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Background
In Uganda, childhood anemia remains a health challenge and is associated with malaria infection as well as iron deficiency. Iron deficiency is intertwined with nutritional status, age and other comorbidities including helminths and Lead toxicity. Environmental Lead levels accounts for one’s blood Lead (BL) levels. Blood Lead competitively blocks iron absorption, inhibits hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis and elevates free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels. Lead toxicity’s contribution towards anemia pathogenesis, especially during malaria infection has not been studied. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and Lead pollution, exacerbates the anemia status. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children aged under 5years who are exposed to both malaria infection and environmental Lead pollution.
Methods
Briefly, venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density (PD), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations using the cyanmethemoglobin method, while BL and FEP levels were determined by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods respectively.
Results
One hundred and fifty-one (76.3%) of the children analyzed had moderate anemia (Hb <10>5 g/dL) with Means of BLL=8.6 µg/dL, Hb =7.5 g/dL, FEP/Hb =8.3 µg/g and PD =3.21×103 parasites / µL, while eight (4%) were severely anemic (<5 g/dL). Regression analysis and statistical correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R2= 0.15 P-value < 0.001) was negative and weak as compared to that between FEP/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R2=0.572 P-value=0.001).
Conclusion
Based on the study’s findings, we conclude that BL significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of anemia and therefore its co-existence with malaria infection in the host exacerbates the anemia status.
Trial registration
Not applicable
Keywords
Blood Lead, Malaria parasites, Anemia, Iron deficiency, Free erythrocyte protoporphyrins
Figure 1
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- Formulas.pdf
Formulas 1 - 3
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Pediatrics.
Version 3
Posted 04 Nov, 2020
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 30 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 30 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 24 Oct, 2020
Editor assigned
On 23 Oct, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 22 Oct, 2020
Editor invited
On 22 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 18 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 17 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 30 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 28 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 12 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 03 Aug, 2020
Metrics
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PDF Downloads: ...
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Subject Areas
Pediatrics
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A new preprint design is coming!
We have improved readability, clarity, accessibility, and opportunities for engagement.
See the published version of this preprint at BMC Pediatrics.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Pediatrics.
Version 3
Posted 04 Nov, 2020
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 30 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 30 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 24 Oct, 2020
Editor assigned
On 23 Oct, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 22 Oct, 2020
Editor invited
On 22 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 18 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 17 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 30 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 28 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 12 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 03 Aug, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Pediatrics
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Pediatrics.
Background
In Uganda, childhood anemia remains a health challenge and is associated with malaria infection as well as iron deficiency. Iron deficiency is intertwined with nutritional status, age and other comorbidities including helminths and Lead toxicity. Environmental Lead levels accounts for one’s blood Lead (BL) levels. Blood Lead competitively blocks iron absorption, inhibits hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis and elevates free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels. Lead toxicity’s contribution towards anemia pathogenesis, especially during malaria infection has not been studied. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and Lead pollution, exacerbates the anemia status. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children aged under 5years who are exposed to both malaria infection and environmental Lead pollution.
Methods
Briefly, venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density (PD), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations using the cyanmethemoglobin method, while BL and FEP levels were determined by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods respectively.
Results
One hundred and fifty-one (76.3%) of the children analyzed had moderate anemia (Hb <10>5 g/dL) with Means of BLL=8.6 µg/dL, Hb =7.5 g/dL, FEP/Hb =8.3 µg/g and PD =3.21×103 parasites / µL, while eight (4%) were severely anemic (<5 g/dL). Regression analysis and statistical correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R2= 0.15 P-value < 0.001) was negative and weak as compared to that between FEP/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R2=0.572 P-value=0.001).
Conclusion
Based on the study’s findings, we conclude that BL significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of anemia and therefore its co-existence with malaria infection in the host exacerbates the anemia status.
Trial registration
Not applicable
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
- Formulas.pdf
Formulas 1 - 3
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