Close Correlations Between The Carotid And Radial Relative Artery Blood Flow Velocity Ratio and BMI and Temperature In Normal Individuals

Background: Measuring carotid and radial pulses as a diagnostic method 11 plays a vital role in sphygmology applied via traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In particular, many TCM theories and doctors have 13 indicated that the pulse force ratio is closely correlated with human 14 physiological conditions, such as weight and body temperature. However, 15 few studies have explored these potential correlations. Thus, the purpose 16 of this study was to investigate the relationships between the pulse 17 strength ratio and human metabolism indicators. 18 Methods: The carotid and radial relative artery blood flow velocity 19 (RABFV) and pulse force from 122 normal adults were examined by 20 ultrasound and manual palpation by a doctor, and the same group was 21 tested via a thermal texture map (TTM). 22 Results: Obvious differences in the body side and sex were not observed 23 in the ratio of carotid and radial RABFV among normal individuals ( p > 0.05 ). However, the ratio of young people was greater than that of old 25 people ( p<0.001 ), and strong support was obtained for traditional 26 Chinese medicine (TCM) assumptions of seasonal differences in the ratio 27 ( p<0.001 ). Furthermore, we discovered that the ratio had a negative 28 correlation with BMI and torso temperature but a positive correlation 29 with hand temperature. 30 Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the ratio of carotid and radial 31 RABFV could serve as an indicator of human physical conditions, such 32 as BMI and human temperature, and represents a valuable tool for 33 evaluating yin-yang properties in TCM clinical practice. The close correlations reported above verified some theories of TCM and provided 35 strong support for sphygmology in TCM. 36

ultrasound and manual palpation by a doctor, and the same group was 21 tested via a thermal texture map (TTM).

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Results: Obvious differences in the body side and sex were not observed 23 in the ratio of carotid and radial RABFV among normal individuals 24 (p>0.05). However, the ratio of young people was greater than that of old 25 people (p<0.001), and strong support was obtained for traditional 26 Chinese medicine (TCM) assumptions of seasonal differences in the ratio 27 (p<0.001). Furthermore, we discovered that the ratio had a negative 28 correlation with BMI and torso temperature but a positive correlation 29 with hand temperature.  The pulse force was tested, compared and recorded via manual palpation 100 by one TCM doctor.

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Relative arterial blood flow velocity measurement and analysis 103 Before testing, all participants were allowed to rest for 30 minutes on a 104 comfortable bed. Both the radial and carotid arteries were measured with 105 the participant in a supine position. The pulse sites were consistent with 106 those for the manual pulse measurements. The blood flow velocity 107 measurement was performed using a duplex ultrasound equipped with 6 two-dimensional Doppler probes (1-5 and 5-13 MHz). The direction of 109 the ultrasound beam was adjusted to produce an angle between 30° and 110 45°, and the angle was minimized as much as the anatomy allowed. The 111 mean velocity was recorded continuously for 16 seconds, digitized, and 112 stored as time-series data for further analysis. The arterial blood flow 113 velocity waveforms were ensemble-averaged for 10 consecutive pulses.  The room temperature was controlled between 20 and 24°C, and the 123 participants were asked to remove all clothing after resting for ten 124 minutes in a conditioned room (humidity, 40-50%). The participants were 125 asked to place their hands so that they did not touch the body. The TTM   First, the ICC test was used to examine whether the relative arterial blood 152 flow velocity from ultrasound could represent the manual palpation 153 results from TCM doctors. As seen in Fig. 1a   we found that hand temperature was negatively correlated with the ratio.

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As shown in Fig. 3c, a higher blood velocity ratio corresponded to lower 191 hand temperatures in our testing group. Fig. 4 demonstrates that hand 192 temperature was higher in people with a lower blood velocity ratio than in 193 people with a higher ratio. people are considered to have more yang than old people while yang is 233 thought to be more common in summer than in winter (2, 4, 6). In 234 addition, Western medicine has shown that changes in blood pressure and 235 the cardiovascular system based on age differences also led to the 236 response of radial and carotid arteries (10). Although we failed to find any gender-based differences in the ratio, some TCM physicians believe 238 that the ratio differs based on sex (2, 3, 7, 8).  Relationship of pulse measurement between ultrasound and hand feeling on left (a) and right (b) sides. Carotid and radial relative arterial blood ow velocity were tested by an ultrasound while the pulse force from hand feeling was examined ,quanti ed and recorded by a doctor. The ratio of velocity was calculated and compared with the hand feeling results. The test of intraclass correlation coe cient (ICC) was used to assess the consistency between ultrasound and hand feeling. For left side (a) 95% CI= 0.387 -0.629, p<0.001). For right side (b), 95% CI=0.410 -0.645, p<0.001).

Figure 2
Relationship between the ratio of carotid and radial relative arterial blood ow velocity and in uence factors. Carotid and radial arterial blood ow velocity from normal individuals were examined via an ultrasound. Correlation of ratio concerning both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, such as side(a), gender(b), age(c) and surrounding climate(d) was shown in the graph. Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). The ratios were analyzed by independent t test. NS=not signi cant p>0.05, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Figure 3
Relationships between ratio of carotid and radial relative arterial blood ow velocity, BMI and body temperature. BMI and ratio of blood velocity in were collected by self-reported documents and an ultrasound while the same group were scanned by TTM. Relation of ratios of blood velocity and BMI (a) was shown in the graph. Correlation between the temperature of torso (b) and hands (c) regarding to ratio of carotid and radial relative arterial blood velocity was demonstrated in the graph Data were analyzed using a two way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Values were expressed as means ± standard deviation(SD). NS=not signi cant p>0.05, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Figure 4
Images of TTM results on the relationship between ratio of carotid and radial relative arterial blood ow velocity, BMI and body temperature, Two young ladies with different ratio of carotid and radial relative arterial blood ow velocity and BMI were scanned by TTM in Summer (a). Two old men regarding to different ratio of carotid and radial relative arterial blood ow velocity and BMI were scanned by TTM in Winter (b). The TTM examinations were performed in several positions and images were recorded.