Replacement of Chemical Fertilizer by Beverage Sludge to Reduce Environmental Pollution

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-531460/v1

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Replacement of Chemical Fertilizer by Beverage Sludge to Reduce Environmental Pollution

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-531460/v1

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Wastewater generation from beverage industries is on the rise as the demand and consumption surge worldwide. The typical ingredients of beverages are carbonated water, saccharides, sweetener, fruit pulp, flavoring agent, color, preservatives, and salts. Only 20% concentration of the mixture goes to the bottle and the remaining becomes wastewater. However, nutrients and organics remain in wastewater and are left in sludge after going through ETP. The presence of these nutrients makes the beverage sludge useful for the cultivation that can not only decrease the application of chemical fertilizers but also combat the environmental pollution. Indian spinach and Okra have been cultivated in six different mixtures containing beverage sludge and soil to study their effects on growth, yield, food value and nutrient. Soil nutrients, organic content, EC, and pH have been analyzed to assess the suitability of sludge for cultivation. The control treatment was designed by 100% soil and gradually 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% soil were replaced by beverage sludge in other treatments. The maximum growth of Indian Spinach and Okra was observed 120% and 125% higher at 38 days after sowing on the treatment of 80% sludge and 20% soil compared to the control treatment. Similarly, the maximum yield of Indian spinach and Okra was computed to be nine and two times higher than the control on the same treatment. Food values (ascorbic acid, β- carotene, and protein) and nutrients (Fe, Ca, Mg, K, P and Zn) were found to increase with the increasing amount of beverage sludge while those satisfy the standards of USDA. Without using any kind of fertilizer in low grade soil, the beverage sludge has shown the potentiality in both growth and yield. It turns out that beverage sludge can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizer with an optimum amount of 80%.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Policy

Beverage sludge

chemical fertilizer

environmental pollution

cultivation

periodical growth

food value

nutrients

Beverage is a drinkable liquid intended to be used for human consumption. It can be alcoholic and non-alcoholic with forms of ready to drink (RTD) and made to dilute (MTD). In addition to their basic purpose of nourishing thirst- beverage supplies calories, fat, and nutrients. The demand, production and consumption are increasing with a forecasted expansion rate of 5.3% CAGR by 2025 [1]. It is obvious that much more wastewater is going to be generated from beverage manufacturing units leading to the huge volume of sludge from the effluent treatment plants (ETPs). Sludge management is an important issue for environmental protection although several reuse methods are being practiced.

The key ingredient of soft drink beverages is carbonated water, which constitutes up to 90% to 94% in soft drinks where diet soft drink contains 99% [2], [3]. In terms of fruit and milk-based beverages, the volume of water depends on the individual and unique formula. Since it is harmless, non-toxic, and relatively cheap and easy to liquefy, carbon dioxide is an ideal gas for beverages. Other ingredients of beverage include sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose, artificial sweeteners, fruit pulp, flavoring agents, coloring agents, preservatives, and mineral salts. Only 20% of the concentrated mixture goes to a beverage pack (edible) while 70% becomes wastewater, 9% gets lost due to evaporation, and 1% water losses in spent grains and tubs [4]. Although these amounts may vary depending on the formulas of individual beverage manufacturers, nutrients remain in wastewater because of usage of food grade ingredients and organics during beverage production. A fewer number of inorganic ingredients may also be found. Nutrients and organics are left behind in sludge after going through ETP which may be helpful to cultivable soil.

Global food demand and production are being driven up by population growth. Improvement in agricultural productivity on a long term basis to meet the growing food demand in the face of soil quality is the vital concern for the agricultural sector around the globe [5]. The global production of crops and vegetables needs to be increased with the mounting demand. There are few available options which are being followed by nations to achieve the maximum productivity i.e., expanding arable land, increasing the frequency of cultivation and boosting yields [6]. In Bangladesh, food grain and vegetable production are increasing each year though the total cultivable land is not increasing proportionately [7], [8]. As the self-replenishment of soil fertility has become almost nil these days, it is difficult to cultivate in it without making it fertile. Therefore, chemical fertilizers are being used to fertilize the cultivable lands. Application of chemical fertilizer is one of the easiest practices to enhance soil fertility leading to increasing use of inorganic fertilizer each year to boost the crop productivity. Moreover, most of the cultivable land of Bangladesh contains less than 1.7% organic content while the recommended amount is at least 3.4% [9]. It is worth noting that the amount of chemical fertilizers applied to the soil was 4.049 million metric ton in FY of 2011-12 which sequentially increased up to 5.575 million metric ton in FY of 2018-19 in Bangladesh [8].

