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Original article
CHIH-JUNG LEE
Power for All, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6674-2555
License:
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Background Delivering clean cooking access to 1.2 billion people who cook with charcoal, kerosene and firewood may have a strong localized employment impact. With the challenge of a rapidly expanding youth population and growing job scarcity in sub-Saharan Africa, understanding the impact of clean cooking on employment as well as the skills gap is timely. However, there is little definitive data on clean cooking jobs. Recognizing this data gap, we sought to conduct a study focused specifically on employment from the clean cooking sectors in Kenya, covering liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bioethanol, biogas and electric cooking solutions. This study provides an initial baseline and early estimate of clean cooking sectors’ direct formal and informal employment based on one year of company survey data, expert interviews, available literature, and local focus group discussion.
Results In Kenya, the clean cooking sector provided about 19,000 direct, formal jobs and potentially 15,000 to 35,000 direct, informal jobs in 2019. While the clean cooking sector provided many jobs, the level of compensation and retention is low. In the LPG and electric cooking sector, sales and distribution are the biggest part of the workforce, while for bioethanol and biogas, manufacturing and assembling is important. The majority of the direct, formal workforce is reported to be skilled. Management, finance and legal, and product development and research are the most difficult skills to recruit for. Women’s participation is lower than 30% in the clean cooking sectors. Managerial positions have higher women’s participation than non-managerial ones.
Conclusion This research exercise establishes a baseline for understanding the employment impact of the clean cooking sectors. However, a massive data gap persists. Our study shows that while the clean cooking sectors, especially LPG, are already providing tens of thousands of jobs, further studies are critically needed to map the employment impact of delivering universal clean cooking access.
Keywords
clean cooking, employment, LPG, bioethanol, biogas, electric cooking
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Energy, Sustainability and Society.
Version (no preprint)
Posted 08 Apr, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Apr, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 26 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 24 Feb, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
On 25 Jan, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 25 Jan, 2021
Editor invited
On 25 Jan, 2021
First submitted
On 20 Jan, 2021
This version was not preprinted
No community comments so far
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Apr, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 26 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 24 Feb, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
On 25 Jan, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 25 Jan, 2021
Editor invited
On 25 Jan, 2021
First submitted
On 22 Jan, 2021
Editorial decision: Minor Revision
On 24 Nov, 2020
Version 1
Posted 06 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major Revision
On 24 Nov, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 13 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 25 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 05 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 04 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 03 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 03 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 31 Jul, 2020
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PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
General Biochemistry
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at Energy, Sustainability and Society.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Original article
CHIH-JUNG LEE
Power for All, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6674-2555
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Energy, Sustainability and Society.
Version (no preprint)
Posted 08 Apr, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Apr, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 26 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 24 Feb, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
On 25 Jan, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 25 Jan, 2021
Editor invited
On 25 Jan, 2021
First submitted
On 20 Jan, 2021
This version was not preprinted
No community comments so far
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Apr, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 26 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 24 Feb, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
On 25 Jan, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 25 Jan, 2021
Editor invited
On 25 Jan, 2021
First submitted
On 22 Jan, 2021
Editorial decision: Minor Revision
On 24 Nov, 2020
Version 1
Posted 06 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major Revision
On 24 Nov, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 13 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 25 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 05 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 04 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 03 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 03 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 31 Jul, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
General Biochemistry
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Energy, Sustainability and Society.
Background Delivering clean cooking access to 1.2 billion people who cook with charcoal, kerosene and firewood may have a strong localized employment impact. With the challenge of a rapidly expanding youth population and growing job scarcity in sub-Saharan Africa, understanding the impact of clean cooking on employment as well as the skills gap is timely. However, there is little definitive data on clean cooking jobs. Recognizing this data gap, we sought to conduct a study focused specifically on employment from the clean cooking sectors in Kenya, covering liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bioethanol, biogas and electric cooking solutions. This study provides an initial baseline and early estimate of clean cooking sectors’ direct formal and informal employment based on one year of company survey data, expert interviews, available literature, and local focus group discussion.
Results In Kenya, the clean cooking sector provided about 19,000 direct, formal jobs and potentially 15,000 to 35,000 direct, informal jobs in 2019. While the clean cooking sector provided many jobs, the level of compensation and retention is low. In the LPG and electric cooking sector, sales and distribution are the biggest part of the workforce, while for bioethanol and biogas, manufacturing and assembling is important. The majority of the direct, formal workforce is reported to be skilled. Management, finance and legal, and product development and research are the most difficult skills to recruit for. Women’s participation is lower than 30% in the clean cooking sectors. Managerial positions have higher women’s participation than non-managerial ones.
Conclusion This research exercise establishes a baseline for understanding the employment impact of the clean cooking sectors. However, a massive data gap persists. Our study shows that while the clean cooking sectors, especially LPG, are already providing tens of thousands of jobs, further studies are critically needed to map the employment impact of delivering universal clean cooking access.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
The full text of this article is available to read as a PDF.
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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