1.Karlstad O, Furu K, Skurtveit S, Selmer R: Prescribing of drugs for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in opioid maintenance treatment patients in Norway. Eur Addict Res 2014, 20(2):59–65.
2.van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Smit F, Crunelle CL, Swets M, Schoevers RA: Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in substance use disorder patients: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2012, 122(1–2):11–19.
3.Modestin J, Matutat B, Wurmle O: Antecedents of opioid dependence and personality disorder: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001, 251(1):42–47.
4.Subramaniam GA, Stitzer MA: Clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking prescription opioid vs. heroin-using adolescents with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009, 101(1–2):13–19.
5.King VL, Brooner RK, Kidorf MS, Stoller KB, Mirsky AF: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treatment outcome in opioid abusers entering treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999, 187(8):487–495.
6.Ersche KD, Sahakian BJ: The neuropsychology of amphetamine and opiate dependence: implications for treatment. Neuropsychol Rev 2007, 17(3):317–336.
7.Wise RA, Bozarth MA: Brain mechanisms of drug reward and euphoria. Psychiatric medicine 1985, 3(4):445–460.
8.The Norwegian guidelines of ADHD/Hyperkinetic disorder (norsk: Nasjonal faglig retningslinje for ADHD). In. The Norwegian Directorate of Health (Norsk: Helsedirektoratet): The Norwegian Directorate of Health; 2018.
9.Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A: Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects. Brain and behavior 2012, 2(5):661–677.
10.Abrahamsson T, Berge J, Ojehagen A, Hakansson A: Benzodiazepine, z-drug and pregabalin prescriptions and mortality among patients in opioid maintenance treatment-A nation-wide register-based open cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017, 174:58–64.
11.Evoy KE, Morrison MD, Saklad SR: Abuse and Misuse of Pregabalin and Gabapentin. Drugs 2017, 77(4):403–426.
12.Abel KF, Bramness JG, Martinsen EW: Stimulant medication for ADHD in opioid maintenance treatment. J Dual Diagn 2014, 10(1):32–38.
13.Levin FR, Evans SM, Brooks DJ, Kalbag AS, Garawi F, Nunes EV: Treatment of methadone-maintained patients with adult ADHD: Double-blind comparison of methylphenidate, bupropion and placebo. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2006, 81(2):137–148.
14.Carpentier PJ, Levin FR: Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD in Addicted Patients: What Does the Literature Tell Us? Harvard review of psychiatry 2017, 25(2):50–64.
15.Chiappini S, Schifano F: A Decade of Gabapentinoid Misuse: An Analysis of the European Medicines Agency’s ‘Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions’ Database. CNS Drugs 2016, 30(7):647–654.
16.Darke S: Benzodiazepine use among injecting drug users: problems and implications. Addiction 1994, 89(4):379–382.
17.Bazmi E, Mousavi F, Giahchin L, Mokhtari T, Behnoush B: Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Amphetamine Abuse: Cross-sectional study. Sultan Qaboos University medical journal 2017, 17(1):e31-e37.
18.Treatment of ADHD in children and adults (Swedish: Läkemedelsbehandling av adhd hos barn och vuxna). In.: The National Board of Health and Welfare (Swedish: Socialstyrelsen); 2015.
19.Vold JH, Skurtveit S, Aas C, Chalabianloo C, Kloster PS, Johansson KA, Fadnes LT: Prescription rates of benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics, and gabapentinoids to patients receiving opioid agonist therapy; a prospective cohort study in Norway from 2013 to 2017. BMC Health Services Research 2019, Under review.
20.Vold JH, Aas C, Skurtveit S, Johansson KA, Fadnes LT: Too much or too little opioids to patients receiving opioid agonist therapy in Norway (2013–2017): a prospective cohort study. BMC Health Services Research 2019, Under review.
21.Teoh Bing Fei J, Yee A, Habil MH: Psychiatric comorbidity among patients on methadone maintenance therapy and its influence on quality of life. Am J Addict 2016, 25(1):49–55.
22.Lai HM, Cleary M, Sitharthan T, Hunt GE: Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, 1990–2014: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015, 154:1–13.