Chemical fertilizer is agricultural pollutants leading to several ways of soil, water, and air quality degradation. Heavy metal is one of the major pollutants coming from fertilizers [10]. Because of their non-biodegradable nature, which allows them to readily accumulate in tissues and living organisms, high concentrations can cause phytotoxicity and damage human health [11]. Not only does heavy metal cause degradation to soil and water, excess amounts of nutrients and organics can make conditions unfavorable to other living organisms. These agricultural pollutants are often mixed to water sources by runoff as a non-point source of pollution. High nutrient concentrations stimulate algae growth leading to imbalanced aquatic ecosystems, which can experience phytoplankton blooms, eutrophication, production of excess organic matter, and an increase in oxygen consumption leading to oxygen depletion and death benthic organisms that live on or near the seabed. The detrimental effects of chemical fertilizers begin with the manufacture of these compounds, the byproducts of fertilizer factories are poisonous chemicals and gases such as NH₄, CO₂, CH₄ etc. which can pollute air. Moreover, wastes of fertilizer manufacturing is also a point of concern because it can lead contamination to the environment. In short, not only the fertilizer polluting environment but also the fertilizer industry is responsible for it.

This study, therefore, illustrates that beverage sludge may be a viable alternative to fertilizer for improving fertility of cultivable land because it contains requisite nutrients and organic contents. Thus, this study could introduce a safe management technique for beverage sludge through reducing use of chemical fertilizer and thereby can mitigate environmental pollution.

1.2.1 Collection of beverage sludge and other materials

Habiganj Industrial Park (HIP) is one of the major industrial zones of Bangladesh and PRAN Foods Limited is a local beverage manufacturer having a beverage production plant at HIP that exports its products to more than 110 countries [12]. Different kinds of beverages e.g., carbonated soft drinks, fruit juices and milk-based drinks (locally known as Lassi) are being produced here. A biological ETP is being operated to treat the wastewater that is generated from beverage production. Beverage sludge was collected from the ETP of the PRAN’s beverage. In this study, soil was collected from arable land of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) in which beverage sludge was experimented as the substitution of chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, the effects of beverage sludge on the cultivation of Indian Spinach (Basella alba L.) and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) were studied through pot experiment in summer. One leafy and fruit vegetable was selected to determine the effects of beverage sludge. The latest variety of vegetable seeds was collected from BARI and they were BARI Puishak 2 and BARI Dherosh 2 for Indian spinach and Okra respectively [13].

1.2.2 Characterization of beverage sludge and soil

Physical and chemical characteristics of beverage sludge and soil have been measured for beverage sludge and soil. Specific gravity was determined following ASTM D854-14 whereas bulk density was measured according to the core sampling method respectively [14], [15]. Additionally, samples were sieved through 0.42 mm and diluted by distilled water in a weight ratio of 1:1.25 to determine pH and EC [16].

Organic carbon (OC) content was determined by the wet oxidation method, also known as the photometric method [17], [18]. Beverage sludge and soil were air dried and sieved through 0.5 mm sieve. 1 g of soil and beverage sludge sample were taken into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask separately. 10 mL K₂Cr₂O₇ of 1 N and 10 mL H₂SO₄ of 5 N were added to the solution of flasks. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes at 180 rpm in a horizontal shaker. A little amount of deionized water was added to adjust the volume of supernatant solution and absorption was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer to compute OC. On the other hand, some of the crop growing nutrients were also tested for beverage sludge and soil samples. Essential soil nutrients i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were tested according to Kjeldahl [19], Bray and Kurtz [20] and flame photometric [21] methods respectively. The sulfur content was determined according to the turbidity method [22]. Other micronutrients i.e., Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg and Zn were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) from both sludge and soil. The nutrients were extracted from beverage sludge and soil by the digestion process using aqua regia [23]. A mixture of aqua regia and 5 g sample was kept overnight, heated to boiling point for two hours and filtered through Whatman filter paper at room temperature. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg and Zn were measured by AAS after calibration by standard solutions.

