The problem with wood pillar houses is inseparable from the condition of the wood pillars and the wet soil conditions. The development of semi-permanent building types (Fig. 1) with brick construction stands as a wall column filler. Treated as a permanent building finish, it is plastered and painted. Then, wooden floor materials are installed on ceramic tiles
A pillar is the main material used at the bottom of a house. It's used because it's slow, strong with all the soil conditions, either watered all the time, exposed to the sunlight, or on the surface of the water the whole time, or changing conditions, whether dry again and then watered, and vice versa.
The length of the timber is usually limited, a maximum of 2 (two) meters, given the transportation methods related to the regulations of this timber licensing regulation. The quality of the wooden rod should also take into account the deficiencies or defects of the wood, such as the condition of broken wood, bending, wooden eyelids, cracks, and others.
Wood pillars in the market are generally obtained in a size of 10/10, but what happens here is only a "designation," while the actual measurement size may be less. Larger sizes of 12/12 or larger (or even larger) are very rare in the market and can only be obtained by order and depending on the supplier's region. The length of polishedpillars in the market is generally 2 meters. This becomes an obstacle for the floor height of the house building. Efficient and uneconomical logging processes could be the reason. The application of polishedpillar materials as basementpillars of house buildings is generally placed about 1m into the ground. The rest is the part that connects the ground floor of the stilt house. This reduces the effectiveness of the pillar strength in bearing the building load.
Another problem is that the top of the pillar also experiences damage. The use of joints as a connection between the wood pillar and the house wood also causes damage due to water or age factors. This is a common problem and can be solved by replacing the material with a new one. The connection joint to the lower base is preferred using the old method where nails are installed only as temporary connectors.
The source of the problem of building houses mostly comes from the wooden pillars. The strength of a wooden pillar is equivalent to the quality of the wood, so the damage to the material also affects the condition of the construction. The damage to the pillar may be due to the inability to carry the load on it, and it is also often due to soil and weather conditions (Fig. 2).
The strength of the pillar is lower than concrete or ironpillars, so improper application can result in system failure. The development of a two-story wood pillar house requires very careful calculations of the building's strength and load. Some damage is caused by foundation calculation failures to support the load of a two-story house, such as joint destruction, inappropriatepillar positions, and others. This results in floor subsidence and building structure damage.
The wooden pillar is connected to the foundation part as an integrated part of a single unit. For the Banjarmasin area, use the cane (‘kalang’) and the beam (‘sunduk’) seen in the Fig. 3. After the hook, there's a hook element that's used to withstand the loads. In this element, there is usually a variation in the foundation and the presence of various other types of foundation.
The connection joint also requires special attention because joints often come off or are damaged due to loads and wet soil conditions. Wooden and concrete foundations on stilt house buildings require very different implementation and application methods. Wood submerged in water, whether groundwater or flood conditions, can last longer. However, wood exposed to temperature and humidity changes will deteriorate faster.
The use of joints on wood pillar is also related to the age and condition of the wood used. Ulin wood, as the main material, generally has good durability but still requires regular maintenance and condition monitoring. Wood pillar damage is more often found in parts exposed to direct temperature and humidity changes.
Broken ‘sunduk’ from the picture, it can see the condition of the bottom of this wooden pillar. It appears that the mounting of the cuffs and braces when under the surface of the water becomes unclean by adjusting the position of the scissors. There is a field finding that there is a state of wood damage with the presence of a broken ‘sunduk’. This could be the cause of the falling floor in the house anyway. Because of the quality conditions of the cane, often the remaining pieces of wood, small and have a wooden eye, resulting in a broken cane. However, because the position of these building elements is below the surface of the water, this often leads to invisibility. Photo taken from the field survey with the conditions of the dry land area, so this situation can be clearly seen.
In cases of wood pillar foundation failure, various indicators of damage can be found, such as damagedpillars, broken joints, floor subsidence, and cracks in the building structure. These indicators are signs of foundation weaknesses and building load incompatibility with the foundation function.
From the above, it's important for the development of a variety of foundations for these wooden pillars. The size and selection of cane wood depend heavily on the size of the pillar wood. Whether or not there is a concept of strengthening a column by increasing the size of the column must be very difficult to do, given the limited size of columns available on the market.
Other field findings include the activity of replacing wooden pillars by demolishing houses. (Fig. 6). This was done because the position of the floor of the house needed to be raised.
Damage to the wooden pillar elements can lead to floor settlement (Fig. 7). The floor construction is visible with 50 cm floor beams, and is continuously raised by rows of wooden columns. Characteristic of the foundation fall and arched floor of the building is the presence of damaged and raised tiled floors as in Fig. 8.
The characteristic of the fall of the foundation and the bending of the floor of the building is the presence of the ceramic floor covering that is broken and raised like in the Fig. 8.
It was found that the development of the wooden pillar house was done by renovating horizontally to expand the space of the house with the addition of space (Fig. 9). A wooden pillar is added to an empty plot.
The study found that somepillar foundations failed due to poor soil support, incorrectpillar size, broken joints, and construction process errors. Solutions to these problems include routine maintenance, use of high-quality wood, correctpillar installation methods, and regular monitoring of the foundation condition.
The most common thing about building houses with wooden frame structures is the repair or renovation of houses vertically (Fig. 10). By demolishing the roof of the building and making it into a flat-scale house, the building burden increases. Even with the consideration of replacing the top material of the building with an even lighter material, this will increase the burden on the foundation.
Besides, make the building of a house directly 2 (two) floors (Fig. 11) and frequently done. But the foundations of the buildings used seemed to remain the same as the foundation conditions of the one-story buildings. Because the construction system and the material remained a row of wooden pillars on the bottom and a wooden frame on the building, Both of these cases actually require reinforcement of a wooden pillar to accept the added building burden.