DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-493211/v1
Background: Previous studies suggest that pregnancy upregulated non-ubiquitous calmodulin kinase (PNCK) depletion represses proliferation and promotes apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. However, the underlying mechanism of the regulatory role of PNCK on NPC invasion and metastasis remains unclear.
Methods: The PNCK expression level was detected in specimens of non-metastatic and metastatic NPC by mRNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. The wound-healing and transwell assays were employed to explore the ability of PNCK-mediated cell migration and invasion. Xenograft tumour model was adopted for monitoring tumour progression and lung metastasis was assessed by tail vein injection. Zebrafish model was used to explore the potential action of PNCK on tumor angiogenesis. We used gene set enrichment analysis and correlation analysis for mechanical investigation.
Results: Human metastatic NPC samples showed increased PNCK expression in both mRNA and protein levels. In vitro assay showed that shRNA mediated silencing of PNCK inhibited NPC cell migration and invasion, while PNCK overexpression enhanced the metastatic potential of NPC cells. Additionally, in vivo experiments revealed that overexpression of PNCK favored the metastatic foci formation in the lung and tumor angiogenesis. Consistently, a significant increase of metastatic nodules in lungs in mice and the vascular-labeled fluorescence signal of zebrafish inoculated with PNCK-overexpression cells compared to control group. Pathway analysis identified that the depletion of PNCK may inhibits NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway in NPC.
Conclusions: These findings reveal that PNCK knockdown could suppress tumor metastasis and angiogenesis by regulating NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway in NPC, suggesting that PNCK may represent a therapeutic target for NPC individualized treatment.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignancy originating in the epithelium of nasopharynx with unique geographical distribution and high incidence in Southeast Asia and Southern China [1, 2]. Since the deep anatomic position and concealed early symptoms, 80%-90% of NPC patients are first diagnosed as the middle- and advanced-stages disease [3, 4]. Moreover, cervical lymph node metastases and aggressiveness of adjacent tissues have already occurred in almost 75%-90% of patients when first diagnosed due to the feature of high invasion and early metastasis [5]. Despite the great progress made for treatment of NPC, such as radiotherapy, which as the main treatment strategy, combined chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy, invasion and metastasis remains the key point impacting prognosis of patients [6]. Thus, is vital to further explore the molecular mechanisms of underlying invasion and metastasis which may contribute to develop more effective and novel options for individualized therapy for NPC.
Pregnancy up-regulated nonubiquitous calmodulin (CaM) kinase (PNCK) as a unique member of CaM kinases I family, impacts various biological functions, involving the important roles in human malignancies [7–10]. Some previous researches have focus on the role of PNCK in carcinogenesis. It has been confirmed that PNCK is upregulated in breast cancer, renal carcinoma and NPC [11–13]. It has been reported that PNCK is related with increased proliferation properties of HER-2- positive breast cancer cells [14]. Furthermore, it demonstrated that PNCK plays a vital role in regulating cytoplasmic and nuclear signal transduction, thus possessing diverse biological functions over recent years [15]. Our previously study found that knockdown of PNCK could suppress tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis of NPC [11]. However, the underlying mechanism and functions of PNCK which exerts its role in invasion and metastasis of NPC remains unclear.
Here, we detected PNCK expression in NPC metastatic and non-metastatic tissue and revealed a significant high expression metastatic tissue. The results showed that upregulated PNCK significantly promoted the metastatic ability of NPC cells by in vitro and vivo studies. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PNCK mediated NPC cells metastasis by the NF-κB pathway and PNCK promoted NPC angiogenesis. Taken together, our study clarifies a potential mechanism that PNCK overexpression promotes NPC cells metastasis and identifies a prognostic biomarker and target for NPC individualized treatment.
Patients and clinical specimens
Totally 5 freshly frozen metastatic and 5 non-metastatic NPC tissue were collected in Fujian Cancer Hospital by biopsy between January 2015 and March 2015 in this study. Gene expression analysis was performed using 132 paraffin-embedded NPC specimens obtained from patients diagnosed with primary NPC without any relevant treatments before biopsy. Two senior pathologists confirmed the pathology who were blind to patients’ clinical information. Protocols for sample collection was performed with approval of the ethics committee of Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital. All patients had signed written informed consent.