1.2.3 Experiment design and cultivation

Six different volumetric mixtures of beverage sludge and soil have been studied in this study. Soil from pots was gradually replaced by beverage sludge in different treatments. The replacements of soil by beverage sludge were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% respectively. 100% of the soil was considered as a control treatment. Six replications of each combination were designed to analyze critically. A plastic polythene-covered shade (18 m long and 3 m wide) was built to make a controlled environment so that rainwater infiltration could not hamper the study. In short, there were 36 pots for Indian spinach and 36 for Okra cultivation without using fertilizer to observe the genuine effects of beverage sludge on cultivation. Four seeds of Indian spinach and two of Okra were sowed in each pot initially. However, two healthy sprouts of Indian spinach and one of Okra were kept in the pot after thinning out since all sowed seeds did not germinate.

Table 1 Combinations of beverage sludge and soil

Treatment ID	Combination		No. of replication	Dimension of pot (cm)
Treatment ID	Soil (volumetric %)	Beverage sludge (volumetric %)	No. of replication	Indian spinach cultivation	Okra cultivation
T₁R₁(control)	0	100	6	45 cm diameter and 20 cm height	20 cm diameter and 22 cm height
T₂R₂	20	80	6
T₃R₃	40	60	6
T₄R₄	60	40	6
T₅R₅	80	20	6
T₆R₆	100	0	6

1.2.4 Growth observation, harvest, and yield computation

Length of Indian spinach and height of Okra plant was recorded weekly to compare the periodical growth. The external portion from mud level to terminal bud of each plant was considered for counting the number of leaves and measuring the length. Periodical growth data logged for four weeks from the first day after sowing (DAS). Edible parts of Indian spinach (stem and leaf) and Okra were harvested for the first time at 38 and 44 days after sowing (DAS) respectively after maturation. It was harvested four times and it was stopped when there was nothing to be harvested from control treatments. The weight of edible parts of Indian spinach and Okra was computed during harvests. The yield value computed from the summation of the total harvest (four harvests).

1.2.5 Food values measurement and toxic element detection

In this study, a significant number of food values and nutrients were tested to analyze the effect of beverage sludge on the quality of vegetables. Nutrients (Fe, Ca, Mg, K, P and Zn) and food values (ascorbic acid, β- Carotene and protein) were tested from the sample prepared from the edible parts of the 1^st harvest of Indian spinach and Okra to measure their content. Ascorbic acid or vitamin-C of Indian spinach and Okra were determined according to the dichlorophenol- indophenol visual titration method [24]. β- Carotene is a nutrient or provitamin which converts to vitamin-A in the human body and it was tested using UV-Vis spectrophotometer [25]. Protein is a kind of energy source of the human body and helps to build tissues. To measure protein content, the amount of nitrogen present in vegetables was measured according to the Kjeldahl method and converted to protein using multiplication factor [26], [27]. Nutrients uptake were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) after digesting the sample by aqua regia [23].

1.3.1 Characteristics of beverage sludge and soil

Bulk density and specific gravity are noticeable physical properties for agriculture which are factors for the healthy growth of plants. The bulk density of beverage sludge and soil was found 1.24 g cc^-1 and 1.89 g cc^-1 respectively (Table 2).

