Large bone defect healing remains a challenge in current clinical treatment, which suggests the need for functional bone repair materials. Piezoelectric materials can generate electrical stimulation under mechanical stress to improve the tissue healing environment, which are emerging candidates for tissue engineering. We created a self-powered piezoelectric hydrogel by simply blending the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and regenerating silk fibroin (RSF). Our piezoelectric hydrogel showed controllable and excellent mechanical and piezoelectric properties which could generate electrical stimulation to promote bone tissue healing. Incorporating ZnO into RSF hydrogels not only enhanced their mechanical properties by 1.7 times and increased piezoelectric output by 2.8 times, but also mitigated the degradation rate. In vitro experiments showed that piezoelectric hydrogels significantly promoted osteogenesis differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and enhanced vascular network reconstitution. In vivo experiments verified the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of ZnO/RSF piezoelectric hydrogels. ZnO/RSF piezoelectric hydrogel, a simple but universal strategy of RSF-based material to generate electric currents by body movement, provides new insight into piezoelectric hydrogel application and bone tissue engineering.