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Mild Hyponatremia Is Associated with Low Skeletal Muscle Mass, Physical Function Impairment, and Depressive Mood in the Elderly
Chisato Fujisawa
Kokuritsu Choju Iryo Kenkyu Center Kenkyujo
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-5000
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published version at BMC Geriatrics.
Background: Mild hyponatremia (serum sodium 130-135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte disorder in the elderly. However, its association with both sarcopenia and cognitive function remains to be clarified. Therefore, here we investigated the association of mild hyponatremia with skeletal muscle mass, physical function, and cognitive function in the elderly.
Methods: We enrolled 75 participants with mild hyponatremia and 2907 with normonatremia (serum sodium, 136-145 mEq/L) aged ≥ 70 years who visited the Memory Disorder Outpatient Center of Japan’s National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), grip strength (GS), walking speed (WS), one-leg standing (OLS) test times, and neuropsychological test scores were determined.
Results: One-way analysis of covariance showed that elderly participants with mild hyponatremia had lower SMI (7.1 ± 0.2, 7.2 ± 0.2 kg/m2, p = 0.04), weaker GS (19.1 ± 1.9 vs 21.4 ± 1.8 kg, p = 0.01), slower WS (0.9 ± 0.1 vs 1.1 ± 0.1 m/s, p = 0.001), and higher GDS- 15 score (6.4 ± 0.9 vs 5.2 ± 0.9, p = 0.002) than those with normonatremia. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that mild hyponatremia was independently associated with sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2, p = 0.02), slower WS (OR: 5.3, p = 0.04) and shorter OLS time (OR: 2.5, p = 0.02) as well as with severe depressive mood (OR: 2.6 p = 0.006) but not with SMI (OR: 1.6, p = 0.2) or GS (OR: 1.9, p = 0.09).
Conclusions: Our results suggest that elderly people with even mild hyponatremia had physical function impairment and depressive mood.
Keywords
Balance impairment, electrolyte disorder, grip strength, depression, gait instability, hyponatremia
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On 07 Dec, 2020
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Received 22 Nov, 2020
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Reviewer #3 agreed
On 09 Nov, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 09 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 06 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 05 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 05 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
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Submission checks complete
On 01 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 01 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 07 Oct, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 29 Sep, 2020
Review #4 received
Received 23 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 21 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 14 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 23 Aug, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 23 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 20 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 10 Aug, 2020
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Subject Areas
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Geriatrics. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Mild Hyponatremia Is Associated with Low Skeletal Muscle Mass, Physical Function Impairment, and Depressive Mood in the Elderly
Chisato Fujisawa
Kokuritsu Choju Iryo Kenkyu Center Kenkyujo
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-5000
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
Version 3
Posted 17 Dec, 2020
Editor assigned
On 07 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 07 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 07 Dec, 2020
No comments provided
Review #1 received
Received 22 Nov, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 09 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 09 Nov, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 09 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 06 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 05 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 05 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 01 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 01 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 01 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 07 Oct, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 29 Sep, 2020
Review #4 received
Received 23 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 21 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 14 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 23 Aug, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 23 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 20 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 10 Aug, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Geriatrics & Gerontology
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published version at BMC Geriatrics.
Background: Mild hyponatremia (serum sodium 130-135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte disorder in the elderly. However, its association with both sarcopenia and cognitive function remains to be clarified. Therefore, here we investigated the association of mild hyponatremia with skeletal muscle mass, physical function, and cognitive function in the elderly.
Methods: We enrolled 75 participants with mild hyponatremia and 2907 with normonatremia (serum sodium, 136-145 mEq/L) aged ≥ 70 years who visited the Memory Disorder Outpatient Center of Japan’s National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), grip strength (GS), walking speed (WS), one-leg standing (OLS) test times, and neuropsychological test scores were determined.
Results: One-way analysis of covariance showed that elderly participants with mild hyponatremia had lower SMI (7.1 ± 0.2, 7.2 ± 0.2 kg/m2, p = 0.04), weaker GS (19.1 ± 1.9 vs 21.4 ± 1.8 kg, p = 0.01), slower WS (0.9 ± 0.1 vs 1.1 ± 0.1 m/s, p = 0.001), and higher GDS- 15 score (6.4 ± 0.9 vs 5.2 ± 0.9, p = 0.002) than those with normonatremia. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that mild hyponatremia was independently associated with sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2, p = 0.02), slower WS (OR: 5.3, p = 0.04) and shorter OLS time (OR: 2.5, p = 0.02) as well as with severe depressive mood (OR: 2.6 p = 0.006) but not with SMI (OR: 1.6, p = 0.2) or GS (OR: 1.9, p = 0.09).
Conclusions: Our results suggest that elderly people with even mild hyponatremia had physical function impairment and depressive mood.