Table 2 Physical, physiochemical, and organic status of beverage sludge and soil

Parameter	Unit	Beverage Sludge	Soil
Bulk density	g cc^-1	1.24	1.89
EC	μS cm^-1	1312	255
pH	-	8.1	6.8
Organic content (OC)	%	37.39	0.67

According to USDA bulk density greater than 1.80 g cc^-1 affects root growth adversely and less than 1.60 g cc^-1 is favorable for most plant growth [28]. In this study, bulk density of beverage sludge assertively complies with USDA-NRCS recommendations whereas it is slightly higher in case of soil. On the other hand, specific gravity of beverage sludge is 40.43% lighter than utilized soil in weight. Lower specific gravity than conventional value indicates the possibility of organic content. The EC of beverage sludge and soil was found 1312 and 255 μS cm^-1 respectively while EC of a good cultivable medium ranges from 200 to 1200 μS cm^-1 [29], [30]. In this study, EC of beverage sludge was slightly higher than the standard range, which is not significant. On the other hand, the OC of beverage sludge and soil was found to be 37.37% and 0.67% respectively. Undoubtedly, OC of beverage sludge was found in an enriched state compared to soil whereas 3.4% is the minimum recommended amount [9]. Essential soil nutrients (NPK) and other important nutrients (S, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg and Zn) concentration are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Crop growing nutrients in beverage sludge

Nutrient/ heavy metal	Unit	Beverage sludge	Soil
Total nitrogen, N	%	1.25	0.074
Phosphorus, P	%	0.87	0.63
Potassium, K	%	0.47	0.52
Sulfur, S	%	0.76	0.072
Iron, Fe	mg kg^-1	11.80	10.00
Manganese, Mn	mg kg^-1	11.40	13.08
Calcium, Ca	mg kg^-1	12.63	10.52
Magnesium, Mg	mg kg^-1	4.88	3.10
Zinc, Zn	mg kg^-1	57.20	50.00

NPKS of beverage sludge were found 1.25%, 1.15%, 1.88% and 0.76% respectively where 0.074%, 0.64%, 0.47% and 0.0072% were found in soil. N and P functions for plant growth while K is responsible for osmosis and enzymatic activities with S being helpful for photosynthesis. Usually, nutritious chemical fertilizers like DAP, MOP, urea, and TSP are being used in soil to increase the amount of NPKS. Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn were found in a higher level than soil except Mn (Table 3). It is worth noting that the nutrient of beverage sludge is much better for cultivation compared to soil where fertilizer might be needed in terms of soil only.

However, beverage sludge can be applied to cultivable land because it is rich in organics and other plant growing nutrients. There are little chances of heavy metal presence because most ingredients being used are of food grade variety.

1.3.2 Effects of beverage sludge on growth and harvest of cultivates

The germination rate of Indian spinach and Okra was found to be 100%. Weekly periodical growth was observed from the 1^st day after sowing (DAS) till the 1^st harvest. Periodical growth variation has been compared with control treatment (T₁R₁) where beverage sludge was not mixed. The length or height and number of leaves are illustrated in Fig. 1 which is the average of six replications.

Length of Indian spinach and height of Okra gradually increased over time with treatment T₅R₅ (80% beverage sludge and 20% soil). The number of leaves of both cultivated plants has been found to increase with the increase in the amount of beverage sludge being used in pots. There is a proportional relation between the number of leaves and plant height. Notably, growth is a little bit lower than the maximum growth (T₅R₅) at T₆R₆ where only beverage sludge was used for both cultivates. The amount of media, excessive nutrients and media texture may be the reason for that. However, growth of all treatments was found higher compared to control treatment (T₁R₁) and the maximum growth was observed with 80% beverage sludge containing treatment.

From a previous study, the maximum length of Indian spinach was found 30 cm at 60 DAS when it was nourished by biogas plant residues (BPR) which was 64.5% higher than the control treatment [31]. This study of beverage sludge results in 42 cm as growth (length) at 38 DAS. In that case it is quite clear that beverage sludge is much healthier than BPR to be used in agricultural soil. On the other hand, sewage sludge was used in soil to study the effects on Okra in another study [32]. Number of leaves of the Okra plant was 24 when it was grown in 40% sewage sludge at 65 DAS but 23 leaves were totaled at 49 DAS using 60% sewage sludge. That means, an increase in the volume of sewage sludge reduces growth. Here, replacing 80% soil by beverage sludge causes 25 leaves at 49 DAS (Fig. 1). Beverage sludge causes decreased growth patterns if more than 80% sludge on the media.

