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Research article
zhengyang zhao
Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University
Corresponding Author
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Background: Aroma is one the most crucial inherent quality attributes of fruit. ‘Ruixue’ apples were selected from a cross between ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’, a later ripening yellow new cultivar. However, there is little known about the content and composition of aroma compounds in ‘Ruixue’ apples or the genetic characters of ‘Ruixue’ and its parents. In addition, the metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of aroma volatiles and aroma-related genes remain poorly understood.
Results: Volatile aroma compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results show that the aroma profile of volatile compounds changes with ripening. Aldehydes were the dominant volatile compounds in early fruit development, with alcohols and esters increasing dramatically during maturation. In ripe fruit, esters and terpenoids were the main aroma volatiles in ripening fruit of ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’ apples, and they included butyl 2-methylbutanoate, propanoic acid, hexyl ester, propanoic acid, hexyl ester, hexanoic acid, hexyl ester, acetic acid, hexyl ester and (Z, E)-α-farnesene. Interestingly, aldehydes and terpenoids were the dominant volatile aroma compounds in ripening fruit of ‘Ruixue’, and they mainly included 2-hexenal, 2-hexenal, octanal, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal and (Z, E)-α-farnesene. By comparing the transcriptome profiles of ‘Ruixue’ and its parents fruits during development, we identified a large number of aroma-related genes related to the fatty acid, isoleucine and sesquiterpenoid metabolism pathways and transcription factors that may regulate aroma biosynthesis.
Conclusions: Our initial study facilitates a better understanding of the volatile aroma compounds that affect fruit flavour as well as the mechanisms underlying differences in flavour between ‘Ruixue’ and its parents.
Keywords
Volatile aroma compounds, ‘Ruixue’ (Malus × domestica Borkh.), Fruit flavour, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Gene expression
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This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
- SuppFig.Png
Supplemental Fig. S1 Analyzed expression patterns of transcription factors in Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development.
- SuppFig.Png
Supplemental Fig. S1 Analyzed expression patterns of transcription factors in Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development.
- AppendixA.Supplementarydata.pdf
Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplemental Table S1 Changes in aroma volatiles content of‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development. “RX” represents ‘Ruixue’; “FJ” represents ‘Fuji’; “PL” represents ‘Pink Lady’. The six different fruit developmental stages of‘Ruixue’, ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’, namely at 120, 150, 170, 180, 190 and 200 DAFB (days after full bloom ). “–” represents no detected. Supplemental Table S2 Throughput and quality of RNA-seq in ‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples after filter. Supplemental Table S3 Gene-specific primers used for RT-qPCR analysis.
- AppendixA.Supplementarydata.pdf
Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplemental Table S1 Changes in aroma volatiles content of‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development. “RX” represents ‘Ruixue’; “FJ” represents ‘Fuji’; “PL” represents ‘Pink Lady’. The six different fruit developmental stages of‘Ruixue’, ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’, namely at 120, 150, 170, 180, 190 and 200 DAFB (days after full bloom ). “–” represents no detected. Supplemental Table S2 Throughput and quality of RNA-seq in ‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples after filter. Supplemental Table S3 Gene-specific primers used for RT-qPCR analysis.
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CURRENT STATUS: Under Revision
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Posted 08 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 07 Jan, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 06 Jan, 2021
Review #2 received
Received 15 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 13 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 09 Dec, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 25 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 24 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 24 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 24 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 27 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 23 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 14 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Sep, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 06 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 05 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 05 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 04 Aug, 2020
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Subject Areas
Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics
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A new preprint design is coming!
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Plant Biology. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
zhengyang zhao
Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Revision
Version 2
Posted 08 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 07 Jan, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 06 Jan, 2021
Review #2 received
Received 15 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 13 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 09 Dec, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 25 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 24 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 24 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 24 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 27 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 23 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 14 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Sep, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 06 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 05 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 05 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 04 Aug, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Aroma is one the most crucial inherent quality attributes of fruit. ‘Ruixue’ apples were selected from a cross between ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’, a later ripening yellow new cultivar. However, there is little known about the content and composition of aroma compounds in ‘Ruixue’ apples or the genetic characters of ‘Ruixue’ and its parents. In addition, the metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of aroma volatiles and aroma-related genes remain poorly understood.
Results: Volatile aroma compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results show that the aroma profile of volatile compounds changes with ripening. Aldehydes were the dominant volatile compounds in early fruit development, with alcohols and esters increasing dramatically during maturation. In ripe fruit, esters and terpenoids were the main aroma volatiles in ripening fruit of ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’ apples, and they included butyl 2-methylbutanoate, propanoic acid, hexyl ester, propanoic acid, hexyl ester, hexanoic acid, hexyl ester, acetic acid, hexyl ester and (Z, E)-α-farnesene. Interestingly, aldehydes and terpenoids were the dominant volatile aroma compounds in ripening fruit of ‘Ruixue’, and they mainly included 2-hexenal, 2-hexenal, octanal, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal and (Z, E)-α-farnesene. By comparing the transcriptome profiles of ‘Ruixue’ and its parents fruits during development, we identified a large number of aroma-related genes related to the fatty acid, isoleucine and sesquiterpenoid metabolism pathways and transcription factors that may regulate aroma biosynthesis.
Conclusions: Our initial study facilitates a better understanding of the volatile aroma compounds that affect fruit flavour as well as the mechanisms underlying differences in flavour between ‘Ruixue’ and its parents.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 6
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
- SuppFig.Png
Supplemental Fig. S1 Analyzed expression patterns of transcription factors in Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development.
- SuppFig.Png
Supplemental Fig. S1 Analyzed expression patterns of transcription factors in Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development.
- AppendixA.Supplementarydata.pdf
Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplemental Table S1 Changes in aroma volatiles content of‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development. “RX” represents ‘Ruixue’; “FJ” represents ‘Fuji’; “PL” represents ‘Pink Lady’. The six different fruit developmental stages of‘Ruixue’, ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’, namely at 120, 150, 170, 180, 190 and 200 DAFB (days after full bloom ). “–” represents no detected. Supplemental Table S2 Throughput and quality of RNA-seq in ‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples after filter. Supplemental Table S3 Gene-specific primers used for RT-qPCR analysis.
- AppendixA.Supplementarydata.pdf
Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplemental Table S1 Changes in aroma volatiles content of‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples during fruit development. “RX” represents ‘Ruixue’; “FJ” represents ‘Fuji’; “PL” represents ‘Pink Lady’. The six different fruit developmental stages of‘Ruixue’, ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Fuji’, namely at 120, 150, 170, 180, 190 and 200 DAFB (days after full bloom ). “–” represents no detected. Supplemental Table S2 Throughput and quality of RNA-seq in ‘Ruixue’ and its parents apples after filter. Supplemental Table S3 Gene-specific primers used for RT-qPCR analysis.
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