For an independent NPC dataset (GSE102349 from GPL11154 platform) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds/), 113 patients were included according with the following selection criteria: (a) definite histologically diagnosis of NPC; (b) available RNA-seq data.
Cell culture and cell transfection
Two human NPC cell lines (CNE-2 and SUNE-1) were obtained from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences. All cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 U/mL streptomycin, maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubator. To generate PNCK overexpression and knockout stable transfectants, we introduced lentiviral vectors expressing GFP or control vector in CNE-2 and SUNE-1 cells. It was commercially performed to construct plasmid and package lentivirus (Genechem Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China).
RNA-seq: data analysis
The freshly frozen tissue and CNE-2 cell were useful for mRNA sequencing. Total RNA was extracted with Trizol (Invitrogen) and assessed with Agilent 2100 BioAnalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and Qubit Fluorometer (Invitrogen). The reference human genome version is hg38. The sequencing quality were assessed with the quality assessment software FastQC (v0.11.5) and then low-quality reads were removed using NGSQC (v2.3.3) [16, 17]. The paired-end clean reads were then mapped to the reference genome using HISAT2 (v2.1.0) with default parameters [18]. Gene expression levels were calculated using StringTie (v1.3.3b) [19]. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between samples were evaluated by DESeq (v1.28.0) [20]. Thousands of independent statistical hypothesis testing was conducted on DEGs, separately. FDR-corrected P-value (FDR P) of 0.05 was used as a cutoff for significance. Parameters for defining significantly DEGs are ≥ 2-fold change (|log2 FC| ≥ 1, FC: the fold change of expressions) in the transcript data and P ≤ 0.05. The DEGs were annotated based on the information acquired from the database of ENSEMBL, NCBI, Uniprot, GO, and KEGG. The biological processes analysis of DEGs were identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) Software (QIAGEN Inc., https://www.qiagenbioinformatics.com/products/ingenuity-pathway-analysis). Volcano plots were generated with the “pheatmap” and “ggplot2” R packages.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis
The paraffin-embedded NPC tissues sections were analyzed through IHC using anti-human PNCK (Abcam, Cat #ab235093). HRP-linked secondary antibodies (Abcam, Cat #ab205718, UK) were then used followed by DAB treatment. Stained cells were blindly scored based on the staining intensity (negative: 0; weak: 1; moderate: 2; and strong: 3) and the abundance of positive cells (0%: 0; 0-5%: 1; 6-25%: 2; 26-50%: 3; 51-75%: 4, and ≥ 76%: 5) by two senior pathologists. To obtain the final score, the intensity score(0-3) was multiplied by the extent score(0-5) to identify PNCK expression level.
Gene set enrichment analysis
GSEA was used to compare expression levels between a priori defined set of genes and, high and low PNCK expression groups in the enrichment of MSigDB Collection (c2.cp.kegg and c5.go.bp. v7.2. symbols.gmt). High and low PNCK was then used as a phenotype label and gene set permutations were carried out 1000 times for each analysis. False discovery rate (FDR) and normalized enrichment score (NES) was used to classify GO and KEGG pathways enriched in differential phenotype.
Wound healing assay
Transfected CNE-2 and SUNE-1 cells (~1×105 cells/well) were seeded in six-well plates and cultured until they reached 80% confluence. Then the monolayers were wounded by dragging a 1 mL pipette tip across the cells and then cells were washed to remove cell debris and allowed to migrate for 48h. Cells were monitored at 0 and 48 h following wounding and images of wound healing were captured using a DMI 6000 inverted microscope. Cell migration was quantified by measuring the wound healing index; i.e., the wound area healed by the cells at 48h after scratching relative to the wound area at 0 h, using ImageJ software.