23.Callaly T, Trauer T, Munro L, Whelan G: Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in a methadone maintenance population. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 2001, 35(5):601–605.
24.Vasan S, Olango GJ: Amphetamine Toxicity. In: StatPearls. edn. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2019.
25.Konstenius M, Jayaram-Lindstrom N, Guterstam J, Beck O, Philips B, Franck J: Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug relapse in criminal offenders with substance dependence: a 24-week randomized placebo-controlled trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2014, 109(3):440–449.
26.Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Specker S, Mooney M, Mahony A, Brooks DJ, Babb D, Bai Y, Eberly LE, Nunes EV et al: Extended-Release Mixed Amphetamine Salts vs Placebo for Comorbid Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cocaine Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA psychiatry 2015, 72(6):593–602.
27.ADHD in Norway (norsk: ADHD i Norge). In., vol. 16. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health: The Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2016.
28.(NICE) NIfHaCE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management In. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87/resources/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-diagnosis-and-management-pdf–1837699732933: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2018.
29.Crunelle CL, van den Brink W, Moggi F, Konstenius M, Franck J, Levin FR, van de Glind G, Demetrovics Z, Coetzee C, Luderer M et al: International Consensus Statement on Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder Patients with Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Eur Addict Res 2018, 24(1):43–51.
30.Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) In. http://www.norpd.no/: Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH); 2019.
31.ATC Classification Index with DDDs 2018. In. Oslo, Norway: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology; 2017.
32.Waal H, Bussesund K, Clausen T, Lillevold P, Skeie I: Statusrapport 2017, LAR 20 år. Status, vurderinger og perspektiver. In. https://www.med.uio.no/klinmed/forskning/sentre/seraf/publikasjoner/rapporter/2018/seraf-rapport-nr–3–2018-statusrapport–2017.pdf: Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF); 2017.
33.The Norwegian guidelines of ADHD/Hyperkinetic disorder (norsk: Nasjonal faglig retningslinje for ADHD). In. The Norwegian Directorate of Health (Norsk: Helsedirektoratet): The Norwegian Directorate of Health; 2014.
34.Statistics WCCfD: Definition and general considerations. https://wwwwhoccno/ddd/definition_and_general_considera/#Definition2019(February 25, 2019).
35.Aas C, Vold JH, Skurtveit S, Odsbu I, Chalabianloo F, Økland J-M, Leiva A, Vickerman P, Johansson KA, Fadnes LT: On the path towards universal coverage of hepatitis C treatment among people receiving opioid agonist therapy (OAT) in Norway: a prospective cohort study from 2013 to 2017. BMC Health Services Research (submitted) 2019.
36.van de Glind G, Konstenius M, Koeter MWJ, van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, Carpentier PJ, Kaye S, Degenhardt L, Skutle A, Franck J, Bu ET et al: Variability in the prevalence of adult ADHD in treatment seeking substance use disorder patients: results from an international multi-center study exploring DSM-IV and DSM–5 criteria. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014, 134:158–166.
37.Gordon RJ, Lowy FD: Bacterial infections in drug users. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(18):1945–1954.
38.Torrens M, Rossi PC, Martinez-Riera R, Martinez-Sanvisens D, Bulbena A: Psychiatric co-morbidity and substance use disorders: treatment in parallel systems or in one integrated system? Substance use & misuse 2012, 47(8–9):1005–1014.
39.Skoglund C, Brandt L, Almqvist C, D’Onofrio BM, Konstenius M, Franck J, Larsson H: Factors Associated With Adherence to Methylphenidate Treatment in Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016, 36(3):222–228.
40.Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, Atkinson LZ, Tessari L, Banaschewski T, Coghill D et al: Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The lancet Psychiatry 2018, 5(9):727–738.
41.Organization WH: Lisdexamfetamine - pre-review report. Agenda item 5.1. In. https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/5_1_Prereview.pdf: World Health Organization; 2014.
42.Agency TNM: News of medicines (Norwegian: Nytt om legemidler). In. Edited by Agency TNM. https://legemiddelverket.no/Documents/Bivirkninger%20og%20sikkerhet/R%C3%A5d%20til%20helsepersonell/NYL/2018/2018_NYL%20nr%2015_lavoppl%C3%B8slig.pdf; 2018.