Human Capital Heterogeneous and Growth of Green Total Factors Productive

7 Human capital improves the efficiency of GTFP has been established in research fields, but the heterogeneous 8 effects of human capital on GTFP and its sustainable mechanisms are unclear. This study aims to examine the 9 effects of human capital accumulation, education fiscal, and innovation on GTFP efficiency under diversity 10 between spatial and temporal. Employing panel data from 30 provinces from 2001 to 2018 in China, We analyzed 11 the dynamic and static efficiency of GTFP at different regions by three - stage DEA. We explored the heterogeneous 12 effects of human capital on GTFP through Tobit regression. Results show that the average value of GTFP 13 efficiency is inverted U - shape and having a significant geography difference. Then, human capital accumulation 14 and education fiscal have positive effects on the GTFP efficiency; however, innovation negatively affects GTFP 15 efficiency. At the same time, marketization growth decreases human capital and education positive influence on 16 the GTFP efficiency. However, this effect was not seen on the innovation—the implication of these results 17 concerning the human capital heterogeneous effects of GTFP efficiency in a different geography. Establishing a 18 fair and transparent system is an available choice to reduce the endowments gap and effectively promote GTFP efficiency in developing countries. marketization GTFP. term results show


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China has been working on "high emission, high pollution, and low efficiency" (Sun J, Li G, Wang Z. 2019).

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Green Total Factor Productivity (GTFP) is an essential concept that requires reducing energy consumption and 39 environmental pollution. Likewise, it is also an essential tool to measure the green economic performance of    Overall, Fig.1 shows the sustainability mechanism of human capital on GTFP efficiency. This paper believes 81 that human capital has an impact on GTFP from two paths: firstly, the direct mechanism is through human capital 82 accumulation, education fiscal and innovation affect GTFP; secondly, the indirect mechanism is through system    China's regional diversity affects the disparity of GTFP between provinces for a long time. The central 99 government has increased the fiscal education expenditures to introduce advanced technology and brain to reduce 100 inter-regional variability. Some literature acclaim that R&D and education as the endogenous decision-making 101 behavior of enterprises and residents are likely associated with fiscal education effects. It is perhaps that human 102 capital and technological advancement in backward areas will promote economic growth and narrow the regional 103 economic gap (Viaene & Zilcha, 2002;Glomm & Ravikumar, 2003

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In equation (4) and (5). it GTFP Represents the efficiency with GTFP of the region "i" in year t; it X 170 defines the three explanatory variables in the article, including human capital accumulation, education fiscal 171 expenditure, and the level of regional innovation. In addition, the values Z represents three variables: the degree of 172 openness; marketization; and IPR protection; it ε is a random error term. 173 The function with the interaction term of X and Z is to investigate hypothesis two. Besides, to reduce the 174 endogenous problems caused by missing variables, we still control a series of variables that have been prove to 175 have a significant impact on GTFP.

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This paper investigates the effects of human capital on GTFP, the amount variables including two sectors. The 178 first one is three-stage DEA variables, and the second variable is the mediation effects model through Tobit

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The section is to analyze GTFP and its decomposition. Therefore, the explained variable is GTFP, measured 182 by three-stage DEA in section 3.1. In this paper, the input and output indicators are as follows, and the description 183 of variables is in Table 1.

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The carbon emission is an undesired output indicator that highlights green production. At the same time, at the 190 second stage, we need to eliminate those facts that affect the efficiency of GTFP and cannot be change in a short 191 time.

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Considering the large gap between provinces in China, particularly the economic gap, would affect the GTFP.

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We select the secondary industry's proportion in GDP and the full-time equivalent (FTE) of R&D as environmental 194 factors.   Table (2).

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Core explanation variable：(1) Human capital, represented by the average education years in labor.

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(2) Education fiscal expenditure is define as the ratio of expenditure on science and education to fiscal expenditure;

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it also emphasizes government attention.
(3)Regional innovation, which is represented the number of domestic 205 patent applications.

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Explained variable: the purpose of this section is to analyze the effects of human capital on GTFP efficiency.

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Thus, the explained variable is GTFP, and the evaluation value of efficiency is to eliminate the environmental 208 interference factors.

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IPR protection level is the fundamental driving force for green technology innovation, conducive to stimulating 227 enterprise enthusiasm for innovation and constructing an excellent innovation atmosphere. The measurement index 228 is the ratio of technology transactions on the regional GDP.

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In addition, we expect those variables may influence the efficiency of GTFP. 230

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As shown in Table 4, the GTFP values with influential growth provinces are more significant than 0.916.

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Regarding weak and low effective growth, the values with weak and low influential growth model provinces are 302 lower than 0.810.

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From Figure 3, it also can be seen the spatial distribution difference of the growth model of GTFP from    socio-economic, regional development and random interference on the GTFP, this paper analyze the GTFP by 342 second SFA regression as followed.

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Although the government has made great efforts to change the economic development model by regulating 358 high pollution and supporting green enterprises, however, under the GDP assessment system, the waste 359 phenomenon during the secondary industry's development process still exists. Considering the diversity of 360 geography in China, the transfer of polluting industries from developed areas to inland provinces is increasingly 361 common, which carry on industrial transfer without adequate supervision. Therefore, the more muscular the

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The adjusted results with GTFP efficiency at 30 provinces in 2018 are shown in Table 7. Overall, after the 372 adjustment, the average efficiency increase by 25%, and the average pure technical efficiency increase by 23%.

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However, it is interesting to observe that the scale efficiency fell by 0.82%. Table7 also shows the stripping away

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On the other hand, financial science and education investment play an essential role in achieving the 408 convergence of the regional economic development level gap. Considering that China's underdeveloped regions 409 depend on infrastructure investment, the expansion of financial investment in education will cause "crowding out" respectively. The results indicate that the growth of openness degree will increase the positive impact of 421 high-quality labor and education fiscal expenditure on GTFP. On the contrary, it will weaken the influence of 422 innovation on GTFP. FDI "overflow" effects caused by human capital accumulation, this effect is one of the main 423 channels to improve the regional labor force's quality. Specifically, multinational companies with a perfect talent 424 training system will be wiliness to export considerable skilled labor to the local market, enhancing the level of 425 regional human capital. Especially for underdeveloped regions, the representative's medium-quality human capital 426 can play a more critical role in the regional economy. They can achieve the model transformation to

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Therefore, the marketization differences lead to the agglomeration effects on talents and capital elements in coastal 439 areas. The loss of high-quality resources will remain in underdeveloped areas when the marketization did not reach 440 the "threshold." It will lead to low efficiency of GTFP and a severe waste of resources in underdeveloped areas.

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The effects of human capital heterogeneity on GTFP and testing sustainable paths after excluding external 465 factors and stochastic noise. Considering the heterogeneity between spatial and temporal, this paper adopts panel