed an increasing trend with their monthly income. Compared with that of monthly income below 3,000 RMB, the energy score of patients increased by 18.45% in monthly income of 3,000 to 5,000 RMB, increased by 46.51% in monthly income above 5,000 RMB (Table 4). Among the diabetic patients, income functioned as an important role in life interest of diabetic patient. Compared with that of monthly income below 3,000 RMB, score of the life interest of patients increased by 15.51% in monthly income of 3,000 to 5,000 RMB, and increased by 19.51% in monthly income above 5,000 RMB (Table 4). Compared with that of monthly income below 3,000 RMB, the depression control score of patients increased by 26.20% in monthly income of 3,000 to 5,000 RMB group, and increased by 44.21% in monthly income above 5,000 RMB (Table 4). Compared with that of monthly income of below 3,000 RMB, the score of behavior control ability of patients increased by 12.82% in monthly income 3,000 to 5,000 RMB, and increased by 20.25% in monthly income above 5,000 RMB. Compared with that of monthly income below 3,000 RMB, the stress control score of patients increased by 14.38% in monthly income 3,000 to 5,000 RMB, and increased by 26.20% in monthly income above 5,000 RMB .

Table 4

Analysis of Subjective well-being of diabetic patients with monthly income
Item	Health concerns	Energy	Interest in life	Depression control	Behavior control	Tension control
Below 3000 RMB	5.83 ± 1.92	14.04 ± 2.85	5.74 ± 1.21	11.49 ± 1.581	10.22 ± 2.17	13.70 ± 2.12
3000 to 5000 RMB	7.10 ± 1.97	16.63 ± 1.81	6.63 ± 1.25	14.50 ± 1.89	11.53 ± 1.52	15.67 ± 1.71
More than 5000 RMB	6.43 ± 0.98	20.57 ± 1.61	6.86 ± 1.68	16.57 ± 1.99	12.29 ± 1.25	17.29 ± 1.89

The effect of positive psychological intervention on the anxiety of diabetic patients

Before the positive psychological intervention, the anxiety scores of the control group and the experiment group were 44.96 8.52 and 45.52 8.95 respectively, and there was no statistical difference between them (Table 5). After the positive psychological intervention, the anxiety scores of the control group and the experiment group were 42.25 8.36 and 40.5 7.42 respectively (Table 5). In the control group with conventional health guidance and nursing care, the anxiety score of diabetic patients decreased by 3.36% in experiment end. In the experiment group with positive psychological intervention, the anxiety score of diabetic patients decreased by 12.40%. Compared with that of control group, the anxiety score of diabetic patients in the experimental group decreased by 7.41% at the end of experiment (Table 5).

Table 5

Effect of positive psychological intervention on anxiety level of diabetic patients
Item	control group	Intervention group
Pre-intervention	44.96 ± 8.52	45.52 ± 8.95
Pro-intervention	43.50 ± 8.62	40.50 ± 7.42^*#

The * indicates a significant difference compared to the control group level (P < 0.05). The # indicates a significant difference compared to the pre-intervention level (P < 0.05).

The effect of positive psychological intervention on the depression level of diabetic patients

Before the positive psychological intervention, the depression score was respectively 44.54 7.17 and 46.38 in the control group and the experimental group, and there was no statistical difference between two groups (Table 6). After the positive psychological intervention, the depression score was 43.52 and 41.42 in the the control group and the experimental group, respectively (Table 6). Compared with that of before intervention, the depression score of diabetic patients decreased by 2.34%, in the control group without positive psychological intervention. In the experimental group with positive psychological intervention, depression score decreased by 11.97%. After receiving the intervention, the depression score of diabetic patients in the experimental group decreased by 5.07% compared with that of the control group (Table 6).

Table 6

Effect of positive psychological intervention on the depression level of diabetic patients
Item	Control group	Intervention group
Pre-intervention	44.54 ± 7.17	46.38 ± 8.33
Pro-intervention	43.52 ± 7.74	41.42 ± 7.11^*#

The * indicates a significant difference compared to the control group level (P < 0.05). The # indicates a significant difference compared to the pre-intervention level (P < 0.05).