Transwell assay
Transfected cells were digested and resuspended in serum-free RPMI 1640, after which 200 µl of the cell suspension was seeded (1×106 cells/ml) into the upper chambers of an 8 µm Transwell filter (Millipore), that were precoated with 1:3 diluted Matrigel (BD Biosciences). RPMI 1640 including with 10% FBS (700 µl) was added to the lower chamber. Subsequently, the plate was incubated for 24 h at 37°C in 5% CO2. The migration and invasive capability of cells was assessed based on the penetration of the membrane and gel membrane of the matrix, respectively. Following 24h incubation, the residual cells in the upper chamber were removed with cotton swabs and dried. Then, migrated and invaded cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature, washed with PBS and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 10 min at room temperature. Cell counting was performed in at least 5 randomly selected fields of view under a DMI 6000 inverted microscope (×200).
Experimental metastasis assay in vivo
Male BALB/c(nu/nu) nude mice (4-6 weeks of age) were purchased from Wushi Experimental Animal Supply Co., Ltd. (Fuzhou, China). Metastasis of PNCK-overexpressing SUNE-1 cells and wild-type cells was given by tail vein intravenous injection. The experiment was terminated 28 days after tumor cell implantation. Then lungs were embedded in paraffin and H&E staining was performed after euthanasia. Metastatic nodules in the lungs of mice were counted respectively.
Zebrafish and microinjection
For overexpression of PNCK, the one-cell-stage embryos of Tg (fli1a: EGFP) transgenic line with vascular fluorescently labeled was microinjected with CMV-derived human PNCK gene overexpression vector CMV-hPNCK (about 200-300 pg/embryo) using a microinjection apparatus (Eppendorf, FemtoJet 4i). For knock-down of PNCK, RNA targeted editing technology conducted by CRISPR-RfxCas13d (CasRx) system was used [21], in which the endogenous PNCK gene of zebrafish is knocked down by co-injected with 2-3 nl CasRx capped mRNA (200 ng/μl) and gRNA (100 ng/μl). After 48 hours of injection, the overall fluorescence signal of zebrafish is collected by a stereoscopic fluorescence microscope (SMZ800N). The ImageJ software was used to evaluate the formation of vascular structure and length of intersegmental vessels (ISVs). Moreover, the anti-angiogenic or angiogenesis activity was identified by the basis of the total inhibition of ISVs growth and incomplete sprouting of the ISVs from the dorsal aorta (DA) to the dorsal longitudinal anastomatic vessel (DLAV).
Statistical analysis
SPSS 17.0 and R software (Version 3.4.4) were performed for all statistical analyses. The quantitative data from at least three independent experiments were shown as mean ± SD. Student’s t test was used to compare the differences between groups. Spearman’s rho test was made to analyse the correlation among qualitative parameters. All data were determined substantial difference if P < 0.05.
Upregulated PNCK in nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastatic tissue
mRNA expression profiles were performed by mRNA sequencing using 5 NPC metastatic and 5 non-metastatic tissue to explore the role of PNCK in NPC metastasis. We found 520 upregulated and 808 downregulated mRNAs with the criteria of the threshold value of P < 0.05 and |log2 FC| > 1.0 (Fig. 1a). We found that the mean level of PNCK expressed in metastatic samples was twice as high as in non-metastatic controls (Fig. 1b). The independent cohort GEO datasets (GSE102349) verified the expression level of PNCK was significant higher in advanced (stage III-IV) NPC patients than in patients with early stage (stage I-II) (P < 0.05, Fig. 1c). Moreover, patients showing high expression of PNCK were significantly associated with worse PFS that indicated poor prognosis(Fig. 1d). Additionally, the protein levels of PNCK were further detected to evaluate its clinical significance in NPC patients using 132 paraffin-embedded NPC tissues by immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 1e). Overall, it showed higher protein levels of PNCK in patients with metastasis than that in the non-metastatic ones (P < 0.05, Fig. 1f).