Yield is an agricultural output, an important parameter to identify agricultural produce. In this study, Indian spinach and Okra were harvested at 38 DAS, 44 DAS, 65 DAS and 78 DAS. The yield illustrated in Fig. 4 is the summation of four harvests and averaged from replications. Weight of stems & leaves of Indian spinach and fruits of Okra determined in harvests.

Yield of both cultivated vegetables has been found to increase with the increase in the volume of beverage sludge. The maximum yield of Indian spinach and Okra was observed with treatment T₅R₅ (where 80% soil of the pot was replaced by beverage sludge). 10.88 kg sqm^-1 yielded from Indian spinach whereas yield was only 1.16 kg sqm^-1 in the control treatment (T₁R₁). On the other hand, the highest yield of Okra was 498.9 g per plant (14 fruits) with T₅R₅ but 302 g per plant (8 fruit) yielded from control treatment (T₁R₁). The yield with T₆R₆ was 10.83 kg sqm^-1 and 324.4 g per plant (12 fruit) for Indian spinach and Okra respectively. That means, the agricultural output from 100% beverage is a little bit lower than the combination of 80% sludge and 20% soil. Previously, BPR were used for fertile cultivation of Indian spinach and the maximum yield was found to be 3.63 kg sqm^-1 [31]. Sing and Agarwal studied Okra where 111 g per plant and 150 g per plant were found as the yield from the treatment of 20% and 40% sewage sludge with soil, respectively [32].

1.3.3 Food values and heavy metal uptake

Food values i.e., ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆) or vitamin C, β- carotene (C₄₀H₅₆) and protein have been tested from the edible parts of Indian spinach and Okra. The samples were prepared from the 1^st harvest.

From the analysis of food values i.e., ascorbic acid, β- Carotene and protein of Indian spinach and Okra, it is observed that food values increased with the increase in the volume of beverage sludge (Fig. 5). Higher organic content of beverage sludge may be a reason for that because organic matter is a reservoir of nutrients that can be released over time. Ascorbic acid, β-carotene and protein contents of control treatment (T₁R₁) were found 32.93 mg 100g^-1, 37.24 μg g^-1 and 0.83 g 100g^-1 respectively for Indian spinach whereas the maximum detected as 76 mg 100g^-1, 55.92 μg g^-1and 3.25 g 100g^-1 respectively with T₆R₆. Similarly, the maximum content of ascorbic acid, β-carotene and protein from Okra was found 38.80 mg 100g^-1, 56.20 μg g^-1and 2.34 g 100g^-1 respectively. Notably, food value increased up to 100% beverage sludge whereas maximum yield was found with the treatment of 80% beverage sludge and 20% soil (T₅R₅).

According to the USDA, typically 28.1 mg 100g^-1ascorbic acid, 56.26 μg g^-1β-carotene and 2.86 g 100g^-1 protein are present in Indian spinach [33]. In terms of typical food values of Okra 23 mg 100g^-1ascorbic acid, 41.60 μg g^-1 β-carotene and 1.93 g 100g^-1 protein exist in Okra fruit [34].

Table 4 Effects of beverage sludge on nutrients contents of the cultivates

Plant	Nutrients (mgkg^-1)	T₁R₁	T₂R₂	T₃R₃	T₄R₄	T₅R₅	T₆R₆	Typical values^{a, b}
Indian spinach (Basella alba)	Fe	17.56	18.21	18.75	20.45	21.11	21.25	27.1
	Ca	570.2	627.8	667.6	734.5	920.8	1013.6	990
	Mg	411.07	497.5	641.8	713.3	848.2	879.8	790
	K	3120.6	3040.2	2810.5	2680.5	2360.7	1750.4	5580
	P	402.8	413.4	427.7	441.3	463.7	528.9	490
	Zn	8.2	13.4	22.2	19.7	22.9	23.1	5.3
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)	Fe	4.83	5.39	5.97	6.59	7.12	7.64	6.2
	Ca	496.2	523.8	595.2	631.7	714.5	788.5	820
	Mg	365.7	398.4	434.3	467.7	495.6	526.4	570
	K	2856.4	2848.8	2837.4	2828.6	2815.2	2789.4	2990
	P	476.2	489.5	504.4	528.4	535.6	586.1	610
	Zn	13.8	18.4	21.2	20.1	18.9	18.4	5.8