In the current study, it was showed the scores of anxiety and depression of diabetic patients kept a higher level with respect of previous study. It is suggested that diabetic patients are more vulnerable to be impacted and fall into a depression due to the influence of diseases. During the illness, patients show more vulnerable, helpless, and irritable than before. In the faced disease for a long time, psychological defense line of patients will become gradually weaken[15, 17]. Various negative emotions will continue to be stacked up, such as depression, fatigue, inferiority and pessimism. Besides the pain caused by the disease, patients have to bear the corresponding pressure caused by the disease, such as the economic burden caused by long-term disease treatment, drug ingestion, blood sugar monitoring and insulin injection[18]. Fatigue and pain in the treatment of diabetes, the psychological burden brought by various serious complications are increasingly developed. These serious experience result in an destroy on body’s function, that make patients feel guilty, pessimistic, tired, depressed and other negative emotions[18]. In the process of nursing diabetic patients, medical workers often pay more attention to control disease[30]. But, the psychological contradictions caused by the disease were ignored, which eventually leads to patients' increasingly depressed mood[31]. Therefore, medical workers are need to master patients' psychological fluctuations, understand their psychological conditions. Nurse pay attention to patients' psychological fluctuations in the nursing process, and deal with patients' negative psychological problems in order to obtain positive psychological feedback.

It was found that patients with high school education or below had lower scores in health worry, energy, life interest, depression control, behavior control and stress control compared with that of vocational education, undergraduate education or above, demonstrating that the educational background is close correlated with subjective well-being. With a lack of knowledge, patients can't accept more professional theory derived from books and documents, can’t know about the disease, and can’t know how to prevent and manage diabetes[32, 33]. Studies have indicated that knowledge and information are the foundation in the process of transforming knowledge into behavior. In the transformation, motivation and belief are the key. The adequate confidence and motivation of patients in maintaining their own health contribute to implement plan of healthy behavior[32, 33]. Patients show poor qualify of academic qualifications, knowledge intake, and weak ability to participate in health management because of lack knowledge base. Under this condition, it is difficult to change their inherent living habits and persist in long-term disease treatment with respect of educational background. Meanwhile, patients with lower educational background are needed to face more social pressure, more talent competitiveness[32, 33]. Subjective well-being of lower educational background will slightly decline because of less social resources, less social recognition, greater mental pressure. However, patients with higher education background possess an advantage in economic ability, social identity and social status. They can accept diseases and keep an positive cognition on the diabetes with extensive knowledge reserve.

In the process of nursing, it is necessary to strengthen psychological communication with patients with low education background. A serious measures are carried out, suck as understanding, respecting, caring, comforting, identifying, encouraging for patients[27]. Nurse should always pay attention to patients' psychological changes, popularize diabetes-related knowledge in daily, relieve patients' anxiety and anxiety[30]. Meanwhile, creating a peaceful, warm, comfortable, positive ward environment for patients is helpful to patients maintain a relaxed mood and releasing status[31]. For patients with higher education level, nurse should encourage them to keep cheerful and positive emotions, release pressure, enhance their positive consciousness and realize happy times. Nurse should guide them to talk with other patients, warm each other, spread positive energy to each other and keep a good mood.