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of PNCK
Subsequently, we performed genome-wide expression analysis to determine the DEGs in CNE-2 cell lines with PNCK knockdown [11]. Pathway analysis revealed NF-κB and VEGF significant changes of signaling pathway using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) (Fig. 2a). Likewise, GSEA was performed to identify GO and signaling pathways in low and high PNCK expression group using 5 NPC metastatic and 5 non-metastatic tissue by microarray. As shown in Fig. 2b, negative regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity were enriched in the PNCK low expression phenotype. Although VEGF pathway was not significantly enriched in the high PNCK group, the expression of PNCK was positively associated with VEGFA shown in Fig. 2c (r = 0.72, P = 0.024). GEO datasets verified the significant relationship between PNCK and VEGFA (r = 0.4, P < 0.001, Fig. 2d). Collectively, these findings revealed that depletion of PNCK may inhibits NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway in NPC.
PNCK promote NPC cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo
We constructed NPC cells with PNCK overexpression (oePNCK cells) to assess the PNCK-mediated metastatic abilities in NPC using CNE-2 and SUNE-1 cell lines. Moreover, it was demonstrated that PNCK silencing inhibited NPC cell migration and invasion. In contrast, PNCK overexpression enhanced the metastatic potential of cells as shown in wound-healing and transwell invasion assays (Fig. 3a-c, P < 0.01).
Moreover, we attempted to validate the results in vivo with nude mouse model of lung metastasis. SUNE-1 cells transfected with control or PNCK overexpression vector were inoculated into nude mice (6 weeks old) with tail vein injection. And then we evaluated the number of metastatic lesions in lungs after 4 weeks. The metastatic foci on the lung surface were more plentiful in the oePNCK group than the oeVec group, as shown in Fig. 4a, b (P < 0.001). Similarly, the number and volume of micrometastases in lungs of mice injected with SUNE-1 cells with overexpressing PNCK exhibited significantly increased (Fig. 4a). These results suggested that PNCK is essentially important for promoting the metastatic of NPC cells.
PNCK is required for angiogenesis in zebrafish
Zebrafish, serve as a powerful model system increasingly used for cancer research, such as drug discovery and xenografting of cancer cells [22]. Recent observations suggested the possibility of using zebrafish to explore tumor angiogenesis [23]. Through bioinformatics research, it is found that the PNCK gene of zebrafish has more than 60% homology with humans (Fig. 4c). Given that VEGF signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the PNCK high expression group, we used RNA targeted editing technology to knock down the endogenous PNCK gene using Tg (fli1a: EGFP) transgenic zebrafish embryos to further verify potential correlation between PNCK expression and angiogenesis (Fig. 4d). When the treated embryos developed to 48 hours post fertilization (hpf), the overall fluorescence signal of zebrafish was collected by the fluorescence microscope. Through calculation and statistical analysis, we found angiogenesis among intersegmental vessels (ISVs) of zebrafish was downregulated compared with control group after the knockdown of PNCK gene (Fig. 4e). Similarly, we injected PNCK overexpression plasmid (CMV-hPNCK) and control one (CMV-mCherry) into Tg (fli1a: EGFP) transgenic zebrafish embryos, which were treated with 0.75 μmol/L sunitinib to inhibit angiogenesis, embryos with high level of PNCK caused upregulated angiogenesis among ISVs during 48 hpf (Fig. 4f).
NPC is a malignancy exhibiting high potential of invasion and metastasis, with distant metastasis as a major factor for treatment failure [24, 25]. Hence, exploring the molecular mechanism of tumor metastasis is crucial to develop effective treatment strategies for NPC patients. In this study, we have confirmed PNCK is highly expressed in metastatic NPC specimens by mRNA sequencing and IHC. By analyzing the GEO cohort, we further validated that PNCK was highly expressed in advanced NPC patients. We demonstrated that upregulation of PNCK promoted migration and invasion of NPC cells in vitro and developed lung metastasis in vivo. Moreover, zebrafish experiments revealed that PNCK overexpression promoted tumor angiogenesis. Our results also highlighted the important role of NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway in NPC metastasis.
