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Research article
Cigarette smoking and all-cause mortality in rural Chinese male adults:15-year follow-up of the Anqing cohort study
Fangrong Yan
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-5021
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Background — According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, smoking is one of the leading four risk factors contributing to deaths in China. We aimed to evaluate the associations of smoking with all-cause mortality in a Chinese rural population.
Methods—Male participants over age 45 (n=5,367) from a large familial aggregation study in rural China, were included in the current analyses. A total of 528 former smokers and 3849 current smokers accounted for 10% and 71.7% of the cohort, respectively. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to evaluate the association between baseline smoking status and mortality, adjusting for pertinent covariates.
Results—There were 579 recorded deaths during the 15-year follow-up. Current smokers (odds ratio [OR],1.60; 95% CI,1.23-2.08) had higher all-cause mortality risks than nonsmokers. Relative to nonsmokers, current smokers of more than 40 pack-years ([OR],1.85; 95% CI,1.33-2.56) had a higher all-cause mortality risk. Compared to nonsmokers, current smokers who started smoking before age 20 ([OR],1.91; 95% CI,1.43-2.54) had a higher all-cause mortality risk, and former smokers in the lower pack-year group who quit after age 41 (median) ([OR],3.19; 95% CI,1.83-5.56) also had a higher risk of death after adjustment. Furthermore, former smokers who were also former drinkers had the highest significant risk of mortality than people who never smoke and drink.(P for interaction = 0.034).
Conclusions—This study provides evidence that current smokers or former smokers have higher mortality risk than nonsmokers and would benefit from cessation at a younger age.
Keywords
smoking status, mortality, Chinese rural area
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CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 2
Posted 28 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Review #1 received
Received 07 Jan, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 04 Jan, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 04 Jan, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 04 Jan, 2021
Editor assigned
On 08 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 08 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 08 Dec, 2020
No comments provided
Review #2 received
Received 03 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 03 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 11 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 14 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 05 Aug, 2020
Metrics
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PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Public Health. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Cigarette smoking and all-cause mortality in rural Chinese male adults:15-year follow-up of the Anqing cohort study
Fangrong Yan
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-5021
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 2
Posted 28 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Review #1 received
Received 07 Jan, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 04 Jan, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 04 Jan, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 04 Jan, 2021
Editor assigned
On 08 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 08 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 08 Dec, 2020
No comments provided
Review #2 received
Received 03 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 03 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 11 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 14 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 05 Aug, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background — According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, smoking is one of the leading four risk factors contributing to deaths in China. We aimed to evaluate the associations of smoking with all-cause mortality in a Chinese rural population.
Methods—Male participants over age 45 (n=5,367) from a large familial aggregation study in rural China, were included in the current analyses. A total of 528 former smokers and 3849 current smokers accounted for 10% and 71.7% of the cohort, respectively. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to evaluate the association between baseline smoking status and mortality, adjusting for pertinent covariates.
Results—There were 579 recorded deaths during the 15-year follow-up. Current smokers (odds ratio [OR],1.60; 95% CI,1.23-2.08) had higher all-cause mortality risks than nonsmokers. Relative to nonsmokers, current smokers of more than 40 pack-years ([OR],1.85; 95% CI,1.33-2.56) had a higher all-cause mortality risk. Compared to nonsmokers, current smokers who started smoking before age 20 ([OR],1.91; 95% CI,1.43-2.54) had a higher all-cause mortality risk, and former smokers in the lower pack-year group who quit after age 41 (median) ([OR],3.19; 95% CI,1.83-5.56) also had a higher risk of death after adjustment. Furthermore, former smokers who were also former drinkers had the highest significant risk of mortality than people who never smoke and drink.(P for interaction = 0.034).
Conclusions—This study provides evidence that current smokers or former smokers have higher mortality risk than nonsmokers and would benefit from cessation at a younger age.
Figure 1