In the current study, the income level was positive associated with health worry, energy, life interest, depression control, behavior control and stress control of diabetic patients. It is suggested that the income level can play an important role on people's psychological state. Low-income patients cannot afford long-term medical expenses and basic living expenses because of limited income. Studies have indicated that the medical expenses caused by diabetes showed an rising trend with extending treatment, and the economic burden brought by diabetes treatment is increasing [32, 34]. Therefore, the long-term treatment of diabetes not only bring about a pressure for low-income patients, but also cause an economic burden for their love[32, 34]. As to low-income diabetic patients, the faced economic pressure result in mental exhausted, poor medical treatment and low happiness. For patients with higher income and abundant economic support, they can receive more comprehensive and systematic treatment based on medical security ability. They have the ability to pursue a higher spiritual enjoyment, take out more extracurricular activities. Patients with higher income possess stronger subjective well-being, that are more likely to feel happy and satisfy. Considering here, medical staff should adept different nursing methods in faced of different income groups. Firstly, enlighten their cognition, tolerate their error, and enhance self-confidence in the low-income patients in order to relieve psychological pressure caused by economic burden[29, 31]. Meanwhile, it is necessary to provide rich extracurricular activities, encourage them to participate in various positive and interesting social activities, that contribute to increase positive elements and enhance their happiness[29, 31]. For the patients with higher income, it is helpful to strengthen health concept, promote healthy behavior, publicize daily health care and prevention, recognize active treatment and keep a good mental state.

In the study, after positive psychological intervention, the scores of anxiety and depression in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of control group. Patients showed more interests and hobbies in lives, preferred to talk with others, participated in interpersonal communication, cooperated with the treatment of medical staff better, possessed harmonious mood in the experimental group, that contribute to form a positive psychologically. It is suggested that positive psychological therapy has great effect on improving patients' negative state. Diabetes, as a physical and mental disease, result in tremendous damage to patients' life and body. Patients' psychology is more prone to helpless and fall into a negative state. Therefore, it is necessary to give positive guidance, further explore patients' best performance through psychological adjust. In the treated process, nurse should guide patients to establish a positive and healthy attitude, have a happy psychological experience, construct psychological quality, communicate with the outside world, improve their happiness index[35]. Meanwhile, nurse can encourage patients to participate in interpersonal communication, and obtain a sense of value and security, thus it is helpful to increase patients' positive emotional experience. In the hospital, medical staff should pay more attention to patients' psychological needs, guide patients to establish an optimistic and healthy mentality, stimulate patients' pursuit a better life, help them establish self-confidence in overcoming diseases[36]. Measures are applied to encourage patients to gain positive strength, experience the beauty of the world, and gain life happiness[36]. Studies have shown that subjective well-being can help patients to establish good interpersonal relationships, that is beneficial to reduce the risk of disease and occurrence of psychological disorders[37]. Every one has wish to possess happy, it is necessary to exert the potential positive strength of patients, relieve stress, build a beautiful and healthy mentality, improve their happiness, and form a virtuous circle. By reducing patients' psychological pressure, it can enhance the happiness experience, and improve subjective well-being, that finally help patient to achieve a positive psychological state and enjoy happiness.

In conclusion, positive psychological intervention contribute to greatly improve negative situation of diabetes patients. It help patients to faced disease with more positive and optimistic mentality, experiences the beauty and harmony of society, handle mental stress more freely, improves their physical and mental health, enhances their subjective happiness.

Author contributions

Authors’ contributions Xia Xichao, Wang Jihong and Feng Jian contributed to the concept and design, data collection, conducting consultation sessions and drafting the manuscript. Li Xiaolin, Zhou Yujing, Shang Moyu and Wang Shirui contributed to the conception and design, data collection, blinded data analysis, data interpretation, and writing of this manuscript. Li Xin, Li Kaige, Ming Hubin contributed to the conception and design of the interpretation and revision of this manuscript. All authors gave their final approval for publication of this manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of Henan (No. 242102310556) and Educational Foundation of Henan (2024YB0221).

Ethics approval and consent

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Pingdingshan University, and it was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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No competing interests reported.

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Study of subjective well-being of diabetic patients and effect of positive psychology intervention

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Background

Design and methods

Ethics statement

Sample

Tools

Setting rules

Procedure

Statistical methods

Results

Analysis of general data

Analysis of anxiety and depression status in diabetic patients

Analysis of subjective well-being of diabetic patients with different educational background

Analysis or subjective well-being of diabetic patients with different monthly income

The effect of positive psychological intervention on the anxiety of diabetic patients

The effect of positive psychological intervention on the depression level of diabetic patients

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1