Sources: ^{a, b}USDA central food database [33], [34]

Nutrients i.e., Fe, Ca, Mg, K, P and Zn were determined using the standard method described in the methodology. The positive effect of beverage sludge on nutrient values of cultivates is easily understandable here (Table 4). All concentrations of nutrients have been found to increase with the increasing amount of beverage sludge in pot except potassium (K). Measured nutrients were compared with the typical value of nutrients and found to be the same as the typicals [33], [34]. The important observation is that beverage sludge leads to a good quality crop without chemical fertilizer being needed. However, the more likely reason behind the uptake sequence of nutrients by Indian spinach and Okra is the contents of beverage sludge and the soil itself (Table 3). In short, uptakes gradually increased as the elements of media were increased. However, the substitution of beverage sludge by chemical fertilizer may be an optimum solution to reduce environmental pollution alongside increased food production.

Beverage sludge was used as an alternative to toxic chemical fertilizer (environmental pollutant), where Indian spinach and Okra have been cultivated in six different mixtures of beverage sludge and soil. Beverage sludge characteristics meet vegetable cultivation requirements. Bulk density, EC, pH, organic content and crop growing nutrients (N, P, K, S, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Mn) were tested for both beverage sludge and soil. All the tested parameters were found to suit cultivation conditions having a notable content of organics (37.69%). With 100%, germination growth of Indian spinach was 63, 66, 93, 120 and 79% higher compared to the control treatment at 38 DAS where 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% soil were replaced by beverage sludge respectively. Similarly, Okra plant grew 34, 41, 52, 125 and 71% higher than the control treatment at 49 DAS while the same percentage of sludge was used. The maximum yield of Indian Spinach and Okra was 10.88 kg sqm^-1 and 498.9 g plant^-1 (14 fruit plant^-1) with the treatment of 80% beverage sludge and 20% soil which were nine and two times higher than the control treatments. A chronological improvement in food values in terms of ascorbic acid, β- carotene and protein as well as nutrients (Fe, Ca, Mg, K, P and Zn) has been observed with the increase in volume of beverage sludge in pots. This clearly implies the positive effects of beverage sludge on cultivation as a substitute for harmful chemical fertilizer that poses environmental degradation. However, nutrients and food values of cultivated vegetables grown from the media of containing 80% beverage sludge and 20% soil are found to be almost similar to good quality Indian Spinach and Okra according to USDA.

A combination of 80% beverage sludge and 20% cultivable soil is better than any other combinations when it comes to growth, yield, food value and nutrient uptake by Indian Spinach and Okra. The utilization of beverage sludge as a substitute for fertilizers may be a suitable and sustainable practice towards reducing chemical fertilizer use resulting in minimization of waste.

Acknowdgement

Authors wish to thank PRAN Foods Ltd. for providing beverage sludge in this study. We would also like to acknowledge Mr. Wasif Ashraf and B. K. Karmaker for assisting in collecteing beverage sludge and shaing overview of ETP of beverage wastewater.

Authors’ contributions

Md. Abul Hasanath conducted conceptualization, methodology, data collection, analysis, writing, review and editing. Ganesh Chandra Saha and Md. Siddique Alam supervised the environmental enginneing and agricultural phenomenas respectively. Md. Nashir Uddin conducted data visualization. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Committee of Advance Study and Researches (CASR) of Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh through the R&E research grant of post graduate program.

Availability of data and materials

On reasonable request, the corresponding author may provide all data produced or analyzed during this research.

Competing interests

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Authors' information

¹Department of Civil Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, Gazipur-1707, Bangladesh. ²Horticulture Research Center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Banladesh.

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Replacement of Chemical Fertilizer by Beverage Sludge to Reduce Environmental Pollution

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1.1 Introduction

1.2 Methodology

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