PNCK located on chromosome Xq28, as a member of CaM kinase, with the enzymatic activity of serine/threonine kinases [10]. It involved in various biological functions including the processes of transcriptional regulation, cell-cycle control, and neurotransmitter release [8, 9]. Some previous studies have been done to explore the role of PNCK in cancers [11, 13, 26]. In hepatocellular carcinoma, PNCK was highly expressed in tumor samples comparing with non-tumor ones at mRNA and protein levels, and related with a poor prognosis, higher Edmondson grade, higher AFP levels, microvascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis [26]. Additionally, high PNCK expression indicated poor prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and associated with advanced T, N stage and poor differentiation [13]. Previously we demonstrated that NPC tumor tissues present increased PNCK expression, and it regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis with the support of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway [11]. However, the underlying mechanism and clinical value of PNCK in tumor metastasis have not been elucidated.
Invasion and metastasis are the major contributors of most treatment failure of cancers [27]. Distant metastasis is responsible for limiting further improvements in NPC treatment [25]. GSEA and IPA analysis were used to elucidate the potential role of PNCK in NPC metastasis via comparing with PNCK-depleted cells. It revealed that the PNCK high expression phenotype enriched in NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway. Oxygen and other nutrients from vasculature are required to metastases [28]. Previous studies indicated the increased cytosolic Ca2+ activates PNCK, which phosphorylates IκBα at Ser32 and further triggers Ca2+-dependent NF-κB signaling activity under hypoxia condition [29]. The activated Ca2+-induced NF-κB pathway promotes tumor progression via increasing the transcription of VEGF, thus promoting angiogenesis and cancer development [29]. We used Zebrafish to further explore the potential role of PNCK-mediated angiogenesis in NPC. Interestingly, we found that increased PNCK expression promoted the outgrowth of ISVs of zebrafish in this study, indicating positively regulating NPC angiogenesis. PNCK negatively regulates the ability of NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis, providing a novel target for anti-tumor treatment in NPC.
Nevertheless, there are several limitations in this study. Firstly, there were a small sample size of sequencing in our cohort, but we verified from protein level using more tissue samples. Moreover, we lack the complete clinical data which limiting us to evaluate its association with PNCK expression and clinical factors like age, gender, stage, or overall survival. Furthermore, we found that NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway plays a critical role in NPC metastasis, but the detailed mechanisms regulated by PNCK and corresponding upstream or downstream molecular remains unclear. Therefore, further researches need to be done to explore the mechanisms underlying the interactions between PNCK and NF-κB/VEGF axis in NPC metastasis.
In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PNCK plays a critical role to mediate NPC metastasis. High expression of PNCK may promote the metastasis and angiogenesis of NPC. It provides new insights that PNCK may be useful to predict future metastasis and as an efficient antiangiogenic target for NPC treatment.
NPC: nasopharyngeal carcinom; PNCK: pregnancy upregulated non-ubiquitous calmodulin kinase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; HER-2: human epidermalgrowth factor receptor-2; GEO: Gene Expression Omnibus; DEGs: differentially expressed genes; IPA: Ingenuity Pathway Analysis; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; ISV: intersegmental vessel; DLAV: dorsal longitudinal anastomatic vessel; PFS: progression-free survival.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was reviewed and authorized by institutional review board of Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The public dataset used in this study is freely available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
The project was funded by Joint Funds for the innovation of science and Technology, Fujian province (2018Y9105); United Fujian Provincial Health and Education Project for Tackling the Key Research, China (2019-WJ-03); Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province, China (2018Y2003); National Natural Science Foundation of China (11974077); and National Natural Science Foundation of China (82072986).
Authors’ s contributions
Sufang Qiu and wanzun Lin conceived the project and designed this study. Xiaochuan Chen analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. Ying Li and Zongwei Huang helped to performed the experiments. Wenquan Hong helped to perform immunohistochemical analysis. Wankai Fu and Xiandong Lin directed the research. Youliang Weng helped to revise the manuscript. All authors approved the final version for submission.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu for useful